1
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Cashen BA, Morse M, Rouzina I, Karpel RL, Williams MC. C-terminal Domain of T4 gene 32 Protein Enables Rapid Filament Reorganization and Dissociation. J Mol Biol 2024; 436:168544. [PMID: 38508303 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2024.168544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Bacteriophage T4 gene 32 protein (gp32) is a single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) binding protein essential for DNA replication. gp32 forms stable protein filaments on ssDNA through cooperative interactions between its core and N-terminal domain. gp32's C-terminal domain (CTD) is believed to primarily help coordinate DNA replication via direct interactions with constituents of the replisome. However, the exact mechanisms of these interactions are not known, and it is unclear how tightly-bound gp32 filaments are readily displaced from ssDNA as required for genomic processing. Here, we utilized truncated gp32 variants to demonstrate a key role of the CTD in regulating gp32 dissociation. Using optical tweezers, we probed the binding and dissociation dynamics of CTD-truncated gp32, *I, to an 8.1 knt ssDNA molecule and compared these measurements with those for full-length gp32. The *I-ssDNA helical filament becomes progressively unwound with increased protein concentration but remains significantly more stable than that of full-length, wild-type gp32. Protein oversaturation, concomitant with filament unwinding, facilitates rapid dissociation of full-length gp32 from across the entire ssDNA segment. In contrast, *I primarily unbinds slowly from only the ends of the cooperative clusters, regardless of the protein density and degree of DNA unwinding. Our results suggest that the CTD may constrain the relative twist angle of proteins within the ssDNA filament such that upon critical unwinding the cooperative interprotein interactions largely vanish, facilitating prompt removal of gp32. We propose a model of CTD-mediated gp32 displacement via internal restructuring of its filament, providing a mechanism for rapid ssDNA clearing during genomic processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben A Cashen
- Department of Physics, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Michael Morse
- Department of Physics, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ioulia Rouzina
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Center for Retroviral Research and Center for RNA Biology, Ohio State University, 281 W Lane Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Richard L Karpel
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA
| | - Mark C Williams
- Department of Physics, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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2
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Burdick RC, Morse M, Rouzina I, Williams MC, Hu WS, Pathak VK. HIV-1 uncoating requires long double-stranded reverse transcription products. Sci Adv 2024; 10:eadn7033. [PMID: 38657061 PMCID: PMC11042746 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adn7033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
HIV-1 cores, which contain the viral genome and replication machinery, must disassemble (uncoat) during viral replication. However, the viral and host factors that trigger uncoating remain unidentified. Recent studies show that infectious cores enter the nucleus and uncoat near the site of integration. Here, we show that efficient uncoating of nuclear cores requires synthesis of a double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) genome >3.5 kb and that the efficiency of uncoating correlates with genome size. Core disruption by capsid inhibitors releases viral DNA, some of which integrates. However, most of the viral DNA is degraded, indicating that the intact core safeguards viral DNA. Atomic force microscopy and core content estimation reveal that synthesis of full-length genomic dsDNA induces substantial internal strain on the core to promote uncoating. We conclude that HIV-1 cores protect viral DNA from degradation by host factors and that synthesis of long double-stranded reverse transcription products is required to trigger efficient HIV-1 uncoating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan C. Burdick
- Viral Mutation Section, HIV Dynamics and Replication Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Michael Morse
- Department of Physics, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ioulia Rouzina
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Center for Retroviral Research and Center for RNA Biology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Mark C. Williams
- Department of Physics, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Wei-Shau Hu
- Viral Recombination Section, HIV Dynamics and Replication Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Vinay K. Pathak
- Viral Mutation Section, HIV Dynamics and Replication Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
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3
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Joshi J, McCauley MJ, Morse M, Muccio MR, Kanlong JG, Rocha MS, Rouzina I, Musier-Forsyth K, Williams MC. Mechanism of DNA Intercalation by Chloroquine Provides Insights into Toxicity. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1410. [PMID: 38338688 PMCID: PMC10855526 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2024] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Chloroquine has been used as a potent antimalarial, anticancer drug, and prophylactic. While chloroquine is known to interact with DNA, the details of DNA-ligand interactions have remained unclear. Here we characterize chloroquine-double-stranded DNA binding with four complementary approaches, including optical tweezers, atomic force microscopy, duplex DNA melting measurements, and isothermal titration calorimetry. We show that chloroquine intercalates into double stranded DNA (dsDNA) with a KD ~ 200 µM, and this binding is entropically driven. We propose that chloroquine-induced dsDNA intercalation, which happens in the same concentration range as its observed toxic effects on cells, is responsible for the drug's cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joha Joshi
- Department of Physics, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (J.J.); (M.J.M.); (M.M.)
| | - Micah J. McCauley
- Department of Physics, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (J.J.); (M.J.M.); (M.M.)
| | - Michael Morse
- Department of Physics, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (J.J.); (M.J.M.); (M.M.)
| | - Michael R. Muccio
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Center for RNA Biology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (M.R.M.); (J.G.K.); (I.R.); (K.M.-F.)
| | - Joseph G. Kanlong
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Center for RNA Biology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (M.R.M.); (J.G.K.); (I.R.); (K.M.-F.)
| | - Márcio S. Rocha
- Department of Physics, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa CEP 36570-900, MG, Brazil;
| | - Ioulia Rouzina
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Center for RNA Biology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (M.R.M.); (J.G.K.); (I.R.); (K.M.-F.)
| | - Karin Musier-Forsyth
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Center for RNA Biology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (M.R.M.); (J.G.K.); (I.R.); (K.M.-F.)
| | - Mark C. Williams
- Department of Physics, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (J.J.); (M.J.M.); (M.M.)
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4
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McCauley MJ, Joshi J, Becker N, Hu Q, Botuyan MV, Rouzina I, Mer G, James Maher L, Williams MC. Quantifying ATP-Independent Nucleosome Chaperone Activity with Single-Molecule Methods. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2694:29-55. [PMID: 37823998 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3377-9_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
The dynamics of histone-DNA interactions govern chromosome organization and regulates the processes of transcription, replication, and repair. Accurate measurements of the energies and the kinetics of DNA binding to component histones of the nucleosome under a variety of conditions are essential to understand these processes at the molecular level. To accomplish this, we employ three specific single-molecule techniques: force disruption (FD) with optical tweezers, confocal imaging (CI) in a combined fluorescence plus optical trap, and survival probability (SP) measurements of disrupted and reformed nucleosomes. Short arrays of positioned nucleosomes serve as a template for study, facilitating rapid quantification of kinetic parameters. These arrays are then exposed to FACT (FAcilitates Chromatin Transcription), a non-ATP-driven heterodimeric nuclear chaperone known to both disrupt and tether histones during transcription. FACT binding drives off the outer wrap of DNA and destabilizes the histone-DNA interactions of the inner wrap as well. This reorganization is driven by two key domains with distinct function. FD experiments show the SPT16 MD domain stabilizes DNA-histone contacts, while the HMGB box of SSRP1 binds DNA, destabilizing the nucleosome. Surprisingly, CI experiments do not show tethering of disrupted histones, but increased rates of histone release from the DNA. SI experiments resolve this, showing that the two active domains of FACT combine to chaperone nucleosome reassembly after the timely release of force. These combinations of single-molecule approaches show FACT is a true nucleosome catalyst, lowering the barrier to both disruption and reformation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joha Joshi
- Department of Physics, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nicole Becker
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Qi Hu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Maria Victoria Botuyan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Ioulia Rouzina
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Georges Mer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - L James Maher
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Mark C Williams
- Department of Physics, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA.
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5
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Morse M, Navarro Roby F, Kinare M, McIsaac J, Williams MC, Beuning PJ. DNA damage alters binding conformations of E. coli single-stranded DNA-binding protein. Biophys J 2023; 122:3950-3958. [PMID: 37632138 PMCID: PMC10560665 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2023.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Single-stranded DNA-binding proteins (SSBs) are essential cellular components, binding to transiently exposed regions of single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) with high affinity and sequence non-specificity to coordinate DNA repair and replication. Escherichia coli SSB (EcSSB) is a homotetramer that wraps variable lengths of ssDNA in multiple conformations (typically occupying either 65 or 35 nt), which is well studied across experimental conditions of substrate length, salt, pH, temperature, etc. In this work, we use atomic force microscopy to investigate the binding of SSB to individual ssDNA molecules. We introduce non-canonical DNA bases that mimic naturally occurring DNA damage, synthetic abasic sites, as well as a non-DNA linker into our experimental constructs at sites predicted to interact with EcSSB. By measuring the fraction of DNA molecules with EcSSB bound as well as the volume of protein bound per DNA molecule, we determine the protein binding affinity, cooperativity, and conformation. We find that, with only one damaged nucleotide, the binding of EcSSB is unchanged relative to its binding to undamaged DNA. In the presence of either two tandem abasic sites or a non-DNA spacer, however, the binding affinity associated with a single EcSSB tetramer occupying the full substrate in the 65-nt mode is greatly reduced. In contrast, the binding of two EcSSB tetramers, each in the 35-nt mode, is preserved. Changes in the binding and cooperative behaviors of EcSSB across these constructs can inform how genomic repair and replication processes may change as environmental damage accumulates in DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Morse
- Department of Physics, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Francesco Navarro Roby
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Mansi Kinare
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - James McIsaac
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Mark C Williams
- Department of Physics, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts.
| | - Penny J Beuning
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts.
