1
|
Dendrimers in Alzheimer’s Disease: Recent Approaches in Multi-Targeting Strategies. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15030898. [PMID: 36986759 PMCID: PMC10059864 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15030898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Nanomaterials play an increasingly important role in current medicinal practice. As one of the most significant causes of human mortality, and one that is increasing year by year, Alzheimer’s disease (AD) has been the subject of a very great body of research and is an area in which nanomedicinal approaches show great promise. Dendrimers are a class of multivalent nanomaterials which can accommodate a wide range of modifications that enable them to be used as drug delivery systems. By means of suitable design, they can incorporate multiple functionalities to enable transport across the blood–brain barrier and subsequently target the diseased areas of the brain. In addition, a number of dendrimers by themselves often display therapeutic potential for AD. In this review, the various hypotheses relating to the development of AD and the proposed therapeutic interventions involving dendrimer–base systems are outlined. Special attention is focused on more recent results and on the importance of aspects such as oxidative stress, neuroinflammation and mitochondrial dysfunction in approaches to the design of new treatments.
Collapse
|
2
|
|
3
|
Biological and computational evaluation of resveratrol inhibitors against Alzheimer's disease. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2015; 31:67-77. [PMID: 26147348 DOI: 10.3109/14756366.2014.1003928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been reported that beta amyloid induces production of radical oxygen species and oxidative stress in neuronal cells, which in turn upregulates β-secretase (BACE-1) expression and beta amyloid levels, thereby propagating oxidative stress and increasing neuronal injury. A series of resveratrol derivatives, known to be inhibitors of oxidative stress-induced neuronal cell death (oxytosis) were biologically evaluated against BACE-1 using homogeneous time-resolved fluorescence (TRF) assay. Correlation between oxytosis inhibitory and BACE-1 inhibitory activity of resveratrol derivatives was statistically significant, supporting the notion that BACE-1 may act as pivotal mediator of neuronal cell oxytosis. Four of the biologically evaluated resveratrol analogs demonstrated considerably higher activity than resveratrol in either assay. The discovery of some "hits" led us to initiate detailed docking studies associated with Molecular Dynamics in order to provide a plausible explanation for the experimental results and understand their molecular basis of action.
Collapse
|
4
|
Structural basis of multivalent galactose-based dendrimer recognition by human galectin-7. FEBS J 2014; 282:372-87. [PMID: 25367374 DOI: 10.1111/febs.13140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2014] [Revised: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Galectins are evolutionarily conserved and ubiquitously present animal lectins with a high affinity for β-galactose-containing oligosaccharides. To date, 15 mammalian galectins have been identified. Their involvement in cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions has highlighted their importance in signal transduction and other intracellular processes. Human galectin-7 (hGal-7) is a 15 kDa proto type galectin that forms a dimer in solution and its involvement in the stimulation and development of tumour growth has been reported. Previously, we reported the crystal structure of hGal-7 and its complex with galactose and lactose which provided insight into its molecular recognition and detailed interactions. Here, we present newly obtained high-resolution structural data on carbohydrate-based dendrons in complex with hGal-7. Our crystallographic data reveal how multivalent ligands interact with and form cross-links with these galectin molecules. Understanding how these dendrimeric compounds interact with hGal-7 would help in the design of new tools to investigate the recognition of carbohydrates by lectins.
