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Uttaro B, Zawadski S, Juárez M. Exploring the relationship of colour categorization with pork colour standards under different subjective and objective conditions. Meat Sci 2025; 219:109661. [PMID: 39299013 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2024.109661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 09/09/2024] [Indexed: 09/22/2024]
Abstract
The impact of using incorrect lighting while subjectively scoring pork colour with subjective standards (Japanese, Canadian, and Kodak grey) was explored. Lightness was more important than a good colour match between standards and meat. Subjective and image-based automated scoring with Canadian standards were correlated at 0.71-0.77 (P < 0.001) with significant differences in scale distribution (D = 0.14-0.46; P < 0.002), primarily with moderately dark meat. Automated scoring on full colour and greyscale images were strongly related (r = 0.83, P < 0.001) and showed matching score distributions when whole scores were used. Tracking automated colour categorization during blooming showed very good potential for reliable categorization after 1 min exposure to air for most meat colours, indicating that reliable automated on-line sorting of pork for colour is easily within reach.
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Uttaro B, Zawadski S, Juárez M. A new manual method for pork belly firmness measurement. MethodsX 2024; 12:102577. [PMID: 38313695 PMCID: PMC10837089 DOI: 10.1016/j.mex.2024.102577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/06/2024] Open
Abstract
A new objective and standardized method for early determination of firmness of the intact pork belly in a research environment is described, and compared to the existing bar-bend method. The belly characteristics that contribute to the outcome of each method, and the relationship between the two methods are identified. •Original method requires a ribbed pork belly, and several minutes relaxation time.•New method provides an immediate measurement on an intact belly.•Advantages include early, rather than late, application in the fabrication process; rapid measurement; standardization; measurements minimally affected by animal length or belly length.
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Wei X, Bohrer B, Uttaro B, Juárez M. Developing an alternative classification method for predicting ham composition using linear measurements from the cross-sectional ham surface. Meat Sci 2023; 204:109237. [PMID: 37301102 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2023.109237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Digital image analysis based on the ham cross-sectional face was used to measure two lean muscle and three subcutaneous fat locations from 248 bone-in hams. Linear measurements of the two selected fat locations were used to predict dual-energy X-ray (DXA) fat or lean percentages with prediction accuracies (R2) of 0.7 in a stepwise regression eq. A classification system was built based on the prediction equations, and the linear measurements aimed to classify extremes at the threshold of the 10th percentile of DXA fat percentage (> 32.0%) and lean percentage (< 60.2%). When using either DXA fat or lean percentage, lean ham prediction accuracy dropped by 18%, but fat ham prediction accuracy increased by 60% when the threshold was changed from the 10th percentile to the 30th percentile. This classification approach has the potential to be converted into a manual tool with several useful applications for commercial pork processors.
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Rabadán MP, Juárez M, Gómez P. Long-Term Monitoring of Aphid-Transmitted Viruses in Melon and Zucchini Crops: Genetic Diversity and Population Structure of Cucurbit Aphid-Borne Yellows Virus and Watermelon Mosaic Virus. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2023; 113:1761-1772. [PMID: 37014099 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-10-22-0394-v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the emergence and prevalence of viral diseases in crops requires the systematic epidemiological monitoring of viruses, as well as the analysis of how ecological and evolutionary processes combine to shape viral population dynamics. Here, we extensively monitored the occurrence of six aphid-transmitted viruses in melon and zucchini crops in Spain for 10 consecutive cropping seasons between 2011 and 2020. The most prevalent viruses were cucurbit aphid-borne yellows virus (CABYV) and watermelon mosaic virus (WMV), found in 31 and 26% of samples with yellowing and mosaic symptoms. Other viruses, such as zucchini yellow mosaic virus, cucumber mosaic virus, Moroccan watermelon mosaic virus, and papaya ring spot virus, were detected less frequently (<3%) and mostly in mixed infections. Notably, our statistical analysis showed a significant association between CABYV and WMV in melon and zucchini hosts, suggesting that mixed infections might be influencing the evolutionary epidemiology of these viral diseases. We then carried out a comprehensive genetic characterization of the full-length genome sequences from CABYV and WMV isolates by using the Pacific Biosciences single-molecule real-time (PacBio) high-throughput technology to assess the genetic variation and structure of their populations. Our results showed that the CABYV population displayed seven codons under positive selection, and although most isolates clustered in the Mediterranean clade, a subsequent analysis of molecular variance revealed a significant, fine-scale temporal structure, which was in part explained by the level of the variance between isolates from single and mixed infections. In contrast, the WMV population genetic analysis showed that most of the isolates grouped into the Emergent clade, with no genetic differentiation and under purifying selection. These results underlie the epidemiological relevance of mixed infections for CABYV and provide a link between genetic diversity and CABYV dynamics at the whole-genome level.
