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Cruikshank DP, Materese CK, Pendleton YJ, Boston PJ, Grundy WM, Schmitt B, Lisse CM, Runyon KD, Keane JT, Beyer RA, Summers ME, Scipioni F, Stern SA, Dalle Ore CM, Olkin CB, Young LA, Ennico K, Weaver HA, Bray VJ. Prebiotic Chemistry of Pluto. Astrobiology 2019;19:831-848. [PMID: 30907634 DOI: 10.1089/ast.2018.1927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]

Abstract

We present the case for the presence of complex organic molecules, such as amino acids and nucleobases, formed by abiotic processes on the surface and in near-subsurface regions of Pluto. Pluto's surface is tinted with a range of non-ice substances with colors ranging from light yellow to red to dark brown; the colors match those of laboratory organic residues called tholins. Tholins are broadly characterized as complex, macromolecular organic solids consisting of a network of aromatic structures connected by aliphatic bridging units (e.g., Imanaka et al., 2004; Materese et al., 2014, 2015). The synthesis of tholins in planetary atmospheres and in surface ices has been explored in numerous laboratory experiments, and both gas- and solid-phase varieties are found on Pluto. A third variety of tholins, exposed at a site of tectonic surface fracturing called Virgil Fossae, appears to have come from a reservoir in the subsurface. Eruptions of tholin-laden liquid H₂O from a subsurface aqueous repository appear to have covered portions of Virgil Fossae and its surroundings with a uniquely colored deposit (D.P. Cruikshank, personal communication) that is geographically correlated with an exposure of H₂O ice that includes spectroscopically detected NH₃ (C.M. Dalle Ore, personal communication). The subsurface organic material could have been derived from presolar or solar nebula processes, or might have formed in situ. Photolysis and radiolysis of a mixture of ices relevant to Pluto's surface composition (N₂, CH₄, CO) have produced strongly colored, complex organics with a significant aromatic content having a high degree of nitrogen substitution similar to the aromatic heterocycles pyrimidine and purine (Materese et al., 2014, 2015; Cruikshank et al., 2016). Experiments with pyrimidines and purines frozen in H₂O-NH₃ ice resulted in the formation of numerous nucleobases, including the biologically relevant guanine, cytosine, adenine, uracil, and thymine (Materese et al., 2017). The red material associated with the H₂O ice may contain nucleobases resulting from energetic processing on Pluto's surface or in the interior. Some other Kuiper Belt objects also exhibit red colors similar to those found on Pluto and may therefore carry similar inventories of complex organic materials. The widespread and ubiquitous nature of similarly complex organic materials observed in a variety of astronomical settings drives the need for additional laboratory and modeling efforts to explain the origin and evolution of organic molecules. Pluto observations reveal complex organics on a small body that remains close to its place of origin in the outermost regions of the Solar System.