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6
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Joshi J, McCauley MJ, Becker NA, Morse M, Rouzina IF, Maher LJ, Lyumkis D, Williams MC. Nucleosome chaperone activity of LEDGF and HDGF2 characterized with single molecule force spectroscopy. Biophys J 2023; 122:76a. [PMID: 36785001 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2022.11.617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Joha Joshi
- Physics, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Nicole A Becker
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | | | - Louis J Maher
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Dmitry Lyumkis
- Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
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7
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Morse M, Sefcikova J, McCauley MJ, Rouzina IF, Beuning PJ, Williams MC. Structure and function of SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein measured using optical tweezers, confocal fluorescence, and AFM. Biophys J 2023; 122:71a. [PMID: 36784974 PMCID: PMC9912768 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2022.11.590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Morse
- Department of Physics, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jana Sefcikova
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Ioulia F. Rouzina
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Penny J. Beuning
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
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8
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McAuliffe JM, Williams MC, Paramanathan T. Optical tweezers experiments reveal anticancer drug BI-3802 binds DNA in the micromolar range. Biophys J 2023; 122:73a. [PMID: 36784982 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2022.11.600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jared M McAuliffe
- Department of Physics, Photonics and Optical Engineering, Bridgewater State University, Bridgewater, MA, USA
| | - Mark C Williams
- Department of Physics, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Thayaparan Paramanathan
- Department of Physics, Photonics and Optical Engineering, Bridgewater State University, Bridgewater, MA, USA
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9
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McCauley MJ, Morse M, Becker NA, Hu Q, Botuyan MV, Navarrete E, Huo R, Muthurajan U, Rouzina IF, Luger K, Mer G, Maher LJ, Williams MC. Visualizing both nucleosome disassembly and reassembly during FACT chaperone activity. Biophys J 2023; 122:129a. [PMID: 36782576 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2022.11.865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael Morse
- Department of Physics, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nicole A Becker
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Qi Hu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Maria V Botuyan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Emily Navarrete
- Department of Physics, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ran Huo
- Department of Physics, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Uma Muthurajan
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Ioulia F Rouzina
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Karolin Luger
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Georges Mer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - L James Maher
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Mark C Williams
- Department of Physics, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
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10
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Gien H, Morse M, McCauley MJ, Rouzina IF, Kitzrow J, Musier-Forsyth K, Gorelick R, Williams MC. HIV-1 nucleocapsid protein binds double-stranded DNA in multiple modes to regulate compaction and capsid uncoating. Biophys J 2023; 122:73a. [PMID: 36784984 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2022.11.602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Helena Gien
- Physics Department, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michael Morse
- Physics Department, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Robert Gorelick
- Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Mark C Williams
- Physics Department, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
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11
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Sundar Rajan VE, Levin S, McCauley MJ, Williams MC, Rouzina IF, Wilhelmsson M, Westerlund F. Thermodynamics and kinetics of the B-S transition in base-modified DNA. Biophys J 2023; 122:211a. [PMID: 36783027 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2022.11.1263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sune Levin
- Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | - Mark C Williams
- Department of Physics, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Marcus Wilhelmsson
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Westerlund
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
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12
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McCauley MJ, Morse M, Becker N, Hu Q, Botuyan MV, Navarrete E, Huo R, Muthurajan UM, Rouzina I, Luger K, Mer G, Maher LJ, Williams MC. Human FACT subunits coordinate to catalyze both disassembly and reassembly of nucleosomes. Cell Rep 2022; 41:111858. [PMID: 36577379 PMCID: PMC9807050 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The histone chaperone FACT (facilitates chromatin transcription) enhances transcription in eukaryotic cells, targeting DNA-protein interactions. FACT, a heterodimer in humans, comprises SPT16 and SSRP1 subunits. We measure nucleosome stability and dynamics in the presence of FACT and critical component domains. Optical tweezers quantify FACT/subdomain binding to nucleosomes, displacing the outer wrap of DNA, disrupting direct DNA-histone (core site) interactions, altering the energy landscape of unwrapping, and increasing the kinetics of DNA-histone disruption. Atomic force microscopy reveals nucleosome remodeling, while single-molecule fluorescence quantifies kinetics of histone loss for disrupted nucleosomes, a process accelerated by FACT. Furthermore, two isolated domains exhibit contradictory functions; while the SSRP1 HMGB domain displaces DNA, SPT16 MD/CTD stabilizes DNA-H2A/H2B dimer interactions. However, only intact FACT tethers disrupted DNA to the histones and supports rapid nucleosome reformation over several cycles of force disruption/release. These results demonstrate that key FACT domains combine to catalyze both nucleosome disassembly and reassembly.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael Morse
- Department of Physics, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nicole Becker
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Qi Hu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Maria Victoria Botuyan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Emily Navarrete
- Department of Physics, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ran Huo
- Department of Physics, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Uma M. Muthurajan
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Ioulia Rouzina
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Karolin Luger
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA
| | - Georges Mer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - L. James Maher
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Mark C. Williams
- Department of Physics, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA,Lead contact,Correspondence:
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13
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Jabak AA, Bryden N, Westerlund F, Lincoln P, McCauley MJ, Rouzina I, Williams MC, Paramanathan T. Left versus right: Exploring the effects of chiral threading intercalators using optical tweezers. Biophys J 2022; 121:3745-3752. [PMID: 35470110 PMCID: PMC9617076 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2022.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Small-molecule DNA-binding drugs have shown promising results in clinical use against many types of cancer. Understanding the molecular mechanisms of DNA binding for such small molecules can be critical in advancing future drug designs. We have been exploring the interactions of ruthenium-based small molecules and their DNA-binding properties that are highly relevant in the development of novel metal-based drugs. Previously we have studied the effects of the right-handed binuclear ruthenium threading intercalator ΔΔ-[μ-bidppz(phen)4Ru2]4+, or ΔΔ-P for short, which showed extremely slow kinetics and high-affinity binding to DNA. Here we investigate the left-handed enantiomer ΛΛ-[μ-bidppz(phen)4Ru2]4+, or ΛΛ-P for short, to study the effects of chirality on DNA threading intercalation. We employ single-molecule optical trapping experiments to understand the molecular mechanisms and nanoscale structural changes that occur during DNA binding and unbinding as well as the association and dissociation rates. Despite the similar threading intercalation binding mode of the two enantiomers, our data show that the left-handed ΛΛ-P complex requires increased lengthening of the DNA to thread, and it extends the DNA more than double the length at equilibrium compared with the right-handed ΔΔ-P. We also observed that the left-handed ΛΛ-P complex unthreads three times faster than ΔΔ-P. These results, along with a weaker binding affinity estimated for ΛΛ-P, suggest a preference in DNA binding to the chiral enantiomer having the same right-handed chirality as the DNA molecule, regardless of their common intercalating moiety. This comparison provides a better understanding of how chirality affects binding to DNA and may contribute to the development of enhanced potential cancer treatment drug designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam A Jabak
- Department of Physics, Photonics and Optical Engineering, Bridgewater State University, Bridgewater, Massachusetts
| | - Nicholas Bryden
- Department of Physics, Photonics and Optical Engineering, Bridgewater State University, Bridgewater, Massachusetts
| | - Fredrik Westerlund
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Per Lincoln
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Micah J McCauley
- Department of Physics, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ioulia Rouzina
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Mark C Williams
- Department of Physics, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts.
| | - Thayaparan Paramanathan
- Department of Physics, Photonics and Optical Engineering, Bridgewater State University, Bridgewater, Massachusetts.
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14
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Kwiecinski J, Kolossvary M, Tzolos E, Meah MN, Adamson PD, Joshi NV, Williams MC, Van Beek EJR, Berman DS, Maurovich-Horvat P, Newby DE, Dweck MR, Dey D, Slomka P. 18F-sodium fluoride positron emission tomography and coronary plaque radiomics derived from computed tomography angiography for prediction of myocardial infarction. Eur Heart J 2022. [DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehac544.212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Assessments of coronary disease activity with 18F-sodium fluoride positron emission tomography (18F-NaF PET) and radiomics-based precision coronary plaque phenotyping derived from contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT) have both been shown to enhance risk stratification in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). To date, no study has investigated whether these two promising methods (which can be obtained during a single imaging session on a hybrid PET/CT scanner) are interchangeable or can provide superior predictive performance when used in combination.
Purpose
We sought to investigate whether the prognostic information provided by latent morphological radiomic coronary plaque features and assessments of disease activity by 18F-NaF PET are complementary in prediction of myocardial infarction.
Methods
Patients with known CAD underwent coronary 18F-NaF PET and CT angiography on a hybrid PET/CT scanner. Coronary 18F-NaF uptake was determined by the coronary microcalcification activity (CMA). We performed quantitative plaque analysis of coronary CT angiography datasets. Additionally, coronary plaque segmentations on CT angiography were used to extract 1103 radiomic features. Using weighted correlation network analysis we derived latent morphological features of coronary plaques which were aggregated to patient-level radiomic normograms to predict myocardial infarction using univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazard models.
Results
The study cohort comprised of 260 patients with established CAD (age: 65±9 years; 84% men); 179 (69%) participants showed increased coronary 18F-NaF activity (CMA >0). Over 53 [40–59] months of follow-up 18 patients had a myocardial infarction. Using weighted correlation network analysis, from the 1103 radiomic features we derived 15 distinct eigen radiomic features representing latent morphological coronary plaque patterns. On univariate cox modelling 7 of these emerged as predictors of myocardial infarction (Figure). Following adjustments for calcified, noncalcified and low-density noncalcified plaque volumes and 18F-NaF CMA 4 radiomic features (related to texture and geometry) remained independent predictors of myocardial infarction (Figure).
Conclusion(s)
In patients with established CAD latent morphological features of coronary plaques are predictors of myocardial infarction above and beyond plaque volumes and 18F-NaF uptake. Comprehensive plaque analysis with radiomics may enhance risk stratification of CAD patients.
