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Ahlbom A, Day N, Feychting M, Roman E, Skinner J, Dockerty J, Linet M, McBride M, Michaelis J, Olsen JH, Tynes T, Verkasalo PK. A pooled analysis of magnetic fields and childhood leukaemia. Br J Cancer 2000; 83:692-8. [PMID: 10944614 PMCID: PMC2363518 DOI: 10.1054/bjoc.2000.1376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 404] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2000] [Revised: 06/16/2000] [Accepted: 06/16/2000] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have suggested an association between exposure to 50-60 Hz magnetic fields (EMF) and childhood leukaemia. We conducted a pooled analysis based on individual records from nine studies, including the most recent ones. Studies with 24/48-hour magnetic field measurements or calculated magnetic fields were included. We specified which data analyses we planned to do and how to do them before we commenced the work. The use of individual records allowed us to use the same exposure definitions, and the large numbers of subjects enabled more precise estimation of risks at high exposure levels. For the 3203 children with leukaemia and 10 338 control children with estimated residential magnetic field exposures levels < 0.4 microT, we observed risk estimates near the no effect level, while for the 44 children with leukaemia and 62 control children with estimated residential magnetic field exposures >/= 0.4 microT the estimated summary relative risk was 2.00 (1.27-3.13), P value = 0.002). Adjustment for potential confounding variables did not appreciably change the results. For North American subjects whose residences were in the highest wire code category, the estimated summary relative risk was 1.24 (0.82-1.87). Thus, we found no evidence in the combined data for the existence of the so-called wire-code paradox. In summary, the 99.2% of children residing in homes with exposure levels < 0.4 microT had estimates compatible with no increased risk, while the 0.8% of children with exposures >/= 0.4 microT had a relative risk estimate of approximately 2, which is unlikely to be due to random variability. The explanation for the elevated risk is unknown, but selection bias may have accounted for some of the increase.
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404 |
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Charney E, Goodman HC, McBride M, Lyon B, Pratt R. Childhood antecedents of adult obesity. Do chubby infants become obese adults? N Engl J Med 1976; 295:6-9. [PMID: 1272299 DOI: 10.1056/nejm197607012950102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 327] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
We investigated whether obese infants tend to become obese adults. Records of subjects born between 1945 and 1955 were reviewed to select three cohorts based on weight in the first six months of age, which exceeded the 90th percentile at least once, ranged between 25th and 75th percentiles or was below 10th percentile at least once. Three hundred and sixty-six subjects, now between 20 and 30 years of age, were located and their present height and weight determined. Thirty-six per cent of those exceeding the 90th percentile as infants were overweight adults, as compared to 14 per cent of the average age and light-weight infants. A significant increase (chi square = 17.2, p less than 0.001) in adult obesity was evident when the infant exceeded the 75th percentile that was independent of his height. Social class, educational level, and parental weight all correlated with adult weight (p less than 0.001). Sex and ordinal position of birth did not. The data suggest that infant weight correlates strongly with adult weight independently of other factors considered.
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327 |
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Blanchard C, Mingler MK, McBride M, Putnam PE, Collins MH, Chang G, Stringer K, Abonia JP, Molkentin JD, Rothenberg ME. Periostin facilitates eosinophil tissue infiltration in allergic lung and esophageal responses. Mucosal Immunol 2008; 1:289-96. [PMID: 19079190 PMCID: PMC2683986 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2008.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Periostin is an extracellular matrix protein that has been primarily studied in the context of the heart, where it has been shown to promote cardiac repair and remodeling. In this study, we focused on the role of periostin in an allergic eosinophilic inflammatory disease (eosinophilic esophagitis (EE)) known to involve extensive tissue remodeling. Periostin was indeed markedly overexpressed (35-fold) in the esophagus of EE patients, particularly in the papillae, compared with control individuals. Periostin expression was downstream from transforming growth factor-beta and interleukin-13, as these cytokines were elevated in EE esophageal samples and markedly induced periostin production by primary esophageal fibroblasts (107- and 295-fold, respectively, at 10 ng ml(-1)). A functional role for periostin in eliciting esophageal eosinophilia was demonstrated, as periostin-null mice had a specific defect in allergen-induced eosinophil recruitment to the lungs and esophagus (66 and 72% decrease, respectively). Mechanistic analyses revealed that periostin increased (5.8-fold) eosinophil adhesion to fibronectin. As such, these findings extend the involvement of periostin to esophagitis and uncover a novel role for periostin in directly regulating leukocyte (eosinophil) accumulation in T helper type 2-associated mucosal inflammation in both mice and humans.