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Stern SA, Weaver HA, Spencer JR, Olkin CB, Gladstone GR, Grundy WM, Moore JM, Cruikshank DP, Elliott HA, McKinnon WB, Parker JW, Verbiscer AJ, Young LA, Aguilar DA, Albers JM, Andert T, Andrews JP, Bagenal F, Banks ME, Bauer BA, Bauman JA, Bechtold KE, Beddingfield CB, Behrooz N, Beisser KB, Benecchi SD, Bernardoni E, Beyer RA, Bhaskaran S, Bierson CJ, Binzel RP, Birath EM, Bird MK, Boone DR, Bowman AF, Bray VJ, Britt DT, Brown LE, Buckley MR, Buie MW, Buratti BJ, Burke LM, Bushman SS, Carcich B, Chaikin AL, Chavez CL, Cheng AF, Colwell EJ, Conard SJ, Conner MP, Conrad CA, Cook JC, Cooper SB, Custodio OS, Dalle Ore CM, Deboy CC, Dharmavaram P, Dhingra RD, Dunn GF, Earle AM, Egan AF, Eisig J, El-Maarry MR, Engelbrecht C, Enke BL, Ercol CJ, Fattig ED, Ferrell CL, Finley TJ, Firer J, Fischetti J, Folkner WM, Fosbury MN, Fountain GH, Freeze JM, Gabasova L, Glaze LS, Green JL, Griffith GA, Guo Y, Hahn M, Hals DW, Hamilton DP, Hamilton SA, Hanley JJ, Harch A, Harmon KA, Hart HM, Hayes J, Hersman CB, Hill ME, Hill TA, Hofgartner JD, Holdridge ME, Horányi M, Hosadurga A, Howard AD, Howett CJA, Jaskulek SE, Jennings DE, Jensen JR, Jones MR, Kang HK, Katz DJ, Kaufmann DE, Kavelaars JJ, Keane JT, Keleher GP, Kinczyk M, Kochte MC, Kollmann P, Krimigis SM, Kruizinga GL, Kusnierkiewicz DY, Lahr MS, Lauer TR, Lawrence GB, Lee JE, Lessac-Chenen EJ, Linscott IR, Lisse CM, Lunsford AW, Mages DM, Mallder VA, Martin NP, May BH, McComas DJ, McNutt RL, Mehoke DS, Mehoke TS, Nelson DS, Nguyen HD, Núñez JI, Ocampo AC, Owen WM, Oxton GK, Parker AH, Pätzold M, Pelgrift JY, Pelletier FJ, Pineau JP, Piquette MR, Porter SB, Protopapa S, Quirico E, Redfern JA, Regiec AL, Reitsema HJ, Reuter DC, Richardson DC, Riedel JE, Ritterbush MA, Robbins SJ, Rodgers DJ, Rogers GD, Rose DM, Rosendall PE, Runyon KD, Ryschkewitsch MG, Saina MM, Salinas MJ, Schenk PM, Scherrer JR, Schlei WR, Schmitt B, Schultz DJ, Schurr DC, Scipioni F, Sepan RL, Shelton RG, Showalter MR, Simon M, Singer KN, Stahlheber EW, Stanbridge DR, Stansberry JA, Steffl AJ, Strobel DF, Stothoff MM, Stryk T, Stuart JR, Summers ME, Tapley MB, Taylor A, Taylor HW, Tedford RM, Throop HB, Turner LS, Umurhan OM, Van Eck J, Velez D, Versteeg MH, Vincent MA, Webbert RW, Weidner SE, Weigle GE, Wendel JR, White OL, Whittenburg KE, Williams BG, Williams KE, Williams SP, Winters HL, Zangari AM, Zurbuchen TH. Initial results from the New Horizons exploration of 2014 MU₆₉, a small Kuiper Belt object. Science 2019;364:364/6441/eaaw9771. [PMID: 31097641 DOI: 10.1126/science.aaw9771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]

Affiliation(s)

S A Stern Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302, USA.
