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Svirskaite LM, Kasparavičius E, Steponaitis M, Grzibovskis R, Franckevičius M, Katerski A, Naujokaitis A, Karazhanov S, Gopi SV, Aizstrauts A, Vembris A, Getautis V, Malinauskas T. Fluorene- and fluorenone-based molecules as electron-transporting SAMs for photovoltaic devices. RSC Adv 2024; 14:14973-14981. [PMID: 38737649 PMCID: PMC11082726 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra00964a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024] Open
Abstract
New semiconductors containing fluorene or fluorenone central fragments along with phosphonic acid anchoring groups were synthesized and investigated as electron transporting materials for possible application in photovoltaic devices. These derivatives demonstrate good thermal stability and suitable electrochemical properties for effective electron transport from perovskite, Sb2S3 and Sb2Se3 absorber layers. Self-assembled fluorene and fluorenone electron-transporting materials have shown improved substrate wettability, indicating bond formation between monolayer-forming compounds and the ITO, TiO2, Sb2S3, or Sb2Se3 surface. Additionally, investigated materials have compatible energetic band alignment and can passivate perovskite interface defects, which makes them interesting candidates for application in the n-i-p structure perovskite solar cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauryna Monika Svirskaite
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Kaunas University of Technology Radvilenu pl. 19 Kaunas 50254 Lithuania
| | - Ernestas Kasparavičius
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Kaunas University of Technology Radvilenu pl. 19 Kaunas 50254 Lithuania
| | - Matas Steponaitis
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Kaunas University of Technology Radvilenu pl. 19 Kaunas 50254 Lithuania
| | - Raitis Grzibovskis
- Institute of Solid State Physics, University of Latvia Kengaraga st. 8 Riga LV-1063 Latvia
| | - Marius Franckevičius
- Center for Physical Sciences and Technology Sauletekio Ave. 3 10257 Vilnius Lithuania
| | - Atanas Katerski
- Department of Material and Environmental Technology, Tallinn University of Technology Ehitajate tee 5 Tallinn 19086 Estonia
| | - Arnas Naujokaitis
- Center for Physical Sciences and Technology Sauletekio Ave. 3 10257 Vilnius Lithuania
| | - Smagul Karazhanov
- Department for Solar Energy, Institute for Energy Technology PO BOX 40 2027 Kjeller Norway
| | - Sajeesh Vadakkedath Gopi
- Department of Material and Environmental Technology, Tallinn University of Technology Ehitajate tee 5 Tallinn 19086 Estonia
| | - Arturs Aizstrauts
- Institute of Solid State Physics, University of Latvia Kengaraga st. 8 Riga LV-1063 Latvia
| | - Aivars Vembris
- Institute of Solid State Physics, University of Latvia Kengaraga st. 8 Riga LV-1063 Latvia
| | - Vytautas Getautis
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Kaunas University of Technology Radvilenu pl. 19 Kaunas 50254 Lithuania
| | - Tadas Malinauskas
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Kaunas University of Technology Radvilenu pl. 19 Kaunas 50254 Lithuania
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2
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Petrulevicius J, Yang Y, Liu C, Steponaitis M, Kamarauskas E, Daskeviciene M, Bati ASR, Malinauskas T, Jankauskas V, Rakstys K, Kanatzidis MG, Sargent EH, Getautis V. Asymmetric Triphenylethylene-Based Hole Transporting Materials for Highly Efficient Perovskite Solar Cells. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2024; 16:7310-7316. [PMID: 38317431 PMCID: PMC10875638 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c17811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Molecular hole-transporting materials (HTMs) having triphenylethylene central core were designed, synthesized, and employed in perovskite solar cell (PSC) devices. The synthesized HTM derivatives were obtained in a two- or three-step synthetic procedure, and their characteristics were analyzed by various thermoanalytical, optical, photophysical, and photovoltaic techniques. The most efficient PSC device recorded a 23.43% power conversion efficiency. Furthermore, the longevity of the device employing V1509 HTM surpassed that of PSC with state-of-art spiro-OMeTAD as the reference HTM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julius Petrulevicius
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, Kaunas
University of Technology, Radvilenu pl. 19, Kaunas 50254, Lithuania
| | - Yi Yang
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Rd, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Cheng Liu
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Rd, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Matas Steponaitis
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, Kaunas
University of Technology, Radvilenu pl. 19, Kaunas 50254, Lithuania
| | - Egidijus Kamarauskas
- Institute
of Chemical Physics Vilnius University, Sauletekio al. 3, Vilnius 10257, Lithuania
| | - Maryte Daskeviciene
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, Kaunas
University of Technology, Radvilenu pl. 19, Kaunas 50254, Lithuania
| | - Abdulaziz S. R. Bati