Funding Acknowledgement
Type of funding sources: Public grant(s) – National budget only. Main funding source(s): NIH, Wellcome Trust
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Affiliation(s)
- J Kwiecinski
- Institute of Cardiology in Anin , Warsaw , Poland
| | - M Kolossvary
- Mass General Hopital (MGH), Cardiovascular Imaging Research Center , Boston , United States of America
| | - E Tzolos
- University of Edinburgh, Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences , Edinburgh , United Kingdom
| | - M N Meah
- University of Edinburgh, Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences , Edinburgh , United Kingdom
| | - P D Adamson
- University of Edinburgh, Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences , Edinburgh , United Kingdom
| | - N V Joshi
- University of Edinburgh, Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences , Edinburgh , United Kingdom
| | - M C Williams
- University of Edinburgh, Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences , Edinburgh , United Kingdom
| | - E J R Van Beek
- University of Edinburgh, Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences , Edinburgh , United Kingdom
| | - D S Berman
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center , Los Angeles , United States of America
| | - P Maurovich-Horvat
- Semmelweis University Heart and Vascular Center, Cardiovascular Imaging Research Group , Budapest , Hungary
| | - D E Newby
- University of Edinburgh, Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences , Edinburgh , United Kingdom
| | - M R Dweck
- University of Edinburgh, Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences , Edinburgh , United Kingdom
| | - D Dey
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center , Los Angeles , United States of America
| | - P Slomka
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center , Los Angeles , United States of America
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15
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Bednarski B, Williams MC, Pieszko K, Miller RJH, Huang C, Kwiecinski J, Sharir T, Di Carli M, Fish MB, Ruddy TD, Hasuer T, Miller EJ, Acampa W, Berman DS, Slomka PJ. Unsupervised machine learning improves risk stratification of patients with visual normal SPECT myocardial perfusion imaging assessments. Eur Heart J 2022. [DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehac544.300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Unsupervised machine learning has the potential to identify new cardiovascular phenotypes and more accurately assess individual risk in an unbiased fashion.
Purpose
We aimed to use unsupervised learning to identify, analyze, and risk-stratify subgroups of patients with normal perfusion by visual interpretation on single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI).
Methods
We included consecutive patients with visual normal clinical assessment (summed stress score of 0) from the multicenter (9 sites), REFINE SPECT registry. We considered 23 clinical, 17 image-acquisition, and 26 imaging variables. Optimal dimensionality reduction (Uniform Manifold Approximation and Projection), clustering (Gaussian Mixture Model), and number of clusters were selected to maximize the silhouette coefficient (how similar a patient is to those in their own cluster compared to other clusters). Risk stratification for all-cause mortality (ACM) and major adverse cardiac events (MACE) was assessed within these clusters and compared to risk stratification by quantitative ischemia (<5%, 5–10%, >10%) using Kaplan-Meier curves and Cox Proportional-Hazards analysis.
Results
In total, 17,527 (of 30,351) patients in the registry had visually normal perfusion, 49.7% female, median age of 64 [55, 72] years. There were 1,138 ACM events and 2,091 MACE events with a median follow-up of 4.1 [2.9, 5.7] years. Unsupervised learning provided better risk stratification for both ACM and MACE compared to quantitative ischemia (Figure). Notably, the high-risk cluster by unsupervised learning had a hazard ratio (HR) of 9.5 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 7.7–11.7) compared to 1.4 (95% CI: 1.1–1.9) for quantitative ischemia >10%. The high-risk cluster had proportionally more women (45% [low-risk], 51% [medium-risk], 57% [high-risk], all p<0.001), higher body mass indices (26.9, 27.4, 29.6, all p<0.001), prevalence of diabetes (17%, 22%, 33%, all p<0.001), and abnormal rest ECGs (30%, 43%, 64%, p<0.001); with lower rates of family history of coronary artery disease (40%, 33%, 24%, p<0.001). Patients in the low-risk cluster were more likely to undergo exercise stress (100%, 38%, 0%, all p<0.001), had lower rest peak systolic blood pressure (130, 131, 140 mmHg, all p<0.001), and higher stress peak systolic blood pressure (164, 150, 131 mmHg, all p<0.001). Patients in the high-risk cluster had higher left ventricular mass (129, 135.45, 143.9 g, all p<0.001) and stress volume (57, 59, 66 ml, all p<0.001).
Conclusion
Unsupervised learning identified new phenotypic clusters for SPECT MPI patients with visual normal assessments which provided improved risk stratification for ACM and MACE compared to SPECT ischemia. Such individualized risk assessment may allow better targeted management of patients with visually normal perfusion.
Funding Acknowledgement
Type of funding sources: Public Institution(s). Main funding source(s): Research reported in this publication was supported by the National Heart, Lung, And Blood Institute of the National Institutes of Health under Award Number R01HL089765. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Bednarski
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center , Los Angeles , United States of America
| | - M C Williams
- University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh , United Kingdom
| | - K Pieszko
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center , Los Angeles , United States of America
| | - R J H Miller
- University of Calgary, Libin Cardiovascular Institue , Calgary , Canada
| | - C Huang
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center , Los Angeles , United States of America
| | | | - T Sharir
- Assuta Medical Center , Tel Aviv , Israel
| | - M Di Carli
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Department of Radiology , Boston , United States of America
| | - M B Fish
- Sacred Heart Medical Center, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Oregon Heart and Vascular Institute, Springfield , Oregon , United States of America
| | - T D Ruddy
- University of Ottawa Heart Institute , Ottawa , Canada
| | - T Hasuer
- Oklahoma Heart Hospital , Oklahoma City , United States of America
| | - E J Miller
- Yale University School of Medicine, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, New Haven , CT , United States of America
| | - W Acampa
- University of Naples Federico II, Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences , Naples , Italy
| | - D S Berman
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center , Los Angeles , United States of America
| | - P J Slomka
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center , Los Angeles , United States of America
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16
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Watts J, Williams MC, Lone S, Paramanathan T. Characterizing DNA polymerase kappa’s binding mechanism to DNA using optical tweezers. Biophys J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2021.11.372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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17
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Gien H, Morse M, McCauley MJ, Kitzrow JP, Musier-Forsyth K, Gorelick RJ, Rouzina I, Williams MC. HIV-1 Nucleocapsid Protein Binds Double-Stranded DNA in Multiple Modes to Regulate Compaction and Capsid Uncoating. Viruses 2022; 14:235. [PMID: 35215829 PMCID: PMC8879225 DOI: 10.3390/v14020235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The HIV-1 nucleocapsid protein (NC) is a multi-functional protein necessary for viral replication. Recent studies have demonstrated reverse transcription occurs inside the fully intact viral capsid and that the timing of reverse transcription and uncoating are correlated. How a nearly 10 kbp viral DNA genome is stably contained within a narrow capsid with diameter similar to the persistence length of double-stranded (ds) DNA, and the role of NC in this process, are not well understood. In this study, we use optical tweezers, fluorescence imaging, and atomic force microscopy to observe NC binding a single long DNA substrate in multiple modes. We find that NC binds and saturates the DNA substrate in a non-specific binding mode that triggers uniform DNA self-attraction, condensing the DNA into a tight globule at a constant force up to 10 pN. When NC is removed from solution, the globule dissipates over time, but specifically-bound NC maintains long-range DNA looping that is less compact but highly stable. Both binding modes are additionally observed using AFM imaging. These results suggest multiple binding modes of NC compact DNA into a conformation compatible with reverse transcription, regulating the genomic pressure on the capsid and preventing premature uncoating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Gien
- Department of Physics, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (H.G.); (M.M.); (M.J.M.)
| | - Michael Morse
- Department of Physics, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (H.G.); (M.M.); (M.J.M.)
| | - Micah J. McCauley
- Department of Physics, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (H.G.); (M.M.); (M.J.M.)
| | - Jonathan P. Kitzrow
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Center for Retroviral Research and Center for RNA Biology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (J.P.K.); (K.M.-F.); (I.R.)
| | - Karin Musier-Forsyth
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Center for Retroviral Research and Center for RNA Biology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (J.P.K.); (K.M.-F.); (I.R.)
| | - Robert J. Gorelick
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA;
| | - Ioulia Rouzina
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Center for Retroviral Research and Center for RNA Biology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (J.P.K.); (K.M.-F.); (I.R.)
| | - Mark C. Williams
- Department of Physics, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (H.G.); (M.M.); (M.J.M.)
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18
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Tzolos E, Bing R, Andrews J, Macaskill M, Tavares A, MacNaught G, Clarke T, Williams MC, Van Beek EJR, Koglin N, Stephens A, Dweck MR, Newby DE. In vivo coronary artery thrombus imaging with 18F-GP1 PET-CT. Eur Heart J 2021. [DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehab724.0261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Coronary artery thrombus is typically present in type 1 myocardial infarction, but small volumes in the setting of an uncertain culprit lesion may be beyond the detection limit of current imaging modalities.
Purpose
Using a novel glycoprotein IIb/IIIa-receptor radiotracer, 18F-GP1, we investigated whether positron emission tomography-computed tomography (PET-CT) could detect thrombus formation in coronary arteries.
Methods
In a single centre cross-sectional study, patients over 40 years of age with myocardial infarction were recruited after myocardial infarction and underwent underwent CT angiography and 18F-GP1 PET-CT. Stable patients with and without coronary artery disease formed a control cohort. Coronary artery 18F-GP1 uptake was visually assessed and quantified using maximum target-to-background ratios (TBRmax).
Results
Ninety-four (44 post-myocardial infarction and 50 control patients) were included in the cross-sectional analysis. The mean age of the post-myocardial infarction group was 61±9 years, three-quarters were male and two thirds had presented with ST elevation on electrocardiography. 34 (80%) patients post-myocardial infarction, but none of the control patients, demonstrated focal 18F-GP1 uptake in the coronary arteries.