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Gonzalez E, Bamshad M, Sato N, Mummidi S, Dhanda R, Catano G, Cabrera S, McBride M, Cao XH, Merrill G, O'Connell P, Bowden DW, Freedman BI, Anderson SA, Walter EA, Evans JS, Stephan KT, Clark RA, Tyagi S, Ahuja SS, Dolan MJ, Ahuja SK. Race-specific HIV-1 disease-modifying effects associated with CCR5 haplotypes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1999; 96:12004-9. [PMID: 10518566 PMCID: PMC18402 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.96.21.12004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/1999] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic variation in CC chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5), the major HIV-1 coreceptor, has been shown to influence HIV-1 transmission and disease progression. However, it is generally assumed that the same CCR5 genotype (or haplotype) has similar phenotypic effects in different populations. To test this assumption, we used an evolutionary-based classification of CCR5 haplotypes to determine their associated HIV-1 disease-modifying effects in a large well-characterized racially mixed cohort of HIV-1-seropositive individuals. We demonstrate that the spectrum of CCR5 haplotypes associated with disease acceleration or retardation differs between African Americans and Caucasians. Also, we show that there is a strong interactive effect between CCR5 haplotypes with different evolutionary histories. The striking population-specific phenotypic effects associated with CCR5 haplotypes emphasize the importance of understanding the evolutionary context in which disease susceptibility genes are expressed.
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van Leeuwen R, Katlama C, Kitchen V, Boucher CA, Tubiana R, McBride M, Ingrand D, Weber J, Hill A, McDade H. Evaluation of safety and efficacy of 3TC (lamivudine) in patients with asymptomatic or mildly symptomatic human immunodeficiency virus infection: a phase I/II study. J Infect Dis 1995; 171:1166-71. [PMID: 7751691 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/171.5.1166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
In a phase I/II study, 7 levels of 3TC therapy (from 0.5 to 20.0 mg/kg/day) were studied in 104 asymptomatic and mildly symptomatic human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients with CD4 cell counts < or = 400 x 10(6)/L. Mild and transient episodes of diarrhea, headache, fatigue, nausea, and abdominal pain were the most frequent events reported. No dose-limiting toxicities were observed. Small and transient increases in CD4 cell counts were detected during the first 4 weeks of treatment. These were followed by progressive declines during prolonged therapy. Sustained decreases in beta 2-microglobulin, neopterin, and p24 antigen levels were seen over the 52-week study. There was no consistent dose-response correlation for any surrogate marker. Penetration of 3TC into cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was in the same range as reported for ddC and ddI; the mean CSF-to-serum ratio was 0.06. These findings indicate that 3TC exhibits an excellent safety profile and has antiretroviral activity at the dosages studied.
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Clinical Trial |
30 |
93 |
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Hasle H, Wadsworth LD, Massing BG, McBride M, Schultz KR. A population-based study of childhood myelodysplastic syndrome in British Columbia, Canada. Br J Haematol 1999; 106:1027-32. [PMID: 10520007 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2141.1999.01645.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) is considered to be very rare in children. However, the only two published population-based studies reported widely divergent incidence figures. To further explore the epidemiology of childhood MDS and to evaluate the accuracy of cancer registry and treatment trial data, we conducted a population-based study of children aged 0-14 years in British Columbia (BC), Canada, between 1982 and 1996. MDS was diagnosed in 31 cases corresponding to an annual incidence of 3.2 per million children or 6% of all leukaemias, compared with an incidence of 6.0/million for acute myeloid leukaemia (AML), and of 0.5/million for chronic myeloid leukaemia. There was a non-significant (P = 0.19) trend toward an increase in MDS incidence with time, the increase was partly explained by an increasing number of patients with Down syndrome. Associated abnormalities were found in 48% of the MDS cases with Down syndrome as the most common (seven cases). Only one third of the MDS cases were correctly registered in the Cancer Registry and less than half of the eligible MDS patients were enrolled on a cooperative group study. Data on MDS from treatment-based studies and cancer registries were inaccurate and seemed to significantly underestimate the incidence of MDS in children.
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26 |
91 |
7
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Cardis E, Armstrong BK, Bowman JD, Giles GG, Hours M, Krewski D, McBride M, Parent ME, Sadetzki S, Woodward A, Brown J, Chetrit A, Figuerola J, Hoffmann C, Jarus-Hakak A, Montestruq L, Nadon L, Richardson L, Villegas R, Vrijheid M. Risk of brain tumours in relation to estimated RF dose from mobile phones: results from five Interphone countries. Occup Environ Med 2011; 68:631-40. [PMID: 21659469 PMCID: PMC3158328 DOI: 10.1136/oemed-2011-100155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Objectives The objective of this study was to examine the associations of brain tumours with radio frequency (RF) fields from mobile phones. Methods Patients with brain tumour from the Australian, Canadian, French, Israeli and New Zealand components of the Interphone Study, whose tumours were localised by neuroradiologists, were analysed. Controls were matched on age, sex and region and allocated the ‘tumour location’ of their matched case. Analyses included 553 glioma and 676 meningioma cases and 1762 and 1911 controls, respectively. RF dose was estimated as total cumulative specific energy (TCSE; J/kg) absorbed at the tumour's estimated centre taking into account multiple RF exposure determinants. Results ORs with ever having been a regular mobile phone user were 0.93 (95% CI 0.73 to 1.18) for glioma and 0.80 (95% CI 0.66 to 0.96) for meningioma. ORs for glioma were below 1 in the first four quintiles of TCSE but above 1 in the highest quintile, 1.35 (95% CI 0.96 to 1.90). The OR increased with increasing TCSE 7+ years before diagnosis (p-trend 0.01; OR 1.91, 95% CI 1.05 to 3.47 in the highest quintile). A complementary analysis in which 44 glioma and 135 meningioma cases in the most exposed area of the brain were compared with gliomas and meningiomas located elsewhere in the brain showed increased ORs for tumours in the most exposed part of the brain in those with 10+ years of mobile phone use (OR 2.80, 95% CI 1.13 to 6.94 for glioma). Patterns for meningioma were similar, but ORs were lower, many below 1.0. Conclusions There were suggestions of an increased risk of glioma in long-term mobile phone users with high RF exposure and of similar, but apparently much smaller, increases in meningioma risk. The uncertainty of these results requires that they be replicated before a causal interpretation can be made.