H A Weaver Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
J R Spencer Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
C B Olkin Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
G R Gladstone Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78238, USA
W M Grundy Lowell Observatory, Flagstaff, AZ 86001, USA
J M Moore NASA Ames Research Center, Space Science Division, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
D P Cruikshank NASA Ames Research Center, Space Science Division, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
H A Elliott Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78238, USA.,Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Texas, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA
W B McKinnon Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences and McDonnell Center for the Space Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
J Wm Parker Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
A J Verbiscer Department of Astronomy, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
L A Young Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
D A Aguilar Independent consultant, Carbondale, CO 81623, USA
J M Albers Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
T Andert Universität der Bundeswehr München, Neubiberg 85577, Germany
J P Andrews Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
F Bagenal Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80303, USA
M E Banks NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
B A Bauer Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
J A Bauman KinetX Aerospace, Tempe, AZ 85284, USA
K E Bechtold Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
C B Beddingfield NASA Ames Research Center, Space Science Division, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA.,SETI Institute, Mountain View, CA 94043, USA
N Behrooz Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
K B Beisser Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
S D Benecchi Planetary Science Institute, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA
E Bernardoni Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80303, USA
R A Beyer NASA Ames Research Center, Space Science Division, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA.,SETI Institute, Mountain View, CA 94043, USA
S Bhaskaran Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
C J Bierson Earth and Planetary Science Department, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
R P Binzel Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
E M Birath Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
M K Bird Argelander-Institut für Astronomie, University of Bonn, Bonn D-53121, Germany.,Rheinisches Institut für Umweltforschung, Universität zu Köln, Cologne 50931, Germany
D R Boone Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
A F Bowman Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
V J Bray Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
D T Britt Department of Physics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA
L E Brown Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
M R Buckley Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
M W Buie Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
B J Buratti Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
L M Burke Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
S S Bushman Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
B Carcich Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA.,Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
A L Chaikin Independent science writer, Arlington, VT 05250, USA
C L Chavez NASA Ames Research Center, Space Science Division, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA.,SETI Institute, Mountain View, CA 94043, USA
A F Cheng Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
E J Colwell Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
S J Conard Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
M P Conner Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
C A Conrad Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
J C Cook Pinhead Institute, Telluride, CO 81435, USA
S B Cooper Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
O S Custodio Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
C M Dalle Ore NASA Ames Research Center, Space Science Division, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA.,SETI Institute, Mountain View, CA 94043, USA
C C Deboy Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
P Dharmavaram Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
R D Dhingra University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844, USA
G F Dunn Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78238, USA
A M Earle Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
A F Egan Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
J Eisig Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
M R El-Maarry Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Birkbeck, University of London, London WC1E 7HX, UK
C Engelbrecht Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
B L Enke Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
C J Ercol Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
E D Fattig Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78238, USA
C L Ferrell Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
T J Finley Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
J Firer Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
J Fischetti KinetX Aerospace, Tempe, AZ 85284, USA
W M Folkner Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
M N Fosbury Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
G H Fountain Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
J M Freeze Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
L Gabasova University Grenoble Alpes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Planétologie et d'Astrophysique de Grenoble, 38000 Grenoble, France
L S Glaze NASA Headquarters, Washington, DC 20546, USA
J L Green NASA Headquarters, Washington, DC 20546, USA
G A Griffith Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
Y Guo Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
M Hahn Rheinisches Institut für Umweltforschung, Universität zu Köln, Cologne 50931, Germany
D W Hals Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
D P Hamilton Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
S A Hamilton Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
J J Hanley Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78238, USA
A Harch Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
K A Harmon Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
H M Hart Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
J Hayes Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
C B Hersman Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
M E Hill Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
T A Hill Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
J D Hofgartner Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
M E Holdridge Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
M Horányi Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80303, USA
A Hosadurga Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
A D Howard Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
C J A Howett Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
S E Jaskulek Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
D E Jennings NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
J R Jensen Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
M R Jones Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
H K Kang Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
D J Katz Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