Collapse
|
5
|
Dendrimers and the development of new complex nanomaterials for biomedical applications. Curr Med Chem 2013; 19:4913-28. [PMID: 22963629 DOI: 10.2174/0929867311209024913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2012] [Revised: 05/28/2012] [Accepted: 06/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
New nano-scale drug carriers offer the possibility of increasing the therapeutic index of drug molecules by increasing their effectiveness, diminishing their toxicity against physiological tissues and achieving controlled therapeutic levels for a prolonged time. This review gives an overview of approaches to the development of these novel complex nanocarriers with emphasis on those involving dendrimers and related systems. The combination of two of more nano-sized units for producing an overall system with unique properties could be advantageous compared to more simple nanotechnology-based carriers. Recent advances in medicinal chemistry offer the possibility of exact tailoring of the properties of such complex systems which, in conjunction with full physicochemical characterization, may lead to novel and highly effective drug products. An assessment is given of the potential of systems such as chimeric advanced Drug Delivery nano Systems (chi-aDDnSs) for the delivery of drugs compared with conventional carriers. Rational synthesis of molecules that can act as modulators of the properties of chi-aDDnSs and may be the future in the design and development of nanocarriers, not only for the delivery of drug molecules but also for genetic material and imaging agents is sought.
Collapse
|
6
|
Aryllithiums with Increasing Steric Crowding and Lipophilicity Prepared from Chlorides in Diethyl Ether. The First Directly Prepared Room-Temperature-Stable Dilithioarenes. Org Lett 2012; 14:5680-3. [DOI: 10.1021/ol302672n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
7
|
Comparison of thermal effects of stilbenoid analogs in lipid bilayers using differential scanning calorimetry and molecular dynamics: correlation of thermal effects and topographical position with antioxidant activity. EUROPEAN BIOPHYSICS JOURNAL: EBJ 2011; 40:865-75. [DOI: 10.1007/s00249-011-0705-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2010] [Revised: 04/01/2011] [Accepted: 04/08/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
|
8
|
Thermodynamic and structural characterization of Liposomal-Locked in-Dendrimers as drug carriers. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2010; 81:11-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2010.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2010] [Revised: 06/16/2010] [Accepted: 06/16/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
9
|
New chimeric advanced Drug Delivery nano Systems (chi-aDDnSs) as doxorubicin carriers. Int J Pharm 2010; 402:231-7. [PMID: 20934501 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2010.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2010] [Revised: 09/30/2010] [Accepted: 10/01/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Since the late 1960s, the field of drug delivery has focused on the creation of new formulations with improved properties, taking much attention to drug release from the carrier. Liposomes and dendrimers represent two of the most studied drug carriers. A Modulatory Liposomal Controlled Release System (MLCRS) combining liposomal and dendrimeric technology has been recently published as well as Liposomal locked-in Dendrimers (LLDs) technology which was considered to be a class of MLCRSs. Chimeric advanced Drug Delivery nano Systems (chi-aDDnSs) can be defined as mixed nanosystems due to the combination of the bionanomaterials used and can offer advantages as drug carriers. This work deals with the production of two new chi-aDDnSs incorporating the newly synthesized dendrimer PG1. One of the two formulations bears the exact lipidic composition as the commercial liposomal drug "Myocet". Doxorubicin (Dox) was incorporated into conventional (free of dendrimer) liposomal formulations and into the corresponding chi-aDDnSs, and the physicochemical characteristics, the in vitro drug release and the in vitro cytotoxicity against human cancer cell lines were assessed. The results revealed a different modulation release effect of doxorubicin from the chi-aDDnS, compared to the Myocet replica. Pharmacological cytotoxicity concerning all the chi-aDDnSs was very close to that of the conventional liposomal systems.