Of 42 vessels with an angiographic culprit lesion, 35 (83%) had 18F-GP1 uptake which was significantly higher than non-culprit vessels (p<0.0001) as well as control vessels (p<0.0001), while non-culprit vessel uptake was similar to control vessel uptake (p=0.567): culprit vessel median TBRmax 1.2 [interquartile range 0.96–1.44], non-culprit vessel TBRmax 0.96 [0.84–1.03] and control vessel TBRmax 0.9 [0.76 to 0.94]. Linear regression models demonstrated univariable associations between coronary 18F-GP1 TBRmax and time from myocardial infarction, male sex and presence of culprit vessel. On multivariable analysis, only culprit vessel status was associated with TBRmax (adjusted R2= 0.22, P<0.001). Based on the Youden's index of the ROC curves, the optimal cut-off of predicting the presence of a culprit vessel was 1.20 with a specificity of 97%, accuracy of 83%, sensitivity (60%) and c-statictic of 0.74.
A patient with ectatic vessel and visual thrombus demonstrated the most intense 18F-GP1 uptake (TBRmax 2.0, highest in the cohort) in the region of heaviest thrombus burden (Figure 2). Extra-coronary uptake was seen in regions of left ventricular thrombus, left atrial appendage thrombus, pulmonary thromboembolism and intramyocardial microvascular obstruction.
Conclusions
18F-GP1 PET-CT is able to detect coronary artery thrombus in culprit lesions following myocardial infarction, as well as extra-coronary thrombotic pathologies that may be important in guiding patient management. 18F-GP1 is highly specific in recognising a culprit lesion from a non-culprit lesion both visually as well as quantitatively.
Funding Acknowledgement
Type of funding sources: Foundation. Main funding source(s): British Heart Foundation Figure 1Figure 2
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Affiliation(s)
- E Tzolos
- University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - R Bing
- University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - J Andrews
- University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - M Macaskill
- University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - A Tavares
- University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - G MacNaught
- University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - T Clarke
- University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - M C Williams
- University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | | | - N Koglin
- Life Molecular Imaging, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - M R Dweck
- University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - D E Newby
- University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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19
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Lee K, Bularga A, O'Brien R, Ferry A, Doudesis D, Fujisawa T, Stewart S, Wereski R, Cranley D, Van Beek E, Lowe D, Newby DE, Williams MC, Gray AJ, Mills NL. Troponin to risk stratify patients with suspected acute coronary syndrome for computed tomography coronary angiography. Eur Heart J 2021. [DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehab724.1184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Patients with suspected acute coronary syndrome in whom myocardial infarction has been ruled-out are at risk of future adverse cardiac events. However, the optimal approach to risk stratify and investigate these patients is uncertain.
Methods
We performed a prospective cohort study of 250 patients presenting to the Emergency Department with suspected acute coronary syndrome and troponin concentrations below the sex-specific 99th centile (16 ng/L for women and 34 ng/L for men). Patients were recruited in a 2:1 fashion stratified by peak high-sensitivity cardiac troponin I concentration above and below the early rule-out threshold of 5 ng/L (167 patients with intermediate troponin concentrations between 5 ng/L and the sex-specific 99th centile threshold and 83 patients with troponin concentrations <5 ng/L). All patients underwent computed tomography coronary angiography after they were discharged from hospital.
Results
Overall, 37.6% (94/250) of patients had normal coronary arteries whilst 36.0% (90/250) and 26.4% (66/250) had non-obstructive and obstructive coronary artery disease, respectively. Patients with intermediate troponin concentrations were more likely to have coronary artery disease than those with troponin concentrations <5 ng/L (71.9% [120/167] versus 43.4% [36/83]; odds ratio 3.33 [95% confidence interval 1.92–5.78]). This association persisted irrespective of whether patients had anginal symptoms. Conversely, there was no difference in the prevalence of coronary artery disease between those with and without anginal symptoms (63.2% [67/106] and versus 61.8% [89/144]; odds ratio 0.92 [0.48–1.76]). The majority of patients found to have coronary artery disease did not have a prior diagnosis and were not on optimal preventative medical therapy prior to undergoing computed tomography coronary angiography (50.8% [61/120] and 61.0% [22/36], versus 61.7% [74/120] and 69.4% [25/36] in patients with intermediate versus low troponin concentrations, respectively).
Conclusions
In patients with suspected acute coronary syndrome who have myocardial infarction ruled out, those with intermediate cardiac troponin concentrations are three-times more likely to have coronary artery disease than those with low troponin concentrations. Conversely anginal symptoms did not discriminate between those with and without coronary artery disease. Further studies are required to determine if targeting computed tomography coronary angiography to those with intermediate cardiac troponin concentrations can improve the use of preventative medical therapies and clinical outcomes.
Funding Acknowledgement
Type of funding sources: Foundation. Main funding source(s): The British Heart Foundation Odds ratio of coronary artery diseaseCumulative proportion with CAD
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Affiliation(s)
- K Lee
- University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - A Bularga
- University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - R O'Brien
- Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Department of Emergency Medicine, Emergency Medicine Research Group, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - A Ferry
- University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - D Doudesis
- University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - T Fujisawa
- University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - S Stewart
- University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - R Wereski
- University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - D Cranley
- University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh Clinical Trials Unit, Usher Institute, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - E Van Beek
- University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - D Lowe
- University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - D E Newby
- University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - M C Williams
- University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - A J Gray
- Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Department of Emergency Medicine, Emergency Medicine Research Group, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - N L Mills
- University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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20
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Tzolos E, Williams MC, McElhinney P, Lin A, Grodecki K, Guadalupe FT, Cadet S, Berman DS, Slomka PJ, Dweck MR, Newby DE, Dey DE. Pericoronary adipose tissue attenuation, low-attenuation plaque burden and 5-year risk of myocardial infarction. Eur Heart J 2021. [DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehab724.0156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Introduction
Pericoronary adipose tissue (PCAT) attenuation has emerged as a surrogate marker of pericoronary inflammation. To date, no studies have compared the impact of pericoronary adipose tissue (PCAT) attenuation and quantitative plaque burden on cardiac outcomes.
Purpose
We aimed to establish the relative merits of these approaches to risk prediction and hypothesised that the combination of PCAT attenuation and quantitative plaque burden measures could provide additive and improved prediction of myocardial infarction in patients with stable chest pain.
Methods
In a post-hoc analysis of a randomized controlled trial, we investigated the association between the future risk of fatal or non-fatal myocardial infarction and PCAT attenuation measured from CT coronary angiography using multivariable Cox regression models including plaque burden, obstructive coronary disease and cardiac risk score (incorporating age, sex, diabetes, smoking, hypertension, hyperlipidaemia and family history of cardiovascular disease).
Results
In 1697 evaluable participants (mean age 58±10 years), there were 37 myocardial infarctions after a median follow-up of 4.7 [interquartile interval, 4.0–5.7] years. Median low-attenuation plaque burden was 4.20 [0–6.86] % and mean PCAT −76±8 Hounsfield units (HU).
PCAT attenuation of the right coronary artery (RCA) was predictive of myocardial infarction (hazard ratio [HR] 1.55, 95% CI 1.08–2.22; p=0.017, per 1 standard deviation increment) with an optimum threshold of −70.5 HU [Hazards ratio (HR) 2.45, 95% CI 1.2–4.9; p=0.01]. Univariable analysis also identified the burden of non-calcified, low-attenuation and calcified plaque as well as Agatston coronary calcium score, presence of obstructive coronary artery disease and cardiovascular risk score were predictors of myocardial infarction (Figure 1). In multivariable analysis, only the low-attenuation plaque burden (HR 1.80, 95% CI 1.16 to 2.81, p=0.011, per doubling) and PCAT-RCA (HR 1.47 95%1.02 to 2.13, p=0.040, per standard deviation increment) remained predictors of myocardial infarction (Figure 1).
In multivariable analysis, adding PCAT-RCA ≥-70.5 HU to low-attenuation plaque burden >4% (optimum threshold for future myocardial infarction; HR = 4.87, 95% CI 2.03–11.78; p<0.0001) led to improved prediction of future myocardial infarction (HR 11.7, 95% CI 3.3–40.9; p<0.0001); Figure 2. In ROC analysis, integration of PCAT-RCA attenuation and LAP burden, increased the prediction for myocardial infarction compared to LAP alone (ΔAUC=0.04; p=0.01).
Conclusion
CT coronary angiography defined PCAT attenuation and low-attenuation plaque have marked and additive predictive value for the risk of fatal or non-fatal myocardial infarction.
Funding Acknowledgement
Type of funding sources: Public grant(s) – National budget only. Main funding source(s): The Chief Scientist Office of the Scottish Government Health and Social Care Directorates, British Heart Foundation, National Institute of Health/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute grant
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Affiliation(s)
- E Tzolos
- University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - M C Williams
- University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - P McElhinney
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Department of Imaging (Division of Nuclear Medicine), Medicine, and Biomedical Sciences, Los Angeles, United States of America
| | - A Lin
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Department of Imaging (Division of Nuclear Medicine), Medicine, and Biomedical Sciences, Los Angeles, United States of America
| | - K Grodecki
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Department of Imaging (Division of Nuclear Medicine), Medicine, and Biomedical Sciences, Los Angeles, United States of America
| | - F T Guadalupe
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Department of Imaging (Division of Nuclear Medicine), Medicine, and Biomedical Sciences, Los Angeles, United States of America
| | - S Cadet
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Department of Imaging (Division of Nuclear Medicine), Medicine, and Biomedical Sciences, Los Angeles, United States of America
| | - D S Berman
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Department of Imaging (Division of Nuclear Medicine), Medicine, and Biomedical Sciences, Los Angeles, United States of America
| | - P J Slomka
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Department of Imaging (Division of Nuclear Medicine), Medicine, and Biomedical Sciences, Los Angeles, United States of America
| | - M R Dweck
- University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - D E Newby
- University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - D E Dey
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Department of Imaging (Division of Nuclear Medicine), Medicine, and Biomedical Sciences, Los Angeles, United States of America
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21
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Lin A, Manral N, McElhinney P, Killekar A, Matsumoto H, Cadet S, Achenbach S, Nicholls SJ, Wong DT, Berman D, Dweck M, Newby DE, Williams MC, Slomka PJ, Dey D. Deep learning-based plaque quantification from coronary computed tomography angiography: external validation and comparison with intravascular ultrasound. Eur Heart J 2021. [DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehab724.0161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Atherosclerotic plaque quantification from coronary computed tomography angiography (CTA) enables accurate assessment of coronary artery disease burden, progression, and prognosis. However, quantitative plaque analysis is time-consuming and requires high expertise. We sought to develop and externally validate an artificial intelligence (AI)-based deep learning (DL) approach for CTA-derived measures of plaque volume and stenosis severity. We compared the performance of DL to expert readers and the gold standard of intravascular ultrasound (IVUS).