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Wei X, Bohrer B, Uttaro B, Juárez M. Evaluating the effect of temperature and multiple bends on an automated pork belly firmness conveyor belt classification system. Meat Sci 2023; 203:109222. [PMID: 37207549 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2023.109222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Skin-on, and bone-in bellies (n = 94) were cut into Canadian specifications and assessed on an automated conveyor belt system based on different levels of firmness. Temperature settings at 4 °C, 2 °C, and - 1.5 °C had significant effect (P < 0.05) on the bending angle, after 24 cm of the belly had passed the nosebar. The stepwise regression relationship had R2 ∼ 0.18-0.67 between iodine value and bending angle at all temperatures. Bending bellies multiple times changed firmness classification of bellies at 4 and 2 °C, but bend number did not influence firmness classification at -1.5 °C. The automated conveyer belt system presented the potential to classify pork bellies based on firmness for industrial applications.
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Meale SJ, Ruiz-Sanchez AL, Dervishi E, Roy BC, Paradis F, Juárez M, Aalhus J, López-Campos Ó, Das C, Li C, Block H, Colazo MG, Straathof C, Bruce HL, Fitzsimmons C. Impact of genetic potential for residual feed intake and diet fed during early- to mid-gestation in beef heifers on carcass characteristics and meat quality attributes of their castrated male offspring. Meat Sci 2021; 182:108637. [PMID: 34333273 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2021.108637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Carcass attributes of steers were examined for influences of selection for residual feed intake (RFI), and exposure to different levels of prenatal nutrition. Heifers characterized for RFI corrected for backfat were mated to bulls with genetic potential for either High-RFI or Low-RFI, such that the progeny were expected to be H/H or L/L RFI (sire/dam). Pregnant heifers were assigned to a low diet (Ldiet; 0.40 kg/d ADG), or moderate diet (Mdiet; 0.57 kg/d ADG), from 30 to 150 days of gestation, after which all heifers were managed similarly. Steer offspring (n = 23) were also managed similarly until slaughter. Dressing percentage of steers from H-RFI dams/sires exposed to Ldiet during gestation was lower than all other groups (P = 0.02). Marbling was greater for steers from H-RFI parents, as was fat content of longissimus thoracis et lumborum and triceps brachii (P ≤ 0.02). Results suggest that parental selection for RFI and prenatal maternal diet can influence carcass characteristics of progeny.
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Lam S, Soladoye O, Prieto N, Uttaro B, Aalhus J, Larsen I, Shand P, Gariépy C, Juárez M. Performance of near-infrared spectroscopy in pork shoulder as a predictor for pork belly softness. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1139/cjas-2020-0049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Pork belly quality indicators are economically relevant in the pork industry. Near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy of the pork shoulder outer subcutaneous fat layer, belly flop angle, and subjective softness scores of the pork belly were measured (N = 144) to determine the accuracy of pork shoulder NIR spectroscopy as a predictor of pork belly softness. The NIR spectra hot carcass estimates explained over 80.0% variability in pork belly softness (80.5%–90.8%), with low prediction error, suggesting that NIR spectroscopy measured in the pork shoulder is an efficient and accurate indicator of pork belly softness to classify pork bellies for specific market demands.