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Rd, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Tadas Malinauskas
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, Kaunas
University of Technology, Radvilenu pl. 19, Kaunas 50254, Lithuania
| | - Vygintas Jankauskas
- Institute
of Chemical Physics Vilnius University, Sauletekio al. 3, Vilnius 10257, Lithuania
| | - Kasparas Rakstys
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, Kaunas
University of Technology, Radvilenu pl. 19, Kaunas 50254, Lithuania
| | - Mercouri G. Kanatzidis
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Rd, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Edward H. Sargent
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Rd, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Department
of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Rd, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Vytautas Getautis
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, Kaunas
University of Technology, Radvilenu pl. 19, Kaunas 50254, Lithuania
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3
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Jegorovė A, Xia J, Steponaitis M, Daskeviciene M, Jankauskas V, Gruodis A, Kamarauskas E, Malinauskas T, Rakstys K, Alamry KA, Getautis V, Nazeeruddin MK. Branched Fluorenylidene Derivatives with Low Ionization Potentials as Hole-Transporting Materials for Perovskite Solar Cells. Chem Mater 2023; 35:5914-5923. [PMID: 37576588 PMCID: PMC10413965 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.3c00708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
A group of small-molecule hole-transporting materials (HTMs) that are based on fluorenylidene fragments were synthesized and tested in perovskite solar cells (PSCs). The investigated compounds were synthesized by a facile two-step synthesis, and their properties were measured using thermoanalytical, optoelectronic, and photovoltaic methods. The champion PSC device that was doped with lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (LiTFSI) reached a power conversion efficiency of 22.83%. The longevity of the PSC device with the best performing HTM, V1387, was evaluated in different conditions and compared to that of 2,2',7,7'-tetrakis(N,N-di-p-methoxyphenylamine)-9,9'-spirobifluorene (spiro-MeOTAD), showing improved stability. This work provides an alternative HTM strategy for fabricating efficient and stable PSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aistė Jegorovė
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, Kaunas University
of Technology, Radvilenu pl. 19, Kaunas, 50254 Lithuania
| | - Jianxing Xia
- Institute
of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École
Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, 1015 Switzerland
| | - Matas Steponaitis
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, Kaunas University
of Technology, Radvilenu pl. 19, Kaunas, 50254 Lithuania
| | - Maryte Daskeviciene
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, Kaunas University
of Technology, Radvilenu pl. 19, Kaunas, 50254 Lithuania
| | - Vygintas Jankauskas
- Institute
of Chemical Physics, Vilnius University, Sauletekio al. 3, Vilnius, 10257 Lithuania
| | - Alytis Gruodis
- Institute
of Chemical Physics, Vilnius University, Sauletekio al. 3, Vilnius, 10257 Lithuania
| | - Egidijus Kamarauskas
- Institute
of Chemical Physics, Vilnius University, Sauletekio al. 3, Vilnius, 10257 Lithuania
| | - Tadas Malinauskas
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, Kaunas University
of Technology, Radvilenu pl. 19, Kaunas, 50254 Lithuania
| | - Kasparas Rakstys
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, Kaunas University
of Technology, Radvilenu pl. 19, Kaunas, 50254 Lithuania
| | - Khalid A. Alamry
- Chemistry
Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz
University, P.O. Box 80203, 21589 Jeddah, Saudi
Arabia
| | - Vytautas Getautis
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, Kaunas University
of Technology, Radvilenu pl. 19, Kaunas, 50254 Lithuania
| | - Mohammad Khaja Nazeeruddin
- Institute
of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École
Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, 1015 Switzerland
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4
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Steponaitis M, Jankauskas V, Kamarauskas E, Malinauskienė V, Karazhanov S, Malinauskas T, Getautis V. Investigation of biphenyl enamines for applications as p-type semiconductors. R Soc Open Sci 2023; 10:230260. [PMID: 37501661 PMCID: PMC10369019 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.230260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Due to the ease of synthesis and the ability to easily tune properties, organic semiconductors are widely researched and used in many optoelectronic applications. Requirements such as thermal stability, appropriate energy levels and charge-carrier mobility have to be met in order to consider the suitability of an organic semiconductor for a specific application. Balancing of said properties is not a trivial task; often one characteristic is sacrificed to improve the other and therefore a search for well-balanced materials is necessary. Herein, seven new charge-transporting biphenyl-based enamine molecules are reported. The new materials were synthesized using a simple one-step reaction without the use of expensive transition metal catalysts. It was observed that subtle variations in the structure lead to notable changes in the properties. Materials exhibited high thermal stability and relatively high carrier drift mobility, reaching 2 × 10-2 cm2V-1 s-1 (for BE3) at strong electric fields. Based on the results, three materials show the potential to be applied in organic light emitting diodes and solar cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matas Steponaitis