Methods
This was a multicenter study of patients undergoing coronary CTA at 11 sites, with software-based quantitative plaque measurements performed at a per-lesion level by expert readers. AI-based plaque analysis was performed by a DL novel convolutional neural network which automatically segmented the coronary artery wall, lumen, and plaque for the computation of plaque volume and stenosis severity. Using expert measurements as ground truth, the DL algorithm was trained on 887 patients (4,686 lesions). Thereafter, the algorithm was applied to an independent test set of 221 patients (1,234 lesions), which included an external validation cohort of 171 patients from the SCOT-HEART (Scottish Computed Tomography of the Heart) trial as well as 50 patients who underwent IVUS within one month of CTA. We report the performance of AI-based plaque analysis in the independent test set.
Results
Within the external validation cohort, there was excellent agreement between DL and expert reader measurements of total plaque volume (intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC] 0.876), noncalcified plaque volume (ICC 0.869), and percent diameter stenosis (ICC 0.850; all p<0.001). When compared with IVUS, there was excellent agreement for DL total plaque volume (ICC 0.945), total plaque burden (ICC 0.853), minimal luminal area (ICC 0.864), and percent area stenosis (ICC 0.805; all p<0.001); with strong correlation between DL and IVUS for total plaque volume (r=0.915; p<0.001; Figure). The average DL plaque analysis time was 20 seconds per patient, compared with 25–30 minutes taken by experts.
Conclusions
AI-based plaque quantification from coronary CTA using an externally validated DL approach enables rapid measurements of plaque volume and stenosis severity in close agreement with expert readers and IVUS.
Funding Acknowledgement
Type of funding sources: Public grant(s) – National budget only. Main funding source(s): National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, United States
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Affiliation(s)
- A Lin
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, United States of America
| | - N Manral
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, United States of America
| | - P McElhinney
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, United States of America
| | - A Killekar
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, United States of America
| | - H Matsumoto
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, United States of America
| | - S Cadet
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, United States of America
| | - S Achenbach
- Friedrich Alexander University, Erlangen, Germany
| | | | - D T Wong
- Monash Heart, Melbourne, Australia
| | - D Berman
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, United States of America
| | - M Dweck
- University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - D E Newby
- University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - M C Williams
- University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - P J Slomka
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, United States of America
| | - D Dey
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, United States of America
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Kotanidis CP, Oikonomou EK, Williams MC, Thomas S, Thomas KE, Nikolaidou C, Dweck MR, Shirodaria C, Neubauer S, Channon KM, Newby DE, Antoniades C. Long-term cardiac risk in individuals with low calcium score on coronary computed tomography angiography can be stratified by the pericoronary fat radiomic profile (FRP). Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging 2021. [DOI: 10.1093/ehjci/jeab111.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Funding Acknowledgements
Type of funding sources: Foundation. Main funding source(s): UKRI, British Heart Foundation
Background
Inflammation in the coronaries induces macroscopic changes in perivascular adipose tissue composition, detectable by the pericoronary Fat Radiomic Profile (FRP) on coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA).
Purpose
To assess the ability of FRP to stratify cardiac risk in patients with Coronary Artery Calcium (CAC) score below 100 following routine CCTA.
Methods
1,575 participants from the CCTA arm of the SCOT-HEART trial (NCT01149590) eligible for image analysis were included. Pericoronary FRP mapping was performed in perivascular adipose tissue segmentations around the proximal sites of the right and left coronary arteries, as previously validated. We first tested the prognostic value of FRP in the sub-cohort of patients with CAC < 100. We further analysed a sub-group based on the absence of high risk plaque (HRP) features and obstructive coronary artery disease (CAD). The association with future incidence of major adverse cardiac events (MACE: cardiac mortality or non-fatal myocardial infarction) or a composite endpoint of MACE ± late revascularization (MACE-ReVasc) was assessed using adjusted Cox regression models [adjusted for age, sex, systolic blood pressure (SBP), diabetes mellitus (DM), body mass index (BMI), smoking, CAD (≥50% stenosis), total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and HRP features].
Results
In total, 1,032 patients (53.9% female sex) were found with low CAC score (CAC < 100), with a median age of 55 years. Over a mean follow-up of 4.87 ± 1.06 years, 12 MACE and 47 MACE-ReVasc were recorded. High FRP was associated with a 14.4-fold (95% CI: 3.80-54.78, p < 0.001) higher adjusted risk of MACE and a 2.8-fold (95% CI: 1.49-5.36, p = 0.001) higher adjusted risk of MACE-ReVasc (A). Addition of high FRP to a baseline model consisting of traditional risk factors (age, sex, systolic blood pressure, diabetes mellitus, BMI, smoking, CAD (≥50% stenosis), total cholesterol, HDL, HRP) significantly enhanced (deltaAUC at 5 years:0.15, p = 0.03) the model’s performance and reclassified individuals (NRI = 0.59, p = 0.02, B). Interestingly, after more rigorous filtering of the population by absence of HRP features and obstructive CAD, high FRP remained an independent predictor of MACE (n = 756, Adj.HR = 28.1, p = 0.003).
Conclusion
In individuals with low CAC scores the Fat Radiomic Profile biormarker significantly improves risk prediction for adverse clinical events beyond the current state-of-the-art. Non-invasive profiling of pericoronary adipose tissue using CCTA-derived FRP captures irreversible changes in perivascular adipose tissue composition associated with chronic vascular inflammation and atherosclerotic disease, and can supplement the traditional anatomical assessment of the coronary vasculature with a functional marker of disease activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- CP Kotanidis
- University of Oxford, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, Oxford, United Kingdom of Great Britain & Northern Ireland
| | - EK Oikonomou
- University of Oxford, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, Oxford, United Kingdom of Great Britain & Northern Ireland
| | - MC Williams
- University of Edinburgh, British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Edinburgh, United Kingdom of Great Britain & Northern Ireland
| | - S Thomas
- University of Oxford, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, Oxford, United Kingdom of Great Britain & Northern Ireland
| | - KE Thomas
- University of Oxford, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, Oxford, United Kingdom of Great Britain & Northern Ireland
| | - C Nikolaidou
- University of Oxford, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, Oxford, United Kingdom of Great Britain & Northern Ireland
| | - MR Dweck
- University of Edinburgh, British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Edinburgh, United Kingdom of Great Britain & Northern Ireland
| | - C Shirodaria
- Caristo Diagnostics Ltd, Oxford, United Kingdom of Great Britain & Northern Ireland
| | - S Neubauer
- University of Oxford, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, Oxford, United Kingdom of Great Britain & Northern Ireland
| | - KM Channon
- University of Oxford, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, Oxford, United Kingdom of Great Britain & Northern Ireland
| | - DE Newby
- University of Edinburgh, British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Edinburgh, United Kingdom of Great Britain & Northern Ireland
| | - C Antoniades
- University of Oxford, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, Oxford, United Kingdom of Great Britain & Northern Ireland
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23
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Naufer MN, Morse M, Möller GB, McIsaac J, Rouzina I, Beuning PJ, Williams MC. Multiprotein E. coli SSB-ssDNA complex shows both stable binding and rapid dissociation due to interprotein interactions. Nucleic Acids Res 2021; 49:1532-1549. [PMID: 33434279 PMCID: PMC7897507 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkaa1267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli SSB (EcSSB) is a model single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) binding protein critical in genome maintenance. EcSSB forms homotetramers that wrap ssDNA in multiple conformations to facilitate DNA replication and repair. Here we measure the binding and wrapping of many EcSSB proteins to a single long ssDNA substrate held at fixed tensions. We show EcSSB binds in a biphasic manner, where initial wrapping events are followed by unwrapping events as ssDNA-bound protein density passes critical saturation and high free protein concentration increases the fraction of EcSSBs in less-wrapped conformations. By destabilizing EcSSB wrapping through increased substrate tension, decreased substrate length, and protein mutation, we also directly observe an unstable bound but unwrapped state in which ∼8 nucleotides of ssDNA are bound by a single domain, which could act as a transition state through which rapid reorganization of the EcSSB-ssDNA complex occurs. When ssDNA is over-saturated, stimulated dissociation rapidly removes excess EcSSB, leaving an array of stably-wrapped complexes. These results provide a mechanism through which otherwise stably bound and wrapped EcSSB tetramers are rapidly removed from ssDNA to allow for DNA maintenance and replication functions, while still fully protecting ssDNA over a wide range of protein concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Nabuan Naufer
- Department of Physics, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Michael Morse
- Department of Physics, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | - James McIsaac
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ioulia Rouzina
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Penny J Beuning
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Mark C Williams
- Department of Physics, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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24
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McCauley MJ, Smestad JA, Amato MC, Rouzina IF, Williams MC, Maher LJ. Mitochondrial Metabolic Dysfunction Drives Protein Hyperacylation that Weakens Nucleosomes. Biophys J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2020.11.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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25
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Moller GB, Naufer MN, Morse M, McIsaac J, Rouzina IF, Beuning P, Williams MC. E. Coli Single Stranded Binding Protein (SSB) Binding Measured using Force Spectroscopy and Structural Mutants. Biophys J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2020.11.467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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26
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Gien H, Morse M, Kitzrow J, Rouzina IF, Musier-Forsyth K, Williams MC. Mechanism of HIV-1 NC Protein-Induced Condensation of Double Stranded DNA as a Model for DNA Compaction during Reverse Transcription. Biophys J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2020.11.1403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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27
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Ells Z, Dolle B, Rouzina IF, Williams MC, Paramanathan T. Exploring the Doxorubicin-Dna Interaction by Dna Stretching using Optical Tweezers. Biophys J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2020.11.2234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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28