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Vahmani P, Johnson J, Sutherland B, Penner G, Prieto N, Aalhus J, Juárez M, López-Campos Ó, Dugan M. Changes in the fatty acid composition of steer subcutaneous fat, including biohydrogenation products, are minimal when finished on combinations of corn and barley grains and silages. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1139/cjas-2020-0013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Corn production in Western Canada has increased with development of short-season varieties partially offsetting the use of barley as a silage and grain source. The current study evaluated effects of silage and cereal-grain source on subcutaneous fat (SCF) composition of finishing cattle. Steers (465 ± 28.0 kg) were assigned to 24 pens (12 steers per pen) in a 2 × 3 factorial design for an 89 d finishing study. Diets contained corn silage or barley silage at 8% [dry matter (DM)] combined either dry-rolled barley grain (BG; 86% of DM), corn grain (CG; 85% of DM), or an equal blend of BG and CG (85% of DM). Bone-in ribeyes were collected from four steers per pen, and subcutaneous fatty acids were analyzed by gas chromatography. Feeding dry-rolled CG increased dietary fat and 18:2n-6 concentrations, resulting in small increases in 18:2n-6, total n-6 fatty acids, and n-6/n-3 ratios in SCF (P < 0.05). There were no changes in proportions of major trans-18:1 isomers (t10-18:1 or t11-18:1), the main natural isomer of conjugated linoleic acid (cis9,t11–18:2), or n-3 fatty acids. Substitution of dry-rolled CG for BG in finisher diets can, therefore, be done without substantially altering the fatty acid composition of beef fat, including polyunsaturated fatty acid biohydrogenation products.
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Uttaro B, Zawadski S, Juárez M. An approach for objective and automated identification of pork belly firmness. Meat Sci 2020; 169:108221. [PMID: 32586694 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2020.108221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
A series of studies was performed to develop and test a method adaptable for early automated sorting of pork bellies based on firmness. Flattened and non-flattened, bone-in, skin-on primal bellies were fed skin-down, caudal end foremost on to a horizontal (0°) or raised (30°) conveyor with an adjustable nosebar (ø = 14 mm). The drop angle, after 24 cm of belly had passed the nosebar, was strongly correlated with subjective floppiness (r = 0.77-0.82; P ≤ .0001) and moderately correlated with fat thicknesses (r = 0.47-0.67; P ≤ .0001). On a 0° conveyor, drop angle relationships were generally weakest for non-flattened bellies, but moderate and similar for flattened bellies at 0°, as well as for both flattened and non-flattened bellies at 30°. The method appears to show promise for commercial production use. Further work is required on the impact of belt speed, firmness categorization, and the relationship to the current bar bend research method.
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Horcada A, Valera M, Juárez M, Fernández-Cabanás VM. Authentication of Iberian pork official quality categories using a portable near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) instrument. Food Chem 2020; 318:126471. [PMID: 32120138 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.126471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
A portable near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) instrument was evaluated for the discrimination of individual Iberian pig carcasses into the four official quality categories (defined by a combination of genotype and feeding regime). Spectra were obtained scanning four anatomical locations (live animal skin, carcass surface, fresh meat and subcutaneous fat samples) at a commercial abattoir, using a handheld micro electro mechanical system instrument. The best assignments into official quality categories with the NIRS measurements in the carcass surface and subcutaneous fat were able to correctly classify 75.9% and 73.8% of the carcasses, respectively. Moreover, 93.2% and 93.4% of carcasses were correctly classified according to feeding regimes by using the spectra from fresh meat and subcutaneous fat samples. The results suggest that, using subcutaneous fat samples, a portable NIRS could be used in commercial abattoirs as a tool to support the control of official quality category assignment in Iberian pig carcasses.