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Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't |
14 |
88 |
8
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Abdul-Hay SO, Kang D, McBride M, Li L, Zhao J, Leissring MA. Deletion of insulin-degrading enzyme elicits antipodal, age-dependent effects on glucose and insulin tolerance. PLoS One 2011; 6:e20818. [PMID: 21695259 PMCID: PMC3111440 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0020818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2010] [Accepted: 05/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Insulin-degrading enzyme (IDE) is widely recognized as the principal protease responsible for the clearance and inactivation of insulin, but its role in glycemic control in vivo is poorly understood. We present here the first longitudinal characterization, to our knowledge, of glucose regulation in mice with pancellular deletion of the IDE gene (IDE-KO mice). Methodology IDE-KO mice and wild-type (WT) littermates were characterized at 2, 4, and 6 months of age in terms of body weight, basal glucose and insulin levels, and insulin and glucose tolerance. Consistent with a functional role for IDE in insulin clearance, fasting serum insulin levels in IDE-KO mice were found to be ∼3-fold higher than those in wild-type (WT) controls at all ages examined. In agreement with previous observations, 6-mo-old IDE-KO mice exhibited a severe diabetic phenotype characterized by increased body weight and pronounced glucose and insulin intolerance. In marked contrast, 2-mo-old IDE-KO mice exhibited multiple signs of improved glycemic control, including lower fasting glucose levels, lower body mass, and modestly enhanced insulin and glucose tolerance relative to WT controls. Biochemically, the emergence of the diabetic phenotype in IDE-KO mice correlated with age-dependent reductions in insulin receptor (IR) levels in muscle, adipose, and liver tissue. Primary adipocytes harvested from 6-mo-old IDE-KO mice also showed functional impairments in insulin-stimulated glucose uptake. Conclusions Our results indicate that the diabetic phenotype in IDE-KO mice is not a primary consequence of IDE deficiency, but is instead an emergent compensatory response to chronic hyperinsulinemia resulting from complete deletion of IDE in all tissues throughout life. Significantly, our findings provide new evidence to support the idea that partial and/or transient inhibition of IDE may constitute a valid approach to the treatment of diabetes.
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Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't |
14 |
84 |
9
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Jeyarajah DR, Gonwa TA, McBride M, Testa G, Abbasoglu O, Husberg BS, Levy MF, Goldstein RM, Klintmalm GB. Hepatorenal syndrome: combined liver kidney transplants versus isolated liver transplant. Transplantation 1997; 64:1760-1765. [PMID: 9422417 DOI: 10.1097/00007890-199712270-00024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND As many as 38% of combined liver-kidney transplant (LKTx) procedures performed nationally may be done for the renal diagnosis of hepatorenal syndrome (HRS). This study was designed to compare the national results with those at our medical center and to determine if combined LKTx provides any benefit over isolated liver transplant (LTx) to HRS patients. METHODS Data on 29 combined LKTx and 79 HRS patients at our center were collected and compared with the national data on 414 LKTx and 2442 patients with serum creatinine >2.0 mg/dl receiving isolated LTx from 1988 to 1995. RESULTS United Network of Organ Sharing data revealed 5-year patient survival of 62.2% for LKTx recipients and 50.4% for patients with serum creatinine >2.0 mg/dl receiving isolated LTx (P=0.0001). Our center results demonstrated 5-year patient survival of 48.1% for LKTx patients, 67.1% for HRS patients receiving isolated LTx, and 70.1% for patients with serum creatinine >2.0 mg/dl receiving isolated LTx (P not significant comparing all groups). Intensive care unit status and preoperative dialysis rates were similar in those HRS patients who did and those who did not need future KTx. CONCLUSION National data would suggest a survival benefit of combined LKTx over isolated LTx for those patients with poor renal function, specifically those with HRS, whereas our center's results suggest otherwise. Unfortunately, we could not identify any preoperative risk factors in the HRS patients, or in the broader group of patients with renal insufficiency at our center, that would indicate the need for future renal transplantation. We believe that HRS patients can be successfully managed with isolated LTx.
