The proportion of different interleukin-17-producing T-cell subsets is associated with liver fibrosis in chronic hepatitis C

Studies have suggested the pivotal role of T helper type 1 (Th1) -related cytokines on the outcome of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Nevertheless, the role of different interleukin-17 (IL-17) -secreting T cells on chronic hepatitis C (CHC) is less clear. Here, the in vivo IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-17 levels were positively correlated with both alanine transaminase (ALT) levels and hepatic lesions. When compared with the control group, CHC patients showed a lower proportion of IL-17-secreting (CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ ) T cells capable of simultaneously producing IL-21. Moreover, the percentage of IL-10-secreting Th17 cells was also lower in CHC patients. Notably, advanced liver lesions were observed among those patients with lower percentage levels of IL-17-producing T cells positive for IL-21, interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and IL-10. In contrast, the severity of hepatic damage was associated with peripheral single IL-17⁺ T cells. The percentage of IL-17⁺ IL-21^- IFN-γ⁺ (CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ ) T-cell phenotypes was positively associated with plasma CD14 levels. Finally, elevated levels of circulating CD14 were detected among CHC patients with extensive liver damage. In summary, although preliminary, our results suggest that a balance between different IL-17-producing T cells, associated with peripheral levels of CD14, may be a progress marker for liver disease in chronically HCV-infected patients.

Performance of rapid diagnostic tests for detection of Hepatitis B and C markers in HIV infected patients

There is little information describing the influence of HIV infection upon the performance of rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) for hepatitis B and C virus diagnosis. This study aims to evaluate the performance of RDTs for HBsAg and anti-HCV detection among HIV-infected individuals. A total of 362 HIV infected individuals were recruited from clinics between January 2013 to November 2014 in the southeast and northeast of Brazil. HBsAg and anti-HCV were detected using commercial EIAs and four RDTs: HBV (Vikia HBsAg^® and Wama Imuno-Rapido HBV^®) and HCV (Bioeasy Teste Rápido HCV^® and Wama Imuno-Rapido HCV^®). Reactive HBsAg and anti-HCV serum samples were tested for HBV DNA and HCV RNA. Sensitivity, specificity and kappa statistic were determined. Using EIA, HBsAg and anti-HCV were detected in 14 (3.9%) and 37 (10.2%) serum samples respectively. Using serum only, HBsAg RDTs demonstrated sensitivities and specificities above 92.0% and Kappa values above 89.0%. Anti-HCV RDTs demonstrated sensitivity and specificities above 82.0% and Kappa higher than 89.0%. Using whole blood samples, Vikia HBsAg^® and Wama Imuno-Rapido HCV^® showed sensitivity and specificity above 99.0% with Kappa of 66.4% and 100%, respectively. HIV viral load was higher among discordant results for anti-HCV RDT. RDTs demonstrated good performance in HIV infected individuals showing the usefulness of assays in this population.

IL28B gene polymorphisms in mono- and HIV-coinfected chronic hepatitis C patients

Introduction: Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with hepatitis C virus (HCV) clearance were identified near the IL28B gene. Coinfection by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) influences the course of HCV contributing to liver damage. Nevertheless, little is known about the relationship between these SNPs and HCV/HIV coinfection. Our aim was to estimate the frequencies of the allelic and genotypic variants of the IL28B polymorphisms rs12979860 (C/T) and rs8099917 (T/G) and their possible association with the establishment of HCV infection.

Methodology: A total of 199 non-infected controls and 230 patients with chronic hepatitis C, including 53 coinfected with HIV, participated in the study. Genotyping consisted of polymerase chain reaction and subsequent analysis of the restriction patterns resulting from exposure to endonucleases.

Results: Among the controls with established results, 47.4% (90/190) exhibited the rs12979860 CC genotype, 43.7 CT, and 8.9% TT, whereas 29.1% (66/227), 51.5%, and 19.4% of the patients exhibited the CC, CT, and TT genotypes, respectively. With respect to rs8099917, 66.8% (133/199) of the controls exhibited the TT genotype, 31.2% TG, and 2.0% GG, whereas 56.1% (129/230), 40.9%, and 3.0% of the patients exhibited the TT, TG, and GG genotypes, respectively.

Conclusion: The frequencies of the rs12979860 C allele and CC genotype and of the rs8099917 T allele and TT genotype were significantly higher among controls compared with patients, thus confirming the suggested protective effect against HCV infection. No significant difference was observed in the genotype and allelic distributions between the mono- and coinfected patients.

Dried blood spot as alternative specimen for molecular epidemiology studies among HCV/HIV coinfected patients

BACKGROUND

Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) share the same routes of transmission, therefore, co-infection by both viruses represents a challenge to the goal of eliminating viral hepatitis as a public health threat. There are an estimated 2.3 million people living with HIV/HCV worldwide. Most of these cases affect vulnerable populations located in places with low infrastructure. Because of this, the use of alternative samples such as Dried Blood on Spot (DBS) would facilitate access to diagnosis and HCV treatment. The aim of this study is to evaluate the HCV genetic variability in HIV/HCV individuals by correlating paired serum and DBS samples.

METHODS

A total of 14 HIV/HCV individuals, recruited from reference outpatient clinics in the city of Rio de Janeiro/Brazil, were included. From them, 64 % were man, mean of age 54±7. HCV RNA from both serum and DBS samples was RT-PCR amplified and sequenced with HCV NS5B-specific oligonucleotides. All positive samples were submitted to phylogenetic analysis.

RESULTS

Serum mean HCV load was 6.2 ± 0.5 log IU/mL. All patients presented undetectable HIV RNA. The distribution of HCV genotypes/subgenotypes was 1a (4/14); 1b (5/14); 3a (4/14); and 4d (1/14). Most paired serum and DBS samples showed concordant results (genetic distance: 0.0 to 0.16). One individual showed discordance in the subtypes between serum and DBS. Three individuals presented the 316 N Resistance Associated Mutation (RAS) in both serum and DBS.

CONCLUSION

Our results demonstrate the applicability of DBS for HCV molecular tracking in HIV/HCV coinfected patients for viral genomic surveillance in key and vulnerable populations.