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Jones M, McDermott B, Oliveira BL, O'Brien A, Coogan D, Lang M, Moriarty N, Dowd E, Quinlan L, Mc Ginley B, Dunne E, Newell D, Porter E, Elahi MA, O' Halloran M, Shahzad A. Gamma Band Light Stimulation in Human Case Studies: Groundwork for Potential Alzheimer's Disease Treatment. J Alzheimers Dis 2020; 70:171-185. [PMID: 31156180 PMCID: PMC6700637 DOI: 10.3233/jad-190299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Background: It is known that proteins associated with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) pathogenesis are significantly reduced by 40 Hz entrainment in mice. If this were to translate to humans, verifying that such a light stimulus can induce a 40 Hz entrainment response in humans and harnessing insights from these case studies could be one step in the development of a multisensory device to prevent and treat AD. Objective: Verify the inducement of a 40 Hz response in the human brain by a 40 Hz light stimulus and obtain insights that could potentially aid in the development of a multisensory device for the prevention and treatment of AD. Methods: Electroencephalographic brain activity was recorded simultaneously with application of stimulus at different frequencies and intensities. Power spectral densities were analyzed. Results: Entrainment to visual stimuli occurred with the largest response at 40 Hz. The high intensity 40 Hz stimulus caused widespread entrainment. The number of electrodes demonstrating entrainment increased with increasing light intensity. Largest amplitudes for the high intensity 40 Hz stimulus were consistently found at the primary visual cortex. There was a harmonic effect at double the frequency for the 40 Hz stimulus. An eyes-open protocol caused more entrainment than an eyes-closed protocol. Conclusion: It was possible to induce widespread entrainment using a 40 Hz light stimulus in this sample cohort. Insights gleaned from these case studies could potentially aid in the development of a multisensory medical device to prevent and treat AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marggie Jones
- Translational Medical Device Lab (TMD Lab), National University of Ireland Galway, Ireland.,School of Electrical & Electronic Engineering, National University of Ireland Galway, Ireland
| | - Barry McDermott
- Translational Medical Device Lab (TMD Lab), National University of Ireland Galway, Ireland.,School of Electrical & Electronic Engineering, National University of Ireland Galway, Ireland
| | - Bárbara Luz Oliveira
- Translational Medical Device Lab (TMD Lab), National University of Ireland Galway, Ireland
| | - Aoife O'Brien
- School of Psychology, National University of Ireland Galway, Ireland
| | - Declan Coogan
- School of Psychology, National University of Ireland Galway, Ireland
| | - Mark Lang
- School of Physics, National University of Ireland Galway, Ireland
| | - Niamh Moriarty
- Discipline of Pharmacology, National University of Ireland Galway, Ireland
| | - Eilis Dowd
- Discipline of Pharmacology, National University of Ireland Galway, Ireland
| | - Leo Quinlan
- Discipline of Physiology, National University of Ireland Galway, Ireland
| | - Brian Mc Ginley
- Translational Medical Device Lab (TMD Lab), National University of Ireland Galway, Ireland.,Departments of Computer Science & Applied Physics, Galway-Mayo Institute of Technology, Ireland
| | - Eoghan Dunne
- Translational Medical Device Lab (TMD Lab), National University of Ireland Galway, Ireland.,School of Electrical & Electronic Engineering, National University of Ireland Galway, Ireland
| | - David Newell
- Translational Medical Device Lab (TMD Lab), National University of Ireland Galway, Ireland.,School of Electrical & Electronic Engineering, National University of Ireland Galway, Ireland
| | - Emily Porter
- Translational Medical Device Lab (TMD Lab), National University of Ireland Galway, Ireland.,School of Electrical & Electronic Engineering, National University of Ireland Galway, Ireland
| | - Muhammad Adnan Elahi
- Translational Medical Device Lab (TMD Lab), National University of Ireland Galway, Ireland.,School of Electrical & Electronic Engineering, National University of Ireland Galway, Ireland
| | - Martin O' Halloran
- Translational Medical Device Lab (TMD Lab), National University of Ireland Galway, Ireland.,School of Electrical & Electronic Engineering, National University of Ireland Galway, Ireland
| | - Atif Shahzad
- Translational Medical Device Lab (TMD Lab), National University of Ireland Galway, Ireland.,School of Electrical & Electronic Engineering, National University of Ireland Galway, Ireland
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