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Cashen B, Morse M, Karpel RL, Rouzina IF, Williams MC. Critical Role of N and C Terminal Domains of Bacteriophage T4 Single-Stranded Binding Protein (GP32) in Transient Binding Conformations and Reorganization Measured using Force Spectroscopy. Biophys J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2020.11.468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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29
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Ells Z, Dolle B, Williams MC, Paramanathan T. Single-Molecule Studies of Doxorubicin-DNA Interactions using Optical Tweezers. Biophys J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2019.11.1315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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30
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Morse M, Naufer MN, Feng Y, Chelico L, Rouzina I, Williams MC. HIV Restriction Factor APOBEC3G Binds Single Stranded DNA in Multiple Conformations while Searching for Target Deamination Sites. Biophys J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2019.11.574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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31
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McCauley MJ, Huo R, Navarrete E, Becker NA, Hu Q, Muthurajan U, Rouzina I, Luger K, Mer G, Maher LJ, Israeloff N, Williams MC. Pieces of the Puzzle: Individual hFACT Subdomains Coordinate to Remodel Nucleosomes. Biophys J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2019.11.2162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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32
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Jabak AA, Bryden N, Westerlund F, Lincoln P, McCauley MJ, Rouzina IF, Williams MC, Paramanathan T. Effect of Chirality on the Elastic Properties of the DNA-Threading Binuclear Ruthenium Complex. Biophys J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2019.11.3329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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33
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Feng Q, Zou J, Wang Y, Zhao Z, Williams MC, Li H, Wang H. Influence of Surface Oxygen Vacancies and Ruthenium Valence State on the Catalysis of Pyrochlore Oxides. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2020; 12:4520-4530. [PMID: 31895533 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b19352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Proton exchange membrane (PEM) water electrolysis is a promising energy storage solution by electrochemically splitting water into hydrogen fuel and oxygen. However, the sluggish kinetics, high operating potential, and corrosive acidic environment during the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) require the use of scarce and costly Ir-based oxides, tremendously hampering its large-scale commercialization. Hence, developing active and stable anode catalysts with reduced precious-metal usage is desperately essential. For the first time, we report a group of Y2-xBaxRu2O7 pyrochlore oxides and employ them in acid OER and PEM electrolyzers. We reveal the mechanism for the promoted OER performance of Ba-doped Y2Ru2O7 in which partially replacing Y3+ by Ba2+ in Y2Ru2O7 greatly facilitates the hole-doping effect, which generates massive oxygen vacancy and multivalence of Ru5+/Ru4+, thus boosting the OER performance of Y2-xBaxRu2O7. This work provides an effective method and paradigm for improving the electrocatalytic property of pyrochlore oxides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Feng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering , Harbin Institute of Technology , Harbin 150001 , China
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Hydrogen Energy , Southern University of Science and Technology , Shenzhen 518055 , Guangdong , China
| | - Jiexin Zou
- Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering , Southern University of Science and Technology , Shenzhen 518055 , China
| | - Yajun Wang
- Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering , Southern University of Science and Technology , Shenzhen 518055 , China
| | - Zhiliang Zhao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Hydrogen Energy , Southern University of Science and Technology , Shenzhen 518055 , Guangdong , China
| | - Mark C Williams
- Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering , Southern University of Science and Technology , Shenzhen 518055 , China
| | - Hui Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering , Harbin Institute of Technology , Harbin 150001 , China
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Hydrogen Energy , Southern University of Science and Technology , Shenzhen 518055 , Guangdong , China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Materials for Electric Power , Shenzhen 518055 , China
| | - Haijiang Wang
- Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering , Southern University of Science and Technology , Shenzhen 518055 , China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Materials for Electric Power , Shenzhen 518055 , China
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Abstract
RNA and DNA hairpin formation and disruption play key regulatory roles in a variety of cellular processes. The 59-nucleotide transactivation response (TAR) RNA hairpin facilitates the production of full-length transcripts of the HIV-1 genome. Yet the stability of this long, irregular hairpin becomes a liability during reverse transcription as 24 base pairs must be disrupted for strand transfer. Retroviral nucleocapsid (NC) proteins serve as nucleic acid chaperones that have been shown to both destabilize the TAR hairpin and facilitate strand annealing with its complementary DNA sequence. Yet it has remained difficult to elucidate the way NC targets and dramatically destabilizes this hairpin while only weakly affecting the annealed product. In this work, we used optical tweezers to measure the stability of TAR and found that adding NC destabilized the hairpin and simultaneously caused a distinct change in both the height and location of the energy barrier. This data was matched to an energy landscape predicted from a simple theory of definite base pair destabilization. Comparisons revealed the specific binding sites found by NC along the irregular TAR hairpin. Furthermore, specific binding explained both the unusual shift in the transition state and the much weaker effect on the annealed product. These experiments illustrate a general method of energy landscape transformation that exposes important physical insights.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ioulia Rouzina
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Mark C Williams
- Department of Physics, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA.
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35
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Morse M, Naufer MN, Feng Y, Chelico L, Rouzina I, Williams MC. HIV restriction factor APOBEC3G binds in multiple steps and conformations to search and deaminate single-stranded DNA. eLife 2019; 8:e52649. [PMID: 31850845 PMCID: PMC6946564 DOI: 10.7554/elife.52649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
APOBEC3G (A3G), an enzyme expressed in primates with the potential to inhibit human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infectivity, is a single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) deoxycytidine deaminase with two domains, a catalytically active, weakly ssDNA binding C-terminal domain (CTD) and a catalytically inactive, strongly ssDNA binding N-terminal domain (NTD). Using optical tweezers, we measure A3G binding a single, long ssDNA substrate under various applied forces to characterize the binding interaction. A3G binds ssDNA in multiple steps and in two distinct conformations, distinguished by degree of ssDNA contraction. A3G stabilizes formation of ssDNA loops, an ability inhibited by A3G oligomerization. Our data suggests A3G securely binds ssDNA through the NTD, while the CTD samples and potentially deaminates the substrate. Oligomerization of A3G stabilizes ssDNA binding but inhibits the CTD's search function. These processes explain A3G's ability to efficiently deaminate numerous sites across a 10,000 base viral genome during the reverse transcription process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Morse
- Department of PhysicsNortheastern UniversityBostonUnited States
| | - M Nabuan Naufer
- Department of PhysicsNortheastern UniversityBostonUnited States
| | - Yuqing Feng
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and ImmunologyUniversity of SaskatchewanSaskatoonCanada
| | - Linda Chelico
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and ImmunologyUniversity of SaskatchewanSaskatoonCanada
| | - Ioulia Rouzina
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryOhio State UniversityColumbusUnited States
| | - Mark C Williams
- Department of PhysicsNortheastern UniversityBostonUnited States
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36
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Williams MC, Morley NCD, Muir KC, Reid JH, van Beek EJR, Murchison JT. Coronary artery calcification is associated with mortality independent of pulmonary embolism severity: a retrospective cohort study. Clin Radiol 2019; 74:973.e7-973.e14. [PMID: 31615632 DOI: 10.1016/j.crad.2019.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
AIM To assess coronary artery calcification (CAC) and vascular calcification in patients with pulmonary embolism (PE) and correlate this with mortality. MATERIALS AND METHODS PE severity was quantified using computed tomography pulmonary angiography (CTPA) in 400 consecutive cases using the modified Miller score (1-5, mild; 6-11, moderate; 12-16, severe). Right ventricle strain was assessed using the right/left ventricle diameter (RV/LV) ratio. CAC score (CACS) was assessed using a four-point scale (CACS mild 1-3, moderate 4-8, severe 9-12) for each vessel and summed to give the total CACS. Follow-up for mortality was obtained at 3 years. RESULTS PE severity was classified as mild in 48%, moderate in 21%, and severe in 32% of cases. The median modified Miller score was 6 (Interquartile range [IQR] 2, 14) and median total CACS was 2 (IQR 0, 7). All-cause mortality occurred in 128 (32%) patients. Patients with CAC were three times more likely to die than patients without CAC (Hazard ratio [HR] 2.96; 95% CI 1.84, 4.77; p<0.001), and patients with severe CAC were at the highest risk (HR 4.62; 95% CI 2.73, 7.83, p<0.001). Gender, modified Miller score and RV/LV ratio were not predictive of mortality. In multivariate analysis both CACS and age were independent predictors of 3-year all-cause mortality. Of the patients with CAC who died, the presence of coronary artery disease was only documented in 34 (32%). CONCLUSION CACS is an independent predictor of all-cause mortality in patients with PE, and has important implications for subsequent patient management.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Williams
- BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; Edinburgh Imaging Facility QMRI, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
| | - N C D Morley
- PET Centre, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, UK
| | - K C Muir
- Department of Radiology, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - J H Reid
- Borders General Hospital, Melrose, Edinburgh, UK
| | - E J R van Beek
- BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; Edinburgh Imaging Facility QMRI, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - J T Murchison
- Department of Radiology, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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Moss A, Dweck MR, Doris MK, Andrews JPM, Bing R, Raftis J, Williams MC, Van Beek EJR, Forsyth L, Lewis SC, Lee R, Newby DE, Adamson PD. 1269Dual antiplatelet therapy to inhibit myocardial injury in patients with high-risk coronary artery plaque: a randomized controlled trial. Eur Heart J 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehz748.0039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
High-risk coronary atherosclerotic plaque is associated with higher plasma troponin concentrations suggesting ongoing myocardial injury that may be a target for dual antiplatelet therapy.
