Synthesis, physicochemical characterization, and in vitro evaluation of biodegradable PLGA nanoparticles entrapped to folic acid for targeted delivery of kaempferitrin

Polymeric nanoparticles are widely studied in the treatment of colorectal cancer. Kaempferitrin-loaded nontoxic and biodegradable poly(d,l-lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles (NPs) developed by the solvent emulsion evaporation method by improving its solubility and bioavailability. In order to improve the delivery of kaempferitrin (KM) to cancerous cells, folic acid (FA) combined kaempfertrin PLGA NPs were prepared. The goal of the study was whether PLGA NPs with surface KM and FA could help to prevent colorectal cancer. The synthesis of KM with FA in a nanomedicine could be crucial in the development of colon cancer chemotherapeutics. The physicochemical characteristics of synthesized KM-entrapped PLGA NPs were investigated by XRD, FTIR, zeta potential, and TEM. The KM + FA + PLGA NPs showed particle size with 132.9 ± 1.4 nm, zeta potential -15.0 ± 1.73 mV, encapsulation efficiency 67.92 ± 4.8, and drug-loading capacity 0.463 ± 0.173. In vitro cytotoxicity study on HT-29 cell lines using the MTT assay, the apoptotic study revealed that KM + FA + PLGA NPs have an enhanced cytotoxic effect compared to the KM + PLGA NPs drug solution. These findings suggested that KM + FA + PLGA NPs could be an effective chemotherapeutic drug delivery system in colon adenocarcinoma HT-29 cells.

Orientin mitigates 1, 2-dimethylhydrazine induced lipid peroxidation, antioxidant and biotransforming bacterial enzyme alterations in experimental rats

Background

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second most diagnosed cancer often identified during the later stages of carcinogenesis. Orientin, a C-glycoside of luteolin, is well known for its versatile therapeutic action toward oxidative stress-induced cellular response may exert chemoprevention against CRC.

Materials and Methods

In our study, we investigated the modulatory effect of orientin on lipid peroxidation, antioxidant defense, and biotransforming bacterial enzymes in 1, 2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH)-induced male albino Wistar rats in a dose-dependent manner. Animals were induced with DMH (20 mg/kg b.wt) for 15 weeks and administered with orientin in three different doses (5 mg/kg, 10 mg/kg, and 20 mg/kg b. wt) daily under distinct phases (initiation, postinitiation, and the entire) for a total treatment period of 30 weeks.

Results

Orientin reinstates the alterations induced by DMH on lipid peroxidation and enzymatic antioxidants through its rich-free radical scavenging properties. In addition, orientin curtails the DMH-induced augmentation of biotransforming bacterial enzymes to inhibit the colon cancer progression. Overall, experimental findings suggest that orientin significantly inhibits the DMH induced colon cancer in all the three different doses, however, maximum inhibition was observed on supplementation of 10 mg/kg b.wt for the entire period of the study.

Conclusion

Hence, the intraperitoneal administration of 10 mg/kg b.wt orientin for the entire period is recommended for further molecular investigation to elucidate the precise mechanism of inhibition and so orientin can be used as a novel chemotherapeutic agent for CRC.

Orientin, a C-glycosyl dietary flavone, suppresses colonic cell proliferation and mitigates NF-κB mediated inflammatory response in 1,2-dimethylhydrazine induced colorectal carcinogenesis

Orientin, a C-glycosyl dietary flavone profusely found in rooibos tea and passion fruit have gained much attention owing to their multiple pharmacological potentials. The present study intends to investigate the anti-proliferative and anti-inflammatory efficacy of Orientin in 1,2-dimethyl hydrazine (DMH) induced colorectal cancer (CRC) in rats. Animals were arbitrarily segmented into six groups and fed with high-fat diet. Group 1 served as control. Group 2 received weekly subcutaneous injections of DMH (20 mg/kg b.w.), for first 15 weeks. Group 3 administered with Orientin (10 mg/kg b.w., i.p.) whereas Groups 4-6 treated with Orientin in three phases, namely initiation (along with DMH), post-initiation (post-DMH injection) and entire period. Orientin ameliorates tumor marker levels significantly (p < 0.05) and reinstates the histological changes induced by DMH. The proliferative markers (PCNA and Ki67) were observed to be suppressed significantly (p < 0.05) in Orientin treated rats. Orientin abrogates (p < 0.05) the inflammatory mast cells and diminishes the expression of pro-inflammatory NF-κB and cytokines (TNF-α and IL-6). It also down-regulates over expression of inflammatory inducible enzymes (iNOS and COX-2) significantly (p < 0.05) and further substantiated by GLIDE XP and QPLD studies. Overall results promptly elucidate the anti-proliferative and anti-inflammatory efficacy of Orientin against CRC. Orientin can be developed as a promising chemotherapeutic agent, on further validation of other molecular mechanisms.

Anti-inflammatory and proapoptotic effects of umbelliferone in colon carcinogenesis

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a serious health problem throughout the world. 5-Flurouracil, the first-line chemotherapy of colorectal cancer often produces more toxicity to neighboring cells; however, it is still used for CRC treatment. To overcome this, umbelliferone (UMB), a less toxic bioflavonoid has been used to test its anticancer effects on animal model. The objective of the present study is to evaluate the anticancer activity of UMB on 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH)-induced rat colon tumorigenesis to determine the development of aberrant crypt foci (ACF), agyrophylic nucleolar organizer regions (AgNORs), mast cell recruitment, pro-inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1β and also study the expressions of inducible nitric oxide synthase, cyclooxygenase (COX)-2, and apoptotic markers. DMH-induced rats showed increased ACF number (incidence), multiplicity and its distribution, counts of AgNORs, mast cells, inflammatory markers and apoptotic proteins. Interestingly, UMB supplementation to DMH-induced rats (group 4) significantly ( p < 0.05) suppressed ACF development, AgNORs, mast cells, and inflammatory markers and increased the apoptotic markers as compared to DMH-induced rats (group 2). We concluded that UMB is a potential anticancer agent that can be used for the prevention and treatment of CRC.