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10
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Adams SJ, DeTure MA, McBride M, Dickson DW, Petrucelli L. Three repeat isoforms of tau inhibit assembly of four repeat tau filaments. PLoS One 2010; 5:e10810. [PMID: 20520830 PMCID: PMC2876030 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0010810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2010] [Accepted: 04/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Tauopathies are defined by assembly of the microtubule associated protein tau into filamentous tangles and classified by the predominant tau isoform within these aggregates. The major isoforms are determined by alternative mRNA splicing of exon 10 generating tau with three (3R) or four (4R) ∼32 amino acid imperfect repeats in the microtubule binding domain. In normal adult brains there is an approximately equimolar ratio of 3R and 4R tau which is altered by several disease-causing mutations in the tau gene. We hypothesized that when 4R and 3R tau isoforms are not at equimolar ratios aggregation is favored. Here we provide evidence for the first time that the combination of 3R and 4R tau isoforms results in less in vitro heparin induced polymerization than with 4R preparations alone. This effect was independent of reducing conditions and the presence of alternatively spliced exons 2 and 3 N-terminal inserts. The addition of even small amounts of 3R to 4R tau assembly reactions significantly decreased 4R assembly. Together these findings suggest that co-expression of 3R and 4R tau isoforms reduce tau filament assembly and that 3R tau isoforms inhibit 4R tau assembly. Expression of equimolar amounts of 3R and 4R tau in adult humans may be necessary to maintain proper neuronal microtubule dynamics and to prevent abnormal tau filament assembly. Importantly, these findings indicate that disruption of the normal equimolar 3R to 4R ratio may be sufficient to drive tau aggregation and that restoration of the tau isoform balance may have important therapeutic implications in tauopathies.
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Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't |
15 |
75 |
11
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Vrijheid M, Mann S, Vecchia P, Wiart J, Taki M, Ardoino L, Armstrong BK, Auvinen A, Bédard D, Berg-Beckhoff G, Brown J, Chetrit A, Collatz-Christensen H, Combalot E, Cook A, Deltour I, Feychting M, Giles GG, Hepworth SJ, Hours M, Iavarone I, Johansen C, Krewski D, Kurttio P, Lagorio S, Lönn S, McBride M, Montestrucq L, Parslow RC, Sadetzki S, Schüz J, Tynes T, Woodward A, Cardis E. Determinants of mobile phone output power in a multinational study: implications for exposure assessment. Occup Environ Med 2009; 66:664-71. [PMID: 19465409 DOI: 10.1136/oem.2008.043380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The output power of a mobile phone is directly related to its radiofrequency (RF) electromagnetic field strength, and may theoretically vary substantially in different networks and phone use circumstances due to power control technologies. To improve indices of RF exposure for epidemiological studies, we assessed determinants of mobile phone output power in a multinational study. METHODS More than 500 volunteers in 12 countries used Global System for Mobile communications software-modified phones (GSM SMPs) for approximately 1 month each. The SMPs recorded date, time, and duration of each call, and the frequency band and output power at fixed sampling intervals throughout each call. Questionnaires provided information on the typical circumstances of an individual's phone use. Linear regression models were used to analyse the influence of possible explanatory variables on the average output power and the percentage call time at maximum power for each call. RESULTS Measurements of over 60,000 phone calls showed that the average output power was approximately 50% of the maximum, and that output power varied by a factor of up to 2 to 3 between study centres and network operators. Maximum power was used during a considerable proportion of call time (39% on average). Output power decreased with increasing call duration, but showed little variation in relation to reported frequency of use while in a moving vehicle or inside buildings. Higher output powers for rural compared with urban use of the SMP were observed principally in Sweden where the study covered very sparsely populated areas. CONCLUSIONS Average power levels are substantially higher than the minimum levels theoretically achievable in GSM networks. Exposure indices could be improved by accounting for average power levels of different telecommunications systems. There appears to be little value in gathering information on circumstances of phone use other than use in very sparsely populated regions.
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Multicenter Study |
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57 |
12
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Adams SJ, Crook RJP, Deture M, Randle SJ, Innes AE, Yu XZ, Lin WL, Dugger BN, McBride M, Hutton M, Dickson DW, McGowan E. Overexpression of wild-type murine tau results in progressive tauopathy and neurodegeneration. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2009; 175:1598-609. [PMID: 19717642 PMCID: PMC2751556 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2009.090462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/26/2009] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Here, we describe the generation and characterization of a novel tau transgenic mouse model (mTau) that overexpresses wild-type murine tau protein by twofold compared with endogenous levels. Transgenic tau expression was driven by a BAC transgene containing the entire wild-type mouse tau locus, including the endogenous promoter and the regulatory elements associated with the tau gene. The mTau model therefore differs from other tau models in that regulation of the genomic mouse transgene mimics that of the endogenous gene, including normal exon splicing regulation. Biochemical data from the mTau mice demonstrated that modest elevation of mouse tau leads to tau hyperphosphorylation at multiple pathologically relevant epitopes and accumulation of sarkosyl-insoluble tau. The mTau mice show a progressive increase in hyperphosphorylated tau pathology with age up to 15 to 18 months, which is accompanied by gliosis and vacuolization. In contrast, older mice show a decrease in tau pathology levels, which may represent hippocampal neuronal loss occurring in this wild-type model. Collectively, these results describe a novel model of tauopathy that develops pathological changes reminiscent of early stage Alzheimer's disease and other related neurodegenerative diseases, achieved without overexpression of a mutant human tau transgene. This model will provide an important tool for understanding the early events leading to the development of tau pathology and a model for analysis of potential therapeutic targets for sporadic tauopathies.