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Schcolnik-Cabrera A, Juárez M, Oldak B, Cruz-Rivera M, Flisser A, Dueñas-González A, Buzoianu-Anguiano V, Orozco-Suarez S, Mendlovic F. In Vitro Employment of Recombinant Taenia solium Calreticulin as a Novel Strategy Against Breast and Ovarian Cancer Stem-like Cells. Arch Med Res 2020; 51:65-75. [PMID: 32097797 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2019.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Calreticulin is a chaperone and master regulator of intracellular calcium homeostasis. Several additional functions have been discovered. Human and parasite calreticulin have been shown to suppress mammary tumor growth in vivo. Here, we explored the capacity of recombinant Taenia solium calreticulin (rTsCRT) to modulate cancer cell growth in vitro. METHODS We used different concentrations of rTsCRT to treat cancer cell lines and analyzed viability and colony formation capacity. We also tested the combination of the IC20 or IC50 doses of rTsCRT and of the chemotherapeutic drug 5-fluorouracil on MCF7 and SKOV3 cell lines. As a control, the non-tumorigenic cell line MCF10-A was employed. The effect of the drug combinations was also assessed in cancer stem-like cells. Additionally, scavenger receptor ligands were employed to identify the role of this receptor in the rTsCRT anti-tumoral effect. RESULTS rTsCRT has a dose-dependent in vitro anti-tumoral effect, being SKOV3 the most sensitive cell line followed by MCF7. When rTsCRT/5-fluorouracil were used, MCF7 and SKOV3 showed a 60% reduction in cell viability; colony formation capacity was also diminished. Treatment of cancer stem-like cells from MCF7 showed a higher reduction in cell viability, while those from SKOV3 were more sensitive to colony disaggregation. Finally, pharmacological inhibition of the scavenger receptor, abrogated the reduction in viability induced by rTsCRT in both the parental and stem-like cells. CONCLUSION Our data suggest that rTsCRT alone or in combination with 5-fluorouracil inhibits the growth of breast and ovarian cancer cell lines through its interaction with scavenger receptors.
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Alcaide C, Rabadán MP, Juárez M, Gómez P. Long-Term Cocirculation of Two Strains of Pepino Mosaic Virus in Tomato Crops and Its Effect on Population Genetic Variability. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2020; 110:49-57. [PMID: 31524081 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-07-19-0247-fi] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Mixed viral infections are common in plants, and the evolutionary dynamics of viral populations may differ depending on whether the infection is caused by single or multiple viral strains. However, comparative studies of single and mixed infections using viral populations in comparable agricultural and geographical locations are lacking. Here, we monitored the occurrence of pepino mosaic virus (PepMV) in tomato crops in two major tomato-producing areas in Murcia (southeastern Spain), supporting evidence showing that PepMV disease-affected plants had single infections of the Chilean 2 (CH2) strain in one area and the other area exhibited long-term (13 years) coexistence of the CH2 and European (EU) strains. We hypothesized that circulating strains of PepMV might be modulating the differentiation between them and shaping the evolutionary dynamics of PepMV populations. Our phylogenetic analysis of 106 CH2 isolates randomly selected from both areas showed a remarkable divergence between the CH2 isolates, with increased nucleotide variability in the geographical area where both strains cocirculate. Furthermore, the potential virus-virus interaction was studied further by constructing six full-length infectious CH2 clones from both areas, and assessing their viral fitness in the presence and absence of an EU-type isolate. All CH2 clones showed decreased fitness in mixed infections and although complete genome sequencing indicated a nucleotide divergence of those CH2 clones by area, the magnitude of the fitness response was irrespective of the CH2 origin. Overall, these results suggest that although agroecological cropping practices may be particularly important for explaining the evolutionary dynamics of PepMV in tomato crops, the cocirculation of both strains may have implications on the genetic variability of PepMV populations.