Purpose
To determine whether ticagrelor reduces high-sensitivity troponin I concentrations in patients with established coronary artery disease and high-risk coronary plaque with 18F-fluoride uptake.
Methods
In a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial, patients with multivessel coronary artery disease underwent coronary 18F-fluoride positron emission tomography-computed tomography and measurement of high-sensitivity cardiac troponin I and were randomized (1:1) to ticagrelor 90 mg twice daily or matched placebo. The primary endpoint was troponin I concentration at 30 days in patients with increased coronary 18F-fluoride uptake.
Results
In total, 202 patients were randomized and 191 met the pre-specified criteria for inclusion in the primary analysis. In patients with increased coronary 18F-fluoride uptake (n=120/191) there was no evidence that ticagrelor had an effect on plasma troponin concentrationsat 30 days (ratio of geometric means for ticagrelor versusplacebo, 1.11, [95% confidence interval 0.90 to 1.36], p=0.32) (Table 1). Over 1 year, ticagrelor had no effect on troponin concentrations in patients with increased coronary 18F-fluoride uptake (ratio of geometric means, 0.86, 95% confidence interval 0.63 to 1.17, p=0.33).
Table 1 Adjusted Geometric Mean (GSE) Ratio of Geometric Means p-value Ticagrelor Placebo (95% CI) Cardiac troponin I, ng/L (18F-fluoride activity) 3.8 (1.1) 3.4 (1.1) 1.11 (0.90 to 1.36) 0.32 Cardiac Troponin I, ng/L (No 18F-fluoride activity) 2.4 (1.1) 2.3 (1.1) 1.02 (0.80 to 1.31) 0.87 Plasma high-sensitivity cardiac troponin I concentration (ng/L) at 30 days for the per-protocol population.Estimates are back transformed estimates from analysis of log transformed values at 30 days adjusting for age, sex and log transformed baseline troponin. Ratio of geometric means is Ticagrelor divided by Placebo. GSE, geometric standard error.
Conclusions
Dual antiplatelet therapy with ticagrelor does not reduce plasma troponin concentrations in patients with coronary 18F-fluoride uptake. This suggests that subclinical plaque thrombosis does not contribute to ongoing myocardial injury in this setting.
Clinical Trials Study ID: NCT02110303Study ID: NCT02110303
Acknowledgement/Funding
Wellcome Trust Senior Investigator Award WT103782AIA
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Affiliation(s)
- A Moss
- Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - M R Dweck
- Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - M K Doris
- Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - J P M Andrews
- Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - R Bing
- Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - J Raftis
- Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - M C Williams
- Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - E J R Van Beek
- Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - L Forsyth
- Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - S C Lewis
- Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - R Lee
- Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - D E Newby
- Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - P D Adamson
- Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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Abstract
Abstract
Background
The 2010 National Institute of Clinical Excellence (NICE) Clinical Guideline 95 (CG95) recommended coronary computed tomographic angiography (CTA) for low-intermediate risk patients with stable chest pain. The indications for CTA broadened substantially in the 2016 update, which recommended CTA for all patients with possible angina and diagnostic uncertainty.
Purpose
To examine trends in the use of imaging for the investigation of coronary artery disease (CAD) in England in the years before and after the 2016 CG95 guideline update.
Methods
Numbers of invasive coronary angiography (ICA), single positron emission tomography (SPECT), stress echocardiography (SE), CTA, and positron emission tomography (PET) scans performed from 2012–2018 were extracted from a national database of imaging procedures performed in England. Per capita average annual growth was calculated at a national and healthcare provider level, and comparisons were made before and after the 2016 CG95 update. Healthcare providers with greater than median CTA growth were compared to those with less than median growth to ascertain the impact of CTA on other forms of CAD investigation. Total healthcare provider costs for imaging were calculated using NHS tariff costs.
Results
From 2012–2018, 1,792,655 imaging examinations were performed for the investigation of CAD, with an overall annualized growth rate of 4%. Average annual growth (per 100,000 population per year) from 2012–2018 was 1±31% for ICA, 28±39% for CTA, −11±22% for SPECT, 0±1% for PET, 1±2% for SE and 5±16% for MRI. Following the 2016 CG95 update, there was an increase in the year-to-year average annual growth of CTA scans performed (53±79 versus 2±53 tests/100,000/yr, p<0.001) compared with a fall in the rate of ICA use (−13±48 versus +5±36 tests/100,000/yr, p=0.03). SPECT underwent a consistent fall in utilisation over the study period, with an average annual growth rate of −4%, with no difference before or after the 2016 CG95 update (P>0.1). Rates of change in the utilization of SE, PET, and MRI did not change following the introduction of the 2016 CG95 update. Regions with an above median average annual growth in CTA exhibited a greater decline in SPECT use (−19±28 versus −4±11 tests/100,000/yr, p=0.037) than regions with a below median growth in CTA use, with no difference in the average annual growth of ICA, SE, PET or MRI (p>0.1 for all; Figure 1). Per capita healthcare costs remained stable throughout the study period, with no significant change following CG95 (p>0.1).
Figure 1. CTA, SPECT and ICA growth rate
Conclusion
There is a clear and consistent trend towards increased imaging for the diagnosis and management of CAD. The 2016 NICE CG95 update resulted in a rise in the use of CTA, and a fall in ICA. Importantly, rates of ICA utilization fell despite a rise in CTA usage. Centres with the greatest growth in CTA had the greatest fall in SPECT utilisation and consequently, overall imaging costs were unchanged.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - G Roditi
- Glasgow Royal Infirmary, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - M C Williams
- Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - J H F Rudd
- University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - D E Newby
- Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - E D Nicol
- Royal Brompton Hospital, London, United Kingdom
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McCauley MJ, Huo R, Becker N, Holte MN, Muthurajan UM, Rouzina I, Luger K, Maher LJ, Israeloff NE, Williams MC. Single and double box HMGB proteins differentially destabilize nucleosomes. Nucleic Acids Res 2019; 47:666-678. [PMID: 30445475 PMCID: PMC6344895 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gky1119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Nucleosome disruption plays a key role in many nuclear processes including transcription, DNA repair and recombination. Here we combine atomic force microscopy (AFM) and optical tweezers (OT) experiments to show that high mobility group B (HMGB) proteins strongly disrupt nucleosomes, revealing a new mechanism for regulation of chromatin accessibility. We find that both the double box yeast Hmo1 and the single box yeast Nhp6A display strong binding preferences for nucleosomes over linker DNA, and both HMGB proteins destabilize and unwind DNA from the H2A–H2B dimers. However, unlike Nhp6A, Hmo1 also releases half of the DNA held by the (H3–H4)2 tetramer. This difference in nucleosome destabilization may explain why Nhp6A and Hmo1 function at different genomic sites. Hmo1 is enriched at highly transcribed ribosomal genes, known to be depleted of histones. In contrast, Nhp6A is found across euchromatin, pointing to a significant difference in cellular function.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ran Huo
- Department of Physics, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nicole Becker
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Molly Nelson Holte
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Uma M Muthurajan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Ioulia Rouzina
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Karolin Luger
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
| | - L James Maher
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | - Mark C Williams
- Department of Physics, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
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40
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McCauley MJ, Furman L, Dietrich CA, Rouzina I, Núñez ME, Williams MC. Quantifying the stability of oxidatively damaged DNA by single-molecule DNA stretching. Nucleic Acids Res 2019. [PMID: 29522114 PMCID: PMC5934642 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gky148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the most common DNA lesions is created when reactive oxygen alters guanine. 8-oxo-guanine may bind in the anti-conformation with an opposing cytosine or in the syn-conformation with an opposing adenine paired by transversion, and both conformations may alter DNA stability. Here we use optical tweezers to measure the stability of DNA hairpins containing 8-oxoguanine (8oxoG) lesions, comparing the results to predictive models of base-pair energies in the absence of the lesion. Contrasted with either a canonical guanine-cytosine or adenine-thymine pair, an 8oxoG-cytosine base pair shows significant destabilization of several kBT. The magnitude of destabilization is comparable to guanine-thymine ‘wobble’ and cytosine-thymine mismatches. Furthermore, the measured energy of 8oxoG-adenine corresponds to theoretical predictions for guanine-adenine pairs, indicating that oxidative damage does not further destabilize this mismatch in our experiments, in contrast to some previous observations. These results support the hypothesis that oxidative damage to guanine subtly alters the direction of the guanine dipole, base stacking interactions, the local backbone conformation, and the hydration of the modified base. This localized destabilization under stress provides additional support for proposed mechanisms of enzyme repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micah J McCauley
- Department of Physics, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Leah Furman
- Department of Chemistry, Wellesley College, Wellesley, MA 02481, USA
| | | | - Ioulia Rouzina
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Center for Retroviral Research, and Center for RNA Biology, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Megan E Núñez
- Department of Chemistry, Wellesley College, Wellesley, MA 02481, USA
| | - Mark C Williams
- Department of Physics, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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41
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McLenachan S, Camilleri F, Smith M, Newby DE, Williams MC. Breast arterial calcification on mammography and risk of coronary artery disease: a SCOT-HEART sub-study. Clin Radiol 2019; 74:421-428. [PMID: 30803814 PMCID: PMC6512949 DOI: 10.1016/j.crad.2019.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
AIM To assess the prevalence of breast arterial calcification (BAC) in patients who also underwent routine surveillance mammography, and to determine the association with cardiovascular risk factors, coronary artery calcification, and coronary artery disease on coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA). MATERIALS AND METHODS Four hundred and five female participants were identified who had undergone CCTA and subsequent mammography in the SCOT-HEART randomised controlled trial of CCTA in patients with suspected stable angina. Mammograms were assessed visually for the presence and severity of BAC. RESULTS BAC was identified in 93 (23%) patients. Patients with BAC were slightly older (63±7 versus 59±8 years, p<0.001), with a higher cardiovascular risk score (19±11 versus 16±10, p=0.022) and were more likely to be non-smokers (73% versus 49%, p<0.001). In patients with BAC, coronary artery calcification was present in 58 patients (62%; relative risk [RR] 1.26, 95% confidence intervals [CI]: 1.04, 1.53; p=0.02), non-obstructive coronary artery disease in 58 (62%; RR 1.27, 95% CI: 1.04 to 1.54, p=0.02), and obstructive coronary artery disease in 19 (20%; RR 1.62, 95% CI: 0.98, 2.66; p=0.058). Patients without BAC were very unlikely to have severe coronary artery calcification (negative predictive value 95%) but the diagnostic accuracy of BAC to identify coronary artery disease was poor (AUC 0.547). CONCLUSION Although BAC is associated with the presence and severity of coronary artery calcification, the diagnostic accuracy to identify patients with coronary artery disease or obstructive coronary artery disease is poor. Breast arterial calcification occurs in a fifth of patients referred for CCTA who tend to be older non-smokers. It is associated with higher coronary artery calcium but this is predominantly dependent on age and cardiovascular risks. Absence of breast arterial calcification excludes severe coronary artery calcification, negative predictive value of 95%.