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Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural |
16 |
54 |
13
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Jeyarajah DR, McBride M, Klintmalm GB, Gonwa TA. Combined liver-kidney transplantation: what are the indications? Transplantation 1997; 64:1091-6. [PMID: 9355821 DOI: 10.1097/00007890-199710270-00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Review |
28 |
50 |
14
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Abdul-Hay SO, Sahara T, McBride M, Kang D, Leissring MA. Identification of BACE2 as an avid ß-amyloid-degrading protease. Mol Neurodegener 2012; 7:46. [PMID: 22986058 PMCID: PMC3470943 DOI: 10.1186/1750-1326-7-46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2012] [Accepted: 08/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Proteases that degrade the amyloid ß-protein (Aß) have emerged as key players in the etiology and potential treatment of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), but it is unlikely that all such proteases have been identified. To discover new Aß-degrading proteases (AßDPs), we conducted an unbiased, genome-scale, functional cDNA screen designed to identify proteases capable of lowering net Aß levels produced by cells, which were subsequently characterized for Aß-degrading activity using an array of downstream assays. Results The top hit emerging from the screen was ß-site amyloid precursor protein-cleaving enzyme 2 (BACE2), a rather unexpected finding given the well-established role of its close homolog, BACE1, in the production of Aß. BACE2 is known to be capable of lowering Aß levels via non-amyloidogenic processing of APP. However, in vitro, BACE2 was also found to be a particularly avid AßDP, with a catalytic efficiency exceeding all known AßDPs except insulin-degrading enzyme (IDE). BACE1 was also found to degrade Aß, albeit ~150-fold less efficiently than BACE2. Aß is cleaved by BACE2 at three peptide bonds—Phe19-Phe20, Phe20-Ala21, and Leu34-Met35—with the latter cleavage site being the initial and principal one. BACE2 overexpression in cultured cells was found to lower net Aß levels to a greater extent than multiple, well-established AßDPs, including neprilysin (NEP) and endothelin-converting enzyme-1 (ECE1), while showing comparable effectiveness to IDE. Conclusions This study identifies a new functional role for BACE2 as a potent AßDP. Based on its high catalytic efficiency, its ability to degrade Aß intracellularly, and other characteristics, BACE2 represents a particulary strong therapeutic candidate for the treatment or prevention of AD.
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Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't |
13 |
49 |
15
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Hertzman C, Teschke K, Ostry A, Hershler R, Dimich-Ward H, Kelly S, Spinelli JJ, Gallagher RP, McBride M, Marion SA. Mortality and cancer incidence among sawmill workers exposed to chlorophenate wood preservatives. Am J Public Health 1997; 87:71-9. [PMID: 9065230 PMCID: PMC1380768 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.87.1.71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study examined the association between exposure to chlorophenates and the risk of soft tissue sarcoma; non-Hodgkin's lymphoma; Hodgkin's disease; and cancers of the lung, nose, and nasopharynx. METHODS A retrospective cohort study was conducted of 26487 workers employed for at least 1 year between 1950 and 1985 in 11 chlorophenate-using and 3 non-using sawmills in British Columbia, Canada. Exposures by job were ascertained with interviews of senior employees. RESULTS Probabilistic record linkage to the Canadian Mortality Data Base and the British Columbia Cancer Registry found 4710 deaths between 1950 and 1990, and 1547 incident cases of cancer between 1969 and 1989. None of the cancers of interest had elevated mortality related to chlorophenate exposure. Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma incidence (n = 65) increased with increasing chlorophenate exposure hours, yielding the following standardized incidence ratios: less than 120 hours 0.68; 120 to 1999 hours, 0.59; 2000 to 3999 hours, 1.04; 4000 to 9999 hours, 1.02; and 10000 or more hours, 1.30. CONCLUSIONS These results are consistent with the borderline positive associations seen in other recently reported studies of chlorophenate-exposed workforces.