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Dugan M, Salazar V, Rolland D, Vahmani P, Aalhus J, López-Campos Ó, Prieto N, Juárez M. Retail lamb fat composition in western Canada. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.1139/cjas-2019-0003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The fatty acid composition of retail lamb backfat commonly available in Western Canada was analyzed, including 16 lambs collected from a slaughter plant in central Alberta, and backfat collected from racks and chops imported from Australia (n = 8) and New Zealand (n = 8). Lamb fat from New Zealand was the richest source of vaccenic and rumenic acids. Both New Zealand and Australian lamb were the richest source of n-3 fatty acids. North American lamb was richer in t10-18:1, but a subset had fatty acid compositions similar to New Zealand lamb.
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Juárez M, López-Campos Ó, Roberts J, Prieto N, Larsen I, Uttaro B, Dugan M, Cancino-Baier D, Hosford S, Galbraith J, Aalhus J. Exploration of methods for lamb carcass yield estimation in Canada. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.1139/cjas-2017-0208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Different approaches were evaluated to improve the accuracy of carcass yield predictions of Canadian lamb carcasses using manually obtained measurements and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA). Several linear carcass measurements were obtained from a population of commercial lamb carcasses representative of the variability in Canadian slaughter plants (n = 155). Carcass measures were categorized into four sets according to when each measure could be obtained in the slaughter process. Each set of carcass measurements were subjected to stepwise regression and used to develop models for the estimation of lean meat and saleable yield percentages. Tissue depth measures (at the GR site) explained 44% of variation in lean meat yield in hot carcasses and 53% in cold carcasses. When additional parameters were included with cold GR, the regression model explained 61.9% of the variability in lean meat yield. Saleable yield predictions were less accurate (R2 < 0.40); the greatest degree of variability was predicted when the model included ribeye area (R2 = 0.39). The DEXA scans obtained on carcass sides were able to predict about 78% of variability in carcass lean meat yield and 91% of fat content. This information could be used by the lamb meat industry to establish new carcass classification systems based on more accurate lean meat yield values.
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Juárez M, Horcada A, Prieto N, Roberts J, Dugan M, López-Campos O, Uttaro B, Larsen I, Hosford S, Galbraith J, Aalhus J. Guaranteeing Canadian lamb meat quality using near-infrared spectroscopy on intact rack. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.1139/cjas-2017-0106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Lamb racks from commercial carcasses were scanned using near-infrared spectroscopy. The prediction accuracies (R2) for meat quality traits were assessed. Prediction accuracy ranged between 0.40 and 0.94. When predicted values were used to classify meat based on quality, 88.7%–95.2% of samples were correctly classified as quality guaranteed.
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Corrales-Rodriguez L, Porras J, Araya M, van der Laat A, Khanna P, Juárez M. Retrospective analysis of the frequency of the ALK translocation obtained by immunohistochemistry in gastric adenocarcinomas in a single Costa Rican hospital. Ann Oncol 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdy151.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Prieto N, Dugan M, Juárez M, López-Campos Ó, Zijlstra R, Aalhus J. Using portable near-infrared spectroscopy to predict pig subcutaneous fat composition and iodine value. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.1139/cjas-2017-0033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This study tested the potential of portable near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) to predict fatty acids (FA) composition and iodine value (IV) of pig subcutaneous fat. Following carcass splitting, the inner layer of subcutaneous fat at the shoulder from the left carcass side was scanned using a hand-held NIRS probe (350–2500 nm) and analysed for FA composition using gas chromatography. The NIRS successfully predicted the total polysaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and n-3 FA proportions, polyunsaturated/saturated fatty acids (PUFA/SFA) ratio, and IV (R2 = 0.90–0.95; root-mean-square error of prediction, RMSEP = 0.019%–1.03% total FA). This portable technology also met the requirements for a quick screening of the proportions of total SFA, monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) and n-6 FA, n-6/n-3 ratio, and some individual FA such as C18:2n-6 and C18:3n-3 (R2 = 0.80–0.89; RMSEP = 0.37%–1.11% total FA). However, unreliable predictions were found for other individual FA with low variability (coefficient of variation = 4%–8%) such as C16:0, C18:0, and C18:1 (R2 = 0.60–0.77; RMSEP = 0.76%–1.00% total FA). These results show portable NIRS as a suitable technology to predict pig fat quality. In addition, this study has been successful in implementing this portable NIRS technology in a research abattoir to collect spectra directly on the carcass, which would enable carcass sorting based on fat composition or hardness for marketing purposes.