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Affiliation(s)
- S McLenachan
- Department of Radiology, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - F Camilleri
- Department of Radiology, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - M Smith
- Edinburgh Breast Unit, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
| | - D E Newby
- University of Edinburgh/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Edinburgh, UK; Edinburgh Imaging Facility QMRI, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - M C Williams
- University of Edinburgh/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Edinburgh, UK; Edinburgh Imaging Facility QMRI, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
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Li J, Plachinski S, McCauley MJ, Williams MC, Nunez ME. Single Molecule Unfolding of RNA Hairpins. Biophys J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2018.11.1930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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43
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Naufer MN, Morse M, Rouzina I, Williams MC. Regulation of Single-Stranded DNA Wrapping by E. coli SSB Measured Using Force Spectroscopy. Biophys J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2018.11.1767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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44
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McCauley MJ, Huo R, Navarrete E, Becker N, Hu Q, Nelson Holte M, Muthurajan U, Rouzina I, Luger K, Mer G, Maher LJ, Israeloff N, Williams MC. Destabilizing Nucleosomes and the Role of HMGB Proteins. Biophys J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2018.11.432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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45
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Almaqwashi AA, Zhou W, Naufer MN, Riddell IA, Yilmaz ÖH, Lippard SJ, Williams MC. DNA Intercalation Facilitates Efficient DNA-Targeted Covalent Binding of Phenanthriplatin. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:1537-1545. [PMID: 30599508 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b10252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Phenanthriplatin, a monofunctional anticancer agent derived from cisplatin, shows significantly more rapid DNA covalent-binding activity compared to its parent complex. To understand the underlying molecular mechanism, we used single-molecule studies with optical tweezers to probe the kinetics of DNA-phenanthriplatin binding as well as DNA binding to several control complexes. The time-dependent extensions of single λ-DNA molecules were monitored at constant applied forces and compound concentrations, followed by rinsing with a compound-free solution. DNA-phenanthriplatin association consisted of fast and reversible DNA lengthening with time constant τ ≈ 10 s, followed by slow and irreversible DNA elongation that reached equilibrium in ∼30 min. In contrast, only reversible fast DNA elongation occured for its stereoisomer trans-phenanthriplatin, suggesting that the distinct two-rate kinetics of phenanthriplatin is sensitive to the geometric conformation of the complex. Furthermore, no DNA unwinding was observed for pyriplatin, in which the phenanthridine ligand of phenanthriplatin is replaced by the smaller pyridine molecule, indicating that the size of the aromatic group is responsible for the rapid DNA elongation. These findings suggest that the mechanism of binding of phenanthriplatin to DNA involves rapid, partial intercalation of the phenanthridine ring followed by slower substitution of the adjacent chloride ligand by, most likely, the N7 atom of a purine base. The cis isomer affords the proper stereochemistry at the metal center to facilitate essentially irreversible DNA covalent binding, a geometric advantage not afforded by trans-phenanthriplatin. This study demonstrates that reversible DNA intercalation provides a robust transition state that is efficiently converted to an irreversible DNA-Pt bound state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali A Almaqwashi
- Physics Department , King Abdulaziz University , Rabigh 21911 , Saudi Arabia
| | - Wen Zhou
- Department of Chemistry , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States.,David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | - M Nabuan Naufer
- Department of Physics , Northeastern University , Boston , Massachusetts 02115 , United States
| | - Imogen A Riddell
- Department of Chemistry , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States.,Department of Chemistry , The University of Manchester , Manchester M13 9PL , United Kingdom
| | - Ömer H Yilmaz
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | - Stephen J Lippard
- Department of Chemistry , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States.,David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | - Mark C Williams
- Department of Physics , Northeastern University , Boston , Massachusetts 02115 , United States
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Pant K, Anderson B, Perdana H, Malinowski MA, Win AT, Pabst C, Williams MC, Karpel RL. The role of the C-domain of bacteriophage T4 gene 32 protein in ssDNA binding and dsDNA helix-destabilization: Kinetic, single-molecule, and cross-linking studies. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0194357. [PMID: 29634784 PMCID: PMC5892887 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0194357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The model single-stranded DNA binding protein of bacteriophage T4, gene 32 protein (gp32) has well-established roles in DNA replication, recombination, and repair. gp32 is a single-chain polypeptide consisting of three domains. Based on thermodynamics and kinetics measurements, we have proposed that gp32 can undergo a conformational change where the acidic C-terminal domain binds internally to or near the single-stranded (ss) DNA binding surface in the core (central) domain, blocking ssDNA interaction. To test this model, we have employed a variety of experimental approaches and gp32 variants to characterize this conformational change. Utilizing stopped-flow methods, the association kinetics of wild type and truncated forms of gp32 with ssDNA were measured. When the C-domain is present, the log-log plot of k vs. [NaCl] shows a positive slope, whereas when it is absent (*I protein), there is little rate change with salt concentration, as expected for this model.A gp32 variant lacking residues 292-296 within the C-domain, ΔPR201, displays kinetic properties intermediate between gp32 and *I. The single molecule force-induced DNA helix-destabilizing activitiesas well as the single- and double-stranded DNA affinities of ΔPR201 and gp32 truncated at residue 295 also fall between full-length protein and *I. Finally, chemical cross-linking of recombinant C-domain and gp32 lacking both N- and C-terminal domains is inhibited by increasing concentrations of a short single-stranded oligonucleotide, and the salt dependence of cross-linking mirrors that expected for the model. Taken together, these results provide the first evidence in support of this model that have been obtained through structural probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiran Pant
- Department of Physics, Northeastern University, Dana Research Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Brian Anderson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Hendrik Perdana
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Matthew A. Malinowski
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Aye T. Win
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Christopher Pabst
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Mark C. Williams
- Department of Physics, Northeastern University, Dana Research Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Complex Systems, Northeastern University, Dana Research Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Richard L. Karpel
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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47
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Plachinski S, Furman L, McCauley MJ, Williams MC, Núñez ME. Investigating RNA Hairpin Stability and Protein Binding Using Optical Tweezers. FASEB J 2018. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.2018.32.1_supplement.650.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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48
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Naufer MN, Furano AV, Williams MC. Protein-nucleic acid interactions of LINE-1 ORF1p. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2018; 86:140-149. [PMID: 29596909 PMCID: PMC6428221 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2018.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Long interspersed nuclear element 1 (LINE-1 or L1) is the dominant retrotransposon in mammalian genomes. L1 encodes two proteins ORF1p and ORF2p that are required for retrotransposition. ORF2p functions as the replicase. ORF1p is a coiled coil-mediated trimeric, high affinity RNA binding protein that packages its full- length coding transcript into an ORF2p-containing ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex, the retrotransposition intermediate. ORF1p also is a nucleic acid chaperone that presumably facilitates the proposed nucleic acid remodeling steps involved in retrotransposition. Although detailed mechanistic understanding of ORF1p function in this process is lacking, recent studies showed that the rate at which ORF1p can form stable nucleic acid-bound oligomers in vitro is positively correlated with formation of an active L1 RNP as assayed in vivo using a cell culture-based retrotransposition assay. This rate was sensitive to minor amino acid changes in the coiled coil domain, which had no effect on nucleic acid chaperone activity. Additional studies linking the complex nucleic acid binding properties to the conformational changes of the protein are needed to understand how ORF1p facilitates retrotransposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Nabuan Naufer
- Northeastern University, Department of Physics, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Anthony V Furano
- The Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, NIDDK, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Mark C Williams
- Northeastern University, Department of Physics, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Björg Möller G, Price L, Ferris G, McCauley MJ, Rouzina I, Núñez M, Williams MC. Binding Kinetics of DNA Intercalation by Small Rhodium Complexes. Biophys J 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2017.11.532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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50
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Morse M, Feng Y, Love RP, Rouzina I, Chelico L, Williams MC. Characterization of Single-Stranded DNA Binding by APOBEC3 Family Proteins using Force Spectroscopy. Biophys J 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2017.11.551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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