N-Doped TiO2 Photocatalyst Coatings Synthesized by a Cold Atmospheric Plasma

This work presents a simple, fast (20 min treatment), inexpensive, and highly efficient method for synthesizing nitrogen-doped titanium dioxide (N-TiO₂) as an enhanced visible light photocatalyst. In this study, N-TiO₂ coatings were fabricated by atmospheric pressure dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) at room temperature. The composition and the chemical bonds of the TiO₂ and N-TiO₂ coatings were characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectroscopy (ToF-SIMS). The results indicate that the nitrogen element has doped the TiO₂ lattice, which was further confirmed by Raman spectroscopy and grazing incidence X-ray diffraction (GIXRD). The doping mechanism was investigated using OES to study the plasma properties under different conditions. It suggests that the NH radicals play a key role in doping TiO₂. The concentration of nitrogen in the N-TiO₂ coatings can be controlled by changing the concentration of NH₃ in the plasma or the applied power to adjust the concentration of NH radicals in the plasma. The band gap of N-TiO₂ was reduced after NH₃/Ar plasma treatment from 3.25 to 3.18 eV. Consequently, the N-TiO₂ coating showed enhanced photocatalytic activity under white-light-emitting-diode (LED) irradiation. The photocatalytic degradation rate for the N-TiO₂ coating was about 1.4 times higher than that of the undoped TiO₂ coating.

Temperature-dependent wear mechanisms for magnetron-sputtered AlTiTaN hard coatings

AlTiTaN coatings have been demonstrated to have high thermal stability at temperatures up to 900 °C. It has been speculated that the high oxidation resistance promotes an improved wear resistance, specifically for dry machining applications. This work reports on the influence of temperature up to 900 °C on the wear mechanisms of AlTiTaN hard coatings. DC magnetron-sputtered coatings were obtained from an Al(46)Ti(42)Ta(12) target, keeping the substrate bias at -100 V and the substrate temperature at 265 °C. The coatings exhibited a single-phase face-centered cubic AlTiTaN structure. The dry sliding tests revealed predominant abrasion and tribo-oxidation as wear mechanisms, depending on the wear debris formed. At room temperature, abrasion leading to surface polishing was observed. At 700 and 800 °C, slow tribo-oxidation and an amorphous oxide formed reduced the wear rate of the coating compared to room temperature. Further, an increase in temperature to 900 °C increased the wear rate significantly due to fast tribo-oxidation accompanied by grooving. The friction coefficient was found to decrease with temperature increasing from 700 to 900 °C due to the formation of oxide scales, which reduce adhesion of asperity contacts. A relationship between the oxidation and wear mechanisms was established using X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, surface profilometry, confocal microscopy, and dynamic secondary ion mass spectrometry.

Influence of temperature on oxidation mechanisms of fiber-textured AlTiTaN coatings

The oxidation kinetics of AlTiTaN hard coatings deposited at 265 °C by DC magnetron sputtering were investigated between 700 and 950 °C for various durations. By combining dynamic secondary ion mass spectrometry (D-SIMS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) investigations of the different oxidized coatings, we were able to highlight the oxidation mechanisms involved. The TEM cross-section observations combined with XRD analysis show that a single amorphous oxide layer comprising Ti, Al, and Ta formed at 700 °C. Above 750 °C, the oxide scale transforms into a bilayer oxide comprising an Al-rich upper oxide layer and a Ti/Ta-rich oxide layer at the interface with the coated nitride layer. From the D-SIMS analysis, it could be proposed that the oxidation mechanism was governed primarily by inward diffusion of O for temperatures of ≤700 °C, while at ≥750 °C, it is controlled by outward diffusion of Al and inward diffusion of O. Via a combination of structural and chemical analysis, it is possible to propose that crystallization of rutile lattice favors the outward diffusion of Al within the AlTiTa mixed oxide layer with an increase in the temperature of oxidation. The difference in the mechanisms of oxidation at 700 and 900 °C also influences the oxidation kinetics with respect to oxidation time. Formation of a protective alumina layer decreases the rate of oxidation at 900 °C for long durations of oxidation compared to 700 °C. Along with the oxidation behavior, the enhanced thermal stability of AlTiTaN compared to that of the TiAlN coating is illustrated.

Microstructural and chemical characterization of nanostructured TiAlSiN coatings with nanoscale resolution

Nanoscale resolution electron microscopy analysis combined with ion beam assisted techniques are presented here, to give answers to full characterization of morphology, growth mode, phase formation, and compositional distribution in nanocomposite TiAlSiN coatings deposited under different energetic conditions. Samples were prepared by magnetron sputtering, and the effects of substrate temperature and bias were investigated. The nanocomposite microstructure was demonstrated by the formation of a face-centered cubic (Ti,Al)N phase, obtained by substitution of Al in the cubic titanium nitride (c-TiN) phase, and an amorphous matrix at the column boundary regions mainly composed of Si, N (and O for the samples with higher oxygen contents). Oxygen impurities, predicted as the principal responsible for the degradation of properties, were identified, particularly in nonbiased samples and confirmed to occupy preferentially nitrogen positions at the column boundaries, being mainly associated to silicon forming oxynitride phases. It has been found that the columnar growth mode is not the most adequate to improve mechanical properties. Only the combination of moderate bias and additional substrate heating was able to reduce the oxygen content and eliminate the columnar microstructure leading to the nanocomposite structure with higher hardness (>30 GPa).

Mechanical properties of face-centered cubic supercrystals of nanocrystals

We report the first nanoindentation studies of well-ordered nanocrystal supercrystals composed of 7 nm lead sulfide nanocrystals stabilized with oleic acid ligands as a model system. Their modulus and hardness were found to be similar to hard polymers at 1.7 GPa and 70 MPa, respectively, and the fracture toughness was 40 KPa/m(1/2), revealing the brittle nature of these materials. The mechanical properties are dominated by the organic capping agents surrounding the inorganic cores. The close-packed structure distributes stress evenly increasing the modulus and hardness. The relatively short ligands are not likely to be highly interdigitated leading to low dissipation during crack propagation and a low-fracture toughness value.

Simple filtered repetitively pulsed vacuum arc plasma source

A very simple design of cathodic filtered vacuum arc plasma source is proposed. The source without filter has only four components and none of them require precise machining. The source operates in a repetitively pulsed regime, and for laboratory experiments it can be used without water cooling. Despite the simple construction, the source provides high ion current at the filter outlet reaching 2.5% of 400 A arc current, revealing stable operation in a wide pressure range from high vacuum to oxygen pressure up to more than 10(-2) mbar. There is no need in complicated power supply system for this plasma source, only one power supply can be used to ignite the arc, to provide the current for the arc itself, to generate the magnetic field in the filter, and provide its positive electric biasing without any additional high power resistance.