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Cruz-Becerra G, Valerio-Cabrera S, Juárez M, Bucio-Mendez A, Zurita M. TFIIH localization is highly dynamic during zygotic genome activation in Drosophila, and its depletion causes catastrophic mitosis. J Cell Sci 2018; 131:jcs.211631. [PMID: 29643118 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.211631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In Drosophila, zygotic genome activation occurs in pre-blastoderm embryos during rapid mitotic divisions. How the transcription machinery is coordinated to achieve this goal in a very brief time span is still poorly understood. Transcription factor II H (TFIIH) is fundamental for transcription initiation by RNA polymerase II (RNAPII). Herein, we show the in vivo dynamics of TFIIH at the onset of transcription in Drosophila embryos. TFIIH shows an oscillatory behaviour between the nucleus and cytoplasm. TFIIH foci are observed from interphase to metaphase, and colocalize with those for RNAPII phosphorylated at serine 5 (RNAPIIS5P) at prophase, suggesting that transcription occurs during the first mitotic phases. Furthermore, embryos with defects in subunits of either the CAK or the core subcomplexes of TFIIH show catastrophic mitosis. Although, transcriptome analyses show altered expression of several maternal genes that participate in mitosis, the global level of RNAPIIS5P in TFIIH mutant embryos is similar to that in the wild type, therefore, a direct role for TFIIH in mitosis cannot be ruled out. These results provide important insights regarding the role of a basal transcription machinery component when the zygotic genome is activated.
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Soladoye OP, Prieto N, Lopez-Campos O, Aalhus JL, Uttaro B, Roberts JC, Larsen I, Shand P, Gariépy C, Juárez M. Potential of near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy and dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) in predicting pork belly softness. Meat Sci 2018; 142:1-4. [PMID: 29630966 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2018.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Pork bellies (n = 198) were scanned with dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Visible and near-infrared reflectance (Vis-NIR) spectra were collected from the lean (latissimus dorsi), subcutaneous fat and intermuscular fat layers. Belly-flop angle and subjective belly scores were collected as measures of pork belly softness. Vis-NIR spectra from a single fat layer could explain between 72.7 and 81.1% of the variation in pork belly softness (43.6-72.4% in validation set). The combination of the lean and subcutaneous layers improved the calibration model fit to 79.7-99.9% (66.3-71.5% in validation set). The DXA estimates explained 62.3% of variation in pork belly softness (65.2% in validation set). Results indicated that DXA and NIR technologies could potentially be utilized for pork belly softness sorting in the pork industry.
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Gómez-Cortés P, Rodríguez-Pino V, Juárez M, de la Fuente M. Optimization of milk odd and branched-chain fatty acids analysis by gas chromatography using an extremely polar stationary phase. Food Chem 2017; 231:11-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.03.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Revised: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Gómez-Cortés P, Cívico A, de la Fuente MA, Juárez M, Sánchez NN, Blanco FP, Marín ALM. Dietary linseed oil increases trans-10,cis-15 18:2 in caprine milk fat. J Dairy Sci 2017; 100:4235-4240. [PMID: 28434741 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-12424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Trans-10,cis-15 18:2 has been recently detected and characterized in digestive contents and meat and adipose tissue of ruminants, but its presence in milk and dairy products is hardly known. The aim of this study was to quantify trans-10,cis-15 18:2 in milk fat, better understand its metabolic origin, and help to elucidate the mechanisms of rumen biohydrogenation when the diet composition might affect ruminal environment. To address these objectives, 16 dairy goats were allocated to 2 simultaneous experiments (2 groups of goats and 2 treatments in each experiment). Experimental treatments consisted of basal diets with the same forage-to-concentrate ratio (33/67) and 2 starch-to-nonforage neutral detergent fiber (NDF) ratios (0.8 and 3.1), which were supplemented or not with 30 g/d of linseed oil for 25 d in a crossover design. Trans-10,cis-15 18:2 contents in milk fat were determined by gas chromatography fitted with an extremely polar capillary column (SLB-IL111). Levels of trans-10,cis-15 18:2 in individual milk fat samples ranged from 0 to 0.2% of total fatty acids, and its content in milk fat increased 8 fold due to linseed oil supplementation, substantiating the predominant role of α-linolenic acid in its formation. The trans-10,cis-15 18:2 levels in milk fat were similar in both experiments, despite the fact starch-to-nonforage NDF ratio of their respective basal diets greatly differed. In conclusion, trans-10,cis-15 18:2 was clearly related to linseed oil supplementation, and its increase in milk fat was comparable when the basal diets were rich in either nonforage NDF or starch.