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research-article |
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Hemminki K, Scélo G, Boffetta P, Mellemkjaer L, Tracey E, Andersen A, Brewster DH, Pukkala E, McBride M, Kliewer EV, Chia KS, Pompe-Kirn V, Martos C, Jonasson JG, Li X, Brennan P. Second primary malignancies in patients with male breast cancer. Br J Cancer 2005; 92:1288-92. [PMID: 15798766 PMCID: PMC2361970 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6602505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
An international multicentre study of first and second primary neoplasms associated with male breast cancer was carried out by pooling data from 13 cancer registries. Among a total of 3409 men with primary breast cancer, 426 (12.5%) developed a second neoplasia; other than breast cancer, a 34% overall excess risk of second primary neoplasia, affecting the small intestine (standardised incidence ratio, 4.95, 95% confidence interval, 1.35–12.7), rectum (1.78, 1.20–2.54), pancreas (1.93, 1.14–3.05), skin (nonmelanoma, 1.65, 1.16–2.29), prostate (1.61, 1.34–1.93) and lymphohaematopoietic system (1.63, 1.12–2.29). A total of 225 male breast cancers was recorded after cancers other than breast cancer, but an increase was found only after lymphohaematopoietic neoplasms. BRCA2 (and to some extent BRCA1) mutations may explain the findings for pancreatic and prostate cancers. Increases at other sites may be related to unknown factors or to chance. This large study shows that the risks for second discordant tumours after male breast cancer pose only a moderate excess risk.
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Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't |
20 |
45 |
17
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Melosky B, Karim M, Chui A, McBride M, Cameron EC, Yeung CK, Landsberg D, Shackleton C, Keown PA. Lymphoproliferative disorders after renal transplantation in patients receiving triple or quadruple immunosuppression. J Am Soc Nephrol 1992; 2:S290-4. [PMID: 1323341 DOI: 10.1681/asn.v212s290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
A retrospective review of 478 renal transplant recipients receiving cyclosporin A (CsA) was conducted to determine the incidence, relative risk, and outcome of lymphoproliferative disease after transplantation. Cases of neoplasm were identified by linking the computerized databases of the British Columbia (B.C.) Transplant Society and the B.C. Cancer Agency. B.C. Cancer Statistics for 1988 were used to determine relative risk. Patients were monitored for a total of 1,054 patient years with a mean follow-up time of 26 months (range, 0.1 to 63 months). A total of 334 patients were treated with triple immunosuppression (CsA), azathioprine, and prednisone), and 144 received adjunctive antilymphocyte globulin as induction immunosuppression. Sixty-nine patients received OKT3 for the treatment of transplant rejection. Twenty-two patients developed 23 malignancies (4.8%) at a mean interval of 16 months (range, 3 to 45 months) after transplantation. Non-Hodgkins lymphoma occurred in five patients, of whom two received triple (0.6%) and three received quadruple (2.1%) therapy. All five patients, in addition, received OKT3 for the treatment of graft rejection. The relative risk of developing a neoplasm among the defined sample adjusted for age and sex was 3.08 overall, increasing to 26.9 (P less than 0.005) for lymphoma. Six of the 22 patients (27%), including all 5 patients with lymphoma, died as a result of their tumor. Renal transplant recipients receiving CsA have a significantly elevated risk of developing a de novo lymphoreticular malignancy, which is comparable to that reported for those receiving azathioprine treatment, and which appears to be increased by the use of quadruple immunosuppression and the administration of OKT3 for the treatment of acute graft rejection.
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Comparative Study |
33 |
42 |
18
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Rajapaksha WR, McBride M, Robertson L, O'Shaughnessy PJ. Sequence of the bovine HDL-receptor (SR-BI) cDNA and changes in receptor mRNA expression during granulosa cell luteinization in vivo and in vitro. Mol Cell Endocrinol 1997; 134:59-67. [PMID: 9406850 DOI: 10.1016/s0303-7207(97)00173-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Steroidogenic activity in the mature corpus luteum of most mammals depends upon provision of cholesterol from the circulating lipoproteins. In cattle, as in many species, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) is the major lipoprotein involved. The recent identification of the scavenger receptor SR-BI as an HDL-receptor allows control of this process to be investigated more closely. In this study, we have sequenced the bovine SR-BI HDL-receptor and examined changes in expression of the receptor mRNA during corpus luteum development in vivo and granulosa cell luteinization in vitro. Sequencing of the bovine HDL-receptor showed that it codes for a protein of 509 amino acids with close identity to hamster, mouse, rat and human sequences. Examination of the tissue distribution of the HDL-receptor mRNA showed high levels in adrenal cortex and corpus luteum and lower levels in spleen and liver. Using a semi-quantitative, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction technique levels of HDL-receptor mRNA were measured in corpora lutea from cattle at known stages of the oestrus cycle and in bovine granulosa cells luteinized in culture. Levels of HDL-receptor mRNA were low in isolated bovine granulosa cells, but increased 7-fold during corpus luteum development in vivo and 5-fold during granulosa cell luteinization in culture. Results show that luteinization of granulosa cells is associated with an increase in HDL-receptor RNA levels which, along with changes in steroidogenic enzyme activity, is likely to explain the marked increase in steroidogenic capacity which occurs during corpus luteum formation.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Base Sequence
