Reduction of nutrients, microbes, and personal care products in domestic wastewater by a benchtop electrocoagulation unit

To preserve environmental and human health, improved treatment processes are needed to reduce nutrients, microbes, and emerging chemical contaminants from domestic wastewater prior to discharge into the environment. Electrocoagulation (EC) treatment is increasingly used to treat industrial wastewater; however, this technology has not yet been thoroughly assessed for its potential to reduce concentrations of nutrients, a variety of microbial surrogates, and personal care products found in domestic wastewater. This investigation's objective was to determine the efficiency of a benchtop EC unit with aluminum sacrificial electrodes to reduce concentrations of the aforementioned biological and chemical pollutants from raw and tertiary-treated domestic wastewater. EC treatment resulted in significant reductions (p < 0.05, α = 0.05) in phosphate, all microbial surrogates, and several personal care products from raw and tertiary-treated domestic wastewater. When wastewater was augmented with microbial surrogates representing bacterial, viral, and protozoan pathogens to measure the extent of reduction, EC treatment resulted in up to 7-log10 reduction of microbial surrogates. Future pilot and full-scale investigations are needed to optimize EC treatment for the following: reducing nitrogen species, personal care products, and energy consumption; elucidating the mechanisms behind microbial reductions; and performing life cycle analyses to determine the appropriateness of implementation.

A randomized clinical trial of high-dosage coenzyme Q10 in early Parkinson disease: no evidence of benefit

IMPORTANCE

Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10), an antioxidant that supports mitochondrial function, has been shown in preclinical Parkinson disease (PD) models to reduce the loss of dopamine neurons, and was safe and well tolerated in early-phase human studies. A previous phase II study suggested possible clinical benefit.

OBJECTIVE

To examine whether CoQ10 could slow disease progression in early PD.

DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS

A phase III randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind clinical trial at 67 North American sites consisting of participants 30 years of age or older who received a diagnosis of PD within 5 years and who had the following inclusion criteria: the presence of a rest tremor, bradykinesia, and rigidity; a modified Hoehn and Yahr stage of 2.5 or less; and no anticipated need for dopaminergic therapy within 3 months. Exclusion criteria included the use of any PD medication within 60 days, the use of any symptomatic PD medication for more than 90 days, atypical or drug-induced parkinsonism, a Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) rest tremor score of 3 or greater for any limb, a Mini-Mental State Examination score of 25 or less, a history of stroke, the use of certain supplements, and substantial recent exposure to CoQ10. Of 696 participants screened, 78 were found to be ineligible, and 18 declined participation.

INTERVENTIONS

The remaining 600 participants were randomly assigned to receive placebo, 1200 mg/d of CoQ10, or 2400 mg/d of CoQ10; all participants received 1200 IU/d of vitamin E.

MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES

Participants were observed for 16 months or until a disability requiring dopaminergic treatment. The prospectively defined primary outcome measure was the change in total UPDRS score (Parts I-III) from baseline to final visit. The study was powered to detect a 3-point difference between an active treatment and placebo.

RESULTS

The baseline characteristics of the participants were well balanced, the mean age was 62.5 years, 66% of participants were male, and the mean baseline total UPDRS score was 22.7. A total of 267 participants required treatment (94 received placebo, 87 received 1200 mg/d of CoQ10, and 86 received 2400 mg/d of CoQ10), and 65 participants (29 who received placebo, 19 who received 1200 mg/d of CoQ10, and 17 who received 2400 mg/d of CoQ10) withdrew prematurely. Treatments were well tolerated with no safety concerns. The study was terminated after a prespecified futility criterion was reached. At study termination, both active treatment groups showed slight adverse trends relative to placebo. Adjusted mean changes (worsening) in total UPDRS scores from baseline to final visit were 6.9 points (placebo), 7.5 points (1200 mg/d of CoQ10; P = .49 relative to placebo), and 8.0 points (2400 mg/d of CoQ10; P = .21 relative to placebo).

CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE

Coenzyme Q10 was safe and well tolerated in this population, but showed no evidence of clinical benefit.

TRIAL REGISTRATION

clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT00740714.

Drug residue formation from ronidazole, a 5-nitroimidazole. VI. Lack of mutagenic activity of reduced metabolites and derivatives of ronidazole

The potential toxicity of ronidazole residues present in the tissues of food-producing animals was assessed using the Ames mutagenicity test. Since ronidazole is activated by reduction, reduced derivatives of ronidazole and metabolites formed by enzymatic reduction of ronidazole were tested for mutagenicity. When tested at levels several orders of magnitude higher than that at which ronidazole was mutagenic, 5-amino-4-S-cysteinyl-1,2- dimethylimidazole , a product of the dithionite reduction of ronidazole in the presence of cysteine, the 5-N-acetylamino derivative of ronidazole and 5-amino-1,2- dimethylimidazole all lacked mutagenic activity in Ames strain TA100. The metabolites of ronidazole formed by the incubation of ronidazole with microsomes under anaerobic conditions were also not mutagenic. These data demonstrate that although ronidazole is a potent mutagen, residues from it which may be present in the tissues of food-producing animals lack any mutagenic activity.