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Soladoye OP, Uttaro B, Zawadski S, Dugan MER, Gariépy C, Aalhus JL, Shand P, Juárez M. Compositional and dimensional factors influencing pork belly firmness. Meat Sci 2017; 129:54-61. [PMID: 28254695 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2017.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Revised: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
We explored various dimensional and compositional factors that can influence the perception of pork belly firmness. Bellies from 198 pigs of three different genotypes, two sexes, two slaughter weights and three different diets were recovered and belly firmness was assessed using the belly-flop angle and a 5-point scale subjective measurement. Dimensional and compositional factors were recorded on intact and sheet-ribbed bellies. Subjective belly score was negatively correlated with belly-flop angle (r=-0.89). Regression analysis accounted for 77 and 83% of the variability in subjective belly firmness and belly-flop angle measurement, respectively. Belly length, weight and width influenced both measures of belly firmness, but these effects were more important for the belly-flop angle. After correcting flop angle using belly length, the effect of belly weight disappeared and the effect of other traits was more like those observed for subjective scoring. Hence, undue effect of belly length should be corrected for if this set-up is to be implemented in commercial plants.
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Aalhus JL, Thacker RD, Larsen IL, Roberts JC, Price MA, Juárez M. Control Points To Reduce Movement of Central Nervous System Tissue during Beef Slaughter. J Food Prot 2017; 80:355-360. [PMID: 28221972 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-16-302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Consumption of central nervous system tissue (CNST) from cattle with bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) is thought to cause the human neurological disease, variant Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease. To identify points of cross-contamination of beef carcasses with CNST, 55 young beef cattle were slaughtered and processed through a federally inspected multispecies abattoir. The objectives of this study were to evaluate CNST spread following the placement of a plug in the penetration site of the skull after captive bolt stunning, to evaluate cross-contamination of carcasses before and after splitting, to compare the effects of hot water pasteurization (84°C for 10 s) versus cold water wash (10°C for 30 s) for reducing CNST on the carcass, and to examine other possible sources of cross-contamination in the abattoir. Results indicated that the use of a plastic plug reduced CNST contamination near the bolt penetration site. This study also confirmed that carcass splitting resulted in an increase in CNST contamination at various areas of the carcass. Hot water pasteurization appeared to be an effective means of removing CNST contamination from carcasses in most of the areas sampled.
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Roberts J, Rodas A, Juárez M, Lopez-Campos O, Larsen I, Aalhus J. Tenderness and Sensory Attributes of Eleven Muscles from Carcasses within the Canadian Cull Cow Grades. MEAT AND MUSCLE BIOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.22175/rmc2017.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
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Prieto N, Dugan MER, Juárez M, López-Campos Ó, Zijlstra RT, Aalhus JL. Real Time Prediction of Backfat Composition and Iodine Value by Portable Near Infrared Spectroscopy in a Diverse Population of Pigs. MEAT AND MUSCLE BIOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.22175/rmc2016.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
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