- CD36 Antigens/genetics
- Cattle
- Cells, Cultured
- Corpus Luteum/chemistry
- Corpus Luteum/growth & development
- DNA, Complementary/genetics
- Estrus/genetics
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental/physiology
- Granulosa Cells/chemistry
- Granulosa Cells/physiology
- Lipoproteins, HDL
- Luteal Cells/physiology
- Membrane Proteins
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Organ Specificity
- RNA, Messenger/analysis
- Receptors, Immunologic
- Receptors, Lipoprotein/genetics
- Receptors, Scavenger
- Scavenger Receptors, Class B
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
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28 |
40 |
19
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Flaherty JH, McBride M, Marzouk S, Miller DK, Chien N, Hanchett M, Leander S, Kaiser FE, Morley JE. Decreasing hospitalization rates for older home care patients with symptoms of depression. J Am Geriatr Soc 1998; 46:31-8. [PMID: 9434663 DOI: 10.1111/j.1532-5415.1998.tb01010.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To target medically ill older home care patients with symptoms of depression in order to reduce their rate of hospitalization. DESIGN A case-control study. SETTING A private, nonprofit home care organization, the Visiting Nurse Association of St. Louis. PARTICIPANTS Home care patients 65 years of age and older with symptoms of depression who were participants of a Total Quality Management (TQM) intervention (n = 81) were compared with an historical control of home care patients 65 years of age and older with symptoms of depression (n = 69). INTERVENTION Utilization of TQM principles to develop a plan including: (a) an educational seminar on depression for home care staff involved in the project; (b) letters to physicians introducing the TQM project; (c) use of the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) for screening; (d) recommendation to the primary physician of a home social service (SS) consultation for patients with a GDS of 10 to 14; (e) recommendation to the primary physician of three interventions for patients with a GDS > or = 15: home SS consultation + mental health (MH), or gerontological nurse (GN) consultation + antidepressant medication (a pharmacotherapeutic algorithm sent by facsimile to the primary physician upon request). OUTCOME MEASURES Hospitalization rates of the control group compared with the TQM intervention group, the degree to which part (e) of the plan was implemented, and the effect this had on hospitalization rates. RESULTS The TQM intervention patients had a higher mean age than the historical control patients but were not different in percent female, percent white race, percent with a caregiver in the home, functional status, and in 15 of 16 diagnostic categories. Overall, the TQM intervention group had a hospitalization rate of 23.5% (19/81) compared with a rate of 40.6% (28/69) for the historical control group (P = .024). For part (e) of the plan (56/81 patients had a GDS > or = 15), 29/56 (52%) received the recommended SS consultation, 50/56 (89%) received the recommended MH or GN consultation, and 32/56 (57%) received antidepressant medication. One type of intervention did not seem to lower hospitalization rates more than another although having received the MH or GN visits approached significance (12/50, 24%; P = .052) when compared with the control group. CONCLUSIONS Utilization of TQM principles and the development of an intervention such as the one described here can decrease hospitalization rates for medically ill older home care patients with symptoms of depression.
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27 |
32 |
20
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Dumestre A, Sauvé S, McBride M, Baveye P, Berthelin J. Copper speciation and microbial activity in long-term contaminated soils. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 1999; 36:124-131. [PMID: 9888956 DOI: 10.1007/s002449900451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Most soil quality guidelines do not distinguish among the various forms of metals in soils; insoluble, nonreactive, and nonbioavailable forms are deemed as hazardous as highly soluble, reactive, and toxic forms. The objective of this study was to better understand the long-term effects of copper on microorganisms in relation to its chemical speciation in the soil environment. Carbon mineralization processes and the global structure of different microbial communities (fungi, eubacteria, actinomycetes) are still affected after more than 50 years of copper contamination in 20 soils sampled from two different agricultural sites. The microbial respiration lag period (LP) preceding the beginning of mineralization process increases with the level of soil copper contamination and is not significantly affected by other environmental factors such as soil pH and soil organic matter (SOM) content. The total copper concentration showed the best correlation with the LP when each site is considered separately. However, when considering the whole set of data, soil solution free Cu2+ activity (pCu2+) is the best predictor of Cu toxicity determined by LP (quite likely because pCu2+ integrates the soil physicochemical variability). The maximum mineralization rate (MMR), even if well correlated with the pCu2+, appears not to be a good biomonitor of copper contamination in soils since it is highly sensitive to soil characteristics such as SOM content. This study emphasizes the importance of the physicochemical properties of the environment on soil heavy metal toxicity and on soil toxicological measurements. These properties must be characterized in soil toxicological studies with respect to (1) their interactions with heavy metals, and (2) their direct impact on the selected biological test. The measurement of pCu2+ to characterize the level of soil contamination and of lag period as a bioindicator of metal effects in the soil are recognized as useful tools for the evaluation of the biological quality of soils.