Collapse
|
10
|
Spectroscopic Electronegativities of Halogens are Transferable and Additive Parameters. Examples of Correlations with Thermochemical and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopic Data. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/bscb.19911000305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
11
|
New Drug Delivery Nanosystem Combining Liposomal and Dendrimeric Technology (Liposomal Locked-In Dendrimers) for Cancer Therapy. J Pharm Sci 2010; 99:3561-71. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.22121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
12
|
Microwave assisted solid additive effects in simple dry chlorination reactions with n-chlorosuccinimide. Tetrahedron 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2010.01.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
13
|
Preface: Polymer Science and Polymer Therapeutics: Macromolecules, Dendrimers and Nanomedicine. Curr Top Med Chem 2008; 8:1161-4. [DOI: 10.2174/156802608785848969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
14
|
Editorial [Hot Topic:Biomedical Applications of Dendrimers (Guest Editor: Maria Micha-Screttas)]. Curr Top Med Chem 2008; 8:1159-60. [DOI: 10.2174/156802608785848978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
15
|
|
16
|
Solution-Phase Synthesis of First-Generation Tetraester Dendritic Branches Involving Microwave and/or Ultrasonic Irradiation. European J Org Chem 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200800325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
|
17
|
|
18
|
Engineered Chimeric Enzymes as Tools for Drug Discovery: Generating Reliable Bacterial Screens for the Detection, Discovery, and Assessment of Estrogen Receptor Modulators. J Am Chem Soc 2007; 129:8443-57. [PMID: 17569534 DOI: 10.1021/ja067754j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Engineered protein-based sensors of ligand binding have emerged as attractive tools for the discovery of therapeutic compounds through simple screening systems. We have previously shown that engineered chimeric enzymes, which combine the ligand-binding domains of nuclear hormone receptors with a highly sensitive thymidylate synthase reporter, yield simple sensors that report the presence of hormone-like compounds through changes in bacterial growth. This work describes an optimized estrogen sensor in Escherichia coli with extraordinary reliability in identifying diverse estrogenic compounds and in differentiating between their agonistic/antagonistic pharmacological effects. The ability of this system to assist the discovery of new estrogen-mimicking compounds was validated by screening a small compound library, which led to the identification of two structurally novel estrogen receptor modulators and the accurate prediction of their agonistic/antagonistic biocharacter in human cells. Strong evidence is presented here that the ability of our sensor to detect ligand binding and recognize pharmacologically critical properties arises from allosteric communication between the artificially combined protein domains, where different ligand-induced conformational changes in the receptor are transmitted to the catalytic domain and translated to distinct levels of enzymic efficiency. To the best of our knowledge, this is one of the first examples of an engineered enzyme with the ability to sense multiple receptor conformations and to be either activated or inactivated depending on the nature of the bound effector molecule. Because the proposed mechanism of ligand dependence is not specific to nuclear hormone receptors, we anticipate that our protein engineering strategy will be applicable to the construction of simple sensors for different classes of (therapeutic) binding proteins.
Collapse
|
19
|
|
20
|
Selective catalytic carbanionic ethylation of methylphenols: influence of catalyst and substitution pattern. Tetrahedron Lett 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2006.01.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
21
|
Synthesis and properties of 1-bromo-2,3,5,6-tetrakis(3-pentyl)benzene: a highly sterically hindered aryl bromide. Tetrahedron Lett 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2004.10.144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
22
|
Reductive lithiation of alkyl phenyl sulfides in diethyl ether. A ready access to α,α-dialkylbenzyllithiums. Tetrahedron Lett 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(03)01371-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
23
|
Chemical and physical evidence for metal–metal interchange between lithium alkoxides and di-n-butylmagnesium. Tetrahedron Lett 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(02)00841-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
24
|
Some properties and trends of enthalpies of vaporization and of Trouton's ratios of organic compounds. Correlation of enthalpies of vaporization and of enthalpies of formation with normal boiling points. J Org Chem 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/jo00004a050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
25
|
Structure of radical anions in solution as deduced from paramagnetic solvent nuclear magnetic resonance shift measurements. 1. The molar paramagnetic solvent shifts as molecular parameters for understanding structure, reactivity, and solute-solvent interactions in ketyl anion solutions. J Org Chem 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/jo00318a028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