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Kaunas University of Technology, Radvilenu pl. 19, 50254 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Vygintas Jankauskas
- Institute of Chemical Physics, Vilnius University, Sauletekio av. 9, 10222 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Egidijus Kamarauskas
- Institute of Chemical Physics, Vilnius University, Sauletekio av. 9, 10222 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Vida Malinauskienė
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Kaunas University of Technology, Radvilenu pl. 19, 50254 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Smagul Karazhanov
- Institute for Energy Technology (IFE), P.O Box 40, NO 2027, Kjeller, Norway
| | - Tadas Malinauskas
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Kaunas University of Technology, Radvilenu pl. 19, 50254 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Vytautas Getautis
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Kaunas University of Technology, Radvilenu pl. 19, 50254 Kaunas, Lithuania
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5
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Matsui T, Petrikyte I, Malinauskas T, Domanski K, Daskeviciene M, Steponaitis M, Gratia P, Tress W, Correa-Baena JP, Abate A, Hagfeldt A, Grätzel M, Nazeeruddin MK, Getautis V, Saliba M. Additive-Free Transparent Triarylamine-Based Polymeric Hole-Transport Materials for Stable Perovskite Solar Cells. ChemSusChem 2016; 9:2567-2571. [PMID: 27553381 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201600762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Revised: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Triarylamine-based polymers with different functional groups were synthetized as hole-transport materials (HTMs) for perovskite solar cells (PSCs). The novel materials enabled efficient PSCs without the use of chemical doping (or additives) to enhance charge transport. Devices employing poly(triarylamine) with methylphenylethenyl functional groups (V873) showed a power conversion efficiency of 12.3 %, whereas widely used additive-free poly[bis(4-phenyl)(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)amine] (PTAA) demonstrated 10.8 %. Notably, devices with V873 enabled stable PSCs under 1 sun illumination at maximum power point tracking for approximately 40 h at room temperature, and in the dark under elevated temperature (85 °C) for more than 140 h. This is in stark contrast to additive-containing devices, which degrade significantly within the same time frame. The results present remarkable progress towards stable PSC under real working conditions and industrial stress tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taisuke Matsui
- Advanced Research Division, Materials Research Laboratory, Panasonic Corporation, 1006 Kadoma, Kadoma City, Osaka, 571-8501, Japan
| | - Ieva Petrikyte
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Kaunas University of Technology, 19, Kaunas, 50254, Lithuania
| | - Tadas Malinauskas
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Kaunas University of Technology, 19, Kaunas, 50254, Lithuania
| | - Konrad Domanski
- Laboratory for Photonics and Interfaces, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Maryte Daskeviciene
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Kaunas University of Technology, 19, Kaunas, 50254, Lithuania
| | - Matas Steponaitis
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Kaunas University of Technology, 19, Kaunas, 50254, Lithuania
| | - Paul Gratia
- Group for Molecular Engineering of Functional Materials, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Sion, CH-1951, Switzerland
| | - Wolfgang Tress
- Laboratory for Photonics and Interfaces, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Juan-Pablo Correa-Baena
- Laboratory of Photomolecular Science, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Antonio Abate
- Laboratory for Photonics and Interfaces, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Anders Hagfeldt
- Laboratory of Photomolecular Science, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Michael Grätzel
- Laboratory for Photonics and Interfaces, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Mohammad Khaja Nazeeruddin
- Group for Molecular Engineering of Functional Materials, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Sion, CH-1951, Switzerland
| | - Vytautas Getautis
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Kaunas University of Technology, 19, Kaunas, 50254, Lithuania.
| | - Michael Saliba
- Laboratory for Photonics and Interfaces, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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