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Methven L, McBride M, Wallace GA, McGrath JC. The alpha 1B/D-adrenoceptor knockout mouse permits isolation of the vascular alpha 1A-adrenoceptor and elucidates its relationship to the other subtypes. Br J Pharmacol 2009; 158:209-24. [PMID: 19572943 PMCID: PMC2795267 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2009.00269.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2008] [Revised: 01/30/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Mesenteric and carotid arteries from the alpha(1B/D)-adrenoceptor knockout (alpha(1B/D)-KO) were employed to isolate alpha(1A)-adrenoceptor pharmacology and location and to reveal these features in the wild-type (WT) mouse. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Functional pharmacology by wire myography and receptor localization by confocal microscopy, using the fluorescent alpha(1)-adrenoceptor ligand BODIPY FL-Prazosin (QAPB), on mesenteric (an 'alpha(1A)-adrenoceptor' tissue) and carotid (an 'alpha(1D)-adrenoceptor' tissue) arteries. KEY RESULTS Alpha(1B/D)-KO mesenteric arteries showed straightforward alpha(1A)-adrenoceptor agonist/antagonist pharmacology. WT had complex pharmacology with alpha(1A)- and alpha(1D)-adrenoceptor components. alpha(1B/D)-KO had a larger alpha(1A)-adrenoceptor response suggesting compensatory up-regulation: no increase in fluorescent ligand binding suggests up-regulation of signalling. alpha(1B/D)-KO carotid arteries had low efficacy alpha(1A)-adrenoceptor responses. WT had complex pharmacology consistent with co-activation of all three subtypes. Fluorescent binding had straightforward alpha(1A)-adrenoceptor characteristics in both arteries of alpha(1B/D)-KO. Fluorescent binding varied between cells in relative intracellular and surface distribution. Total fluorescence was reduced in the alpha(1B/D)-KO due to fewer smooth muscle cells showing fluorescent binding. WT binding was greater and sensitive to alpha(1A)- and alpha(1D)-adrenoceptor antagonists. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS The straightforward pharmacology and fluorescent binding in the alpha(1B/D)-KO was used to interpret the properties of the alpha(1A)-adrenoceptor in the WT. Reduced total fluorescence in alpha(1B/D)-KO arteries, despite a clear difference in the functionally dominant subtype, indicates that measurement of receptor protein is unlikely to correlate with function. Fewer cells bound QAPB in the alpha(1B/D)-KO suggesting different cellular phenotypes of alpha(1A)-adrenoceptor exist. The alpha(1B/D)-KO provides robust assays for the alpha(1A)-adrenoceptor and takes us closer to understanding multi-receptor subtype interactions.
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MESH Headings
- Adrenergic Agonists/pharmacology
- Adrenergic Antagonists/pharmacology
- Adrenergic alpha-1 Receptor Agonists
- Animals
- Carotid Arteries/drug effects
- Carotid Arteries/physiology
- Male
- Mesenteric Arteries/drug effects
- Mesenteric Arteries/physiology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/physiology
- Protein Subunits/classification
- Protein Subunits/physiology
- Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha-1/classification
- Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha-1/deficiency
- Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha-1/physiology
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Comparative Study |
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22
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Coker RJ, Nieman R, McBride M, Mitchell DM, Harris JR, Weber JN. Co-trimoxazole versus dapsone-pyrimethamine for prevention of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. Lancet 1992; 340:1099. [PMID: 1357487 DOI: 10.1016/0140-6736(92)93120-c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Clinical Trial |
33 |
16 |
23
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Rassekh SR, Lorenzi M, Lee L, Devji S, McBride M, Goddard K. Reclassification of ICD-9 Codes into Meaningful Categories for Oncology Survivorship Research. J Cancer Epidemiol 2010; 2010:569517. [PMID: 21234317 PMCID: PMC3018640 DOI: 10.1155/2010/569517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2010] [Accepted: 11/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. The International Classification of Disease, ninth revision (ICD-9) is designed to code disease into categories which are placed into administrative databases. These databases have been used for epidemiological studies. However, the categories used in the ICD9-codes are not always the most effective for evaluating specific diseases or their outcomes, such as the outcomes of cancer treatment. Therefore a re-classification of the ICD-9 codes into new categories specific to cancer outcomes is needed. Methods. An expert panel comprised of two physicians created broad categories that would be most useful to researchers investigating outcomes and morbidities associated with the treatment of cancer. A Senior Data Coordinator with expertise in ICD-9 coding, then joined this panel and each code was re-classified into the new categories. Results. Consensus was achieved for the categories to go from the 17 categories in ICD-9 to 39 categories. The ICD-9 Codes were placed into new categories, and subcategories were also created for more specific outcomes. The results of this re-classification is available in tabular form. Conclusions. ICD-9 codes were re-classified by group consensus into categories that are designed for oncology survivorship research. The novel re-classification system can be used by those involved in cancer survivorship research.
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other |
15 |
13 |
24
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O'Doherty S, Revans A, Smith CL, McBride M, Cookek M. Determination ofcis- andtrans- 3-hydroxycotinine by high performance liquid chromatography. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1988. [DOI: 10.1002/jhrc.1240111008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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37 |
12 |
25
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McBride M, Mosunic CB, Barron GHW, Radlinsky MG, Frank PM, Carmichael KP, Moore PA, Roberts RE, Divers SJ. Successful treatment of a retrobulbar adenocarcinoma in a ferret (Mustela putorius furo). Vet Rec 2009; 165:206-8. [PMID: 19684347 DOI: 10.1136/vr.165.7.206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Case Reports |
16 |
10 |