26
|
|
27
|
Synthesis of benzhydryl ethers by a carbon-carbon bond-forming reaction using benzhydryl 2-chloroethyl ether. A method for attaching a protected 2-hydroxyethyl group to a benzylic carbon. J Org Chem 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/jo00136a042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
28
|
Hydrolithiation of .alpha.-olefins by a regiospecific two-step process. Transformation of alkyl phenyl sulfides to alkyllithium reagents. J Org Chem 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/jo00400a008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
29
|
Paramagnetic solvent nuclear magnetic resonance shifts in radical anion solutions. 2. Some cation-dependent phenomena in concentrated solutions of aromatic hydrocarbon radical anions and dianions. J Org Chem 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/jo00150a003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
30
|
Markownikoff two-step hydrolithiation of .alpha.-olefins. Transformation of secondary and tertiary alkyl phenyl sulfides to the relevant alkyllithium reagents. J Org Chem 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/jo01319a011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
31
|
|
32
|
Paramagnetic solvent nuclear magnetic resonance shifts in radical anion solutions. 4. Carbon-13 contact shifts and mechanism of spin density and/or electron transfer to substrate. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/j100243a013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
33
|
Radical anions in hydrocarbon media. Interaction between unsolvated and/or solvated radical anions and metal alkoxides. Evidence for cation dependent clustering of ketyl anions at high concentrations. J Am Chem Soc 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/ja00258a076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
34
|
Paramagnetic solvent nuclear magnetic resonance shifts in radical anion solutions. 3. Kinetic method for measuring molar paramagnetic solvent shifts of unstable radical anions. J Org Chem 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/jo00150a021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
35
|
Preparation of alkyl phenyl sulfides by electrophilically catalyzed displacement of certain nucleophiles by thiophenoxy group. J Org Chem 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/jo00428a044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
36
|
Review: Applications of novel sterically demanding aromatics in organometallic synthesis. Appl Organomet Chem 2002. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
|
37
|
Synthesis of lithium ω-(m- and p-lithiophenoxy)alkoxides modified with magnesium 2-ethoxyethoxide. Crystal structures of bis[4-(2-hydroxyethoxy)phenyl]mercury and bis[4-(3-hydroxypropoxy)phenyl]mercury. J Organomet Chem 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-328x(99)00425-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
38
|
Abstract
omega-Phenoxy alcohols, PhO(CH(2))(n)()OH (n = 2-7), have been subjected to metalation with 2 equiv of n-butyllithium in tetrahydrofuran/methylcyclohexane solvent. Reaction of the resulting lithiated compounds with carbon dioxide (n = 2-7), benzaldehyde (n = 2-6), benzophenone (n = 2, 3), dimethylformamide (n = 2), ethyl formate (n = 2), and chlorodiphenylphosphine (n = 3) afforded the corresponding ortho-substituted hydroxyalkoxybenzenes in yields ranging from 45 to 83%. The synthesis is also reported of five new bis[o-(omega-hydroxyalkoxy)phenyl]mercury compounds (n = 2-6), four crystal structures of which have been determined.
Collapse
|
39
|
Evidence for a concentration dependent 6(7)Li NMR contact shift in tetrahydrofuran solutions of lithium naphthalene radical anion and the effect of added 6(7)LiCl. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1039/a900705i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
40
|
Synthesis of N-alkoxycarbonyl-3-substituted tetramic acids and functionalized enols via C-acylation reactions of active methylene compounds with N-hydroxysuccinimide esters of N-alkoxycarbonyl-α-amino acids. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1039/a801896k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
41
|
The tert-butylchloride—lithium naphthalene radical anion and tert-butyllithium—naphthalene systems. Mechanism of metallation. J Organomet Chem 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-328x(96)06737-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
42
|
Stoichiometry of protonation of aromatic hydrocarbon radical anions by weak proton donors. A marked discrepancy between the number of protons used and those incorporated into the aromatic structure. J Organomet Chem 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0022-328x(95)05959-s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
43
|
Synthesis of terminally substituted 9-alkylidene-10-methyl acridans. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 1989. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00808767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
44
|
|
45
|
|
46
|
The benzilic ester rearrangement evidence for a set pathway in the benzilic ester and/or acid rearrangement. Tetrahedron Lett 1983. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(00)88160-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|