D E Kaufmann Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
J J Kavelaars National Research Council of Canada, Victoria, BC V9E 2E7, Canada
J T Keane Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
G P Keleher Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
M Kinczyk Marine, Earth, and Atmospheric Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
M C Kochte Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
P Kollmann Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
S M Krimigis Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
G L Kruizinga Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
D Y Kusnierkiewicz Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
M S Lahr Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
T R Lauer National Optical Astronomy Observatory, Tucson, AZ 26732, USA
G B Lawrence Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
J E Lee NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, AL 35812, USA
E J Lessac-Chenen KinetX Aerospace, Tempe, AZ 85284, USA
I R Linscott Independent consultant, Mountain View, CA 94043, USA
C M Lisse Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
A W Lunsford NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
D M Mages Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
V A Mallder Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
N P Martin Independent consultant, Crested Butte, CO 81224, USA
B H May Independent collaborator, Windlesham GU20 6YW, UK
D J McComas Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78238, USA.,Department of Astrophysical Sciences, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
R L McNutt Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
D S Mehoke Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
T S Mehoke Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
D S Nelson KinetX Aerospace, Tempe, AZ 85284, USA
H D Nguyen Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
J I Núñez Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
A C Ocampo NASA Headquarters, Washington, DC 20546, USA
W M Owen Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
G K Oxton Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
A H Parker Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
M Pätzold Rheinisches Institut für Umweltforschung, Universität zu Köln, Cologne 50931, Germany
J Y Pelgrift KinetX Aerospace, Tempe, AZ 85284, USA
F J Pelletier KinetX Aerospace, Tempe, AZ 85284, USA
J P Pineau Stellar Solutions, Palo Alto, CA 94306, USA
M R Piquette Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80303, USA
S B Porter Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
S Protopapa Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
E Quirico University Grenoble Alpes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Planétologie et d'Astrophysique de Grenoble, 38000 Grenoble, France
J A Redfern Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
A L Regiec Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
H J Reitsema Independent consultant, Holland, MI 49424, USA
D C Reuter NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
D C Richardson Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
J E Riedel Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
M A Ritterbush Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
S J Robbins Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
D J Rodgers Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
G D Rogers Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
D M Rose Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
P E Rosendall Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
K D Runyon Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
M G Ryschkewitsch Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
M M Saina Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
M J Salinas KinetX Aerospace, Tempe, AZ 85284, USA
P M Schenk Lunar and Planetary Institute, Houston, TX 77058, USA
J R Scherrer Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78238, USA
W R Schlei Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
B Schmitt University Grenoble Alpes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Planétologie et d'Astrophysique de Grenoble, 38000 Grenoble, France
D J Schultz Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
D C Schurr NASA Headquarters, Washington, DC 20546, USA
F Scipioni NASA Ames Research Center, Space Science Division, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA.,SETI Institute, Mountain View, CA 94043, USA
R L Sepan Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
R G Shelton Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
M R Showalter SETI Institute, Mountain View, CA 94043, USA
M Simon Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
K N Singer Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
E W Stahlheber Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
D R Stanbridge KinetX Aerospace, Tempe, AZ 85284, USA
J A Stansberry Space Telescope Science Institute, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
A J Steffl Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
D F Strobel Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
M M Stothoff Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78238, USA
T Stryk Roane State Community College, Oak Ridge, TN 37830, USA
J R Stuart Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
M E Summers George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA
M B Tapley Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78238, USA
A Taylor KinetX Aerospace, Tempe, AZ 85284, USA
H W Taylor Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
R M Tedford Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
H B Throop Planetary Science Institute, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA
L S Turner Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
O M Umurhan NASA Ames Research Center, Space Science Division, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA.,SETI Institute, Mountain View, CA 94043, USA
J Van Eck Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
D Velez Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
M H Versteeg Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78238, USA
M A Vincent Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
R W Webbert Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
S E Weidner Department of Astrophysical Sciences, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
G E Weigle Independent consultant, Burden, KS 67019, USA
J R Wendel NASA Headquarters, Washington, DC 20546, USA
O L White NASA Ames Research Center, Space Science Division, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA.,SETI Institute, Mountain View, CA 94043, USA
K E Whittenburg Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
B G Williams KinetX Aerospace, Tempe, AZ 85284, USA
K E Williams KinetX Aerospace, Tempe, AZ 85284, USA
S P Williams Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
H L Winters Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
A M Zangari Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
T H Zurbuchen NASA Headquarters, Washington, DC 20546, USA

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Weaver HA, Buie MW, Buratti BJ, Grundy WM, Lauer TR, Olkin CB, Parker AH, Porter SB, Showalter MR, Spencer JR, Stern SA, Verbiscer AJ, McKinnon WB, Moore JM, Robbins SJ, Schenk P, Singer KN, Barnouin OS, Cheng AF, Ernst CM, Lisse CM, Jennings DE, Lunsford AW, Reuter DC, Hamilton DP, Kaufmann DE, Ennico K, Young LA, Beyer RA, Binzel RP, Bray VJ, Chaikin AL, Cook JC, Cruikshank DP, Dalle Ore CM, Earle AM, Gladstone GR, Howett CJA, Linscott IR, Nimmo F, Parker JW, Philippe S, Protopapa S, Reitsema HJ, Schmitt B, Stryk T, Summers ME, Tsang CCC, Throop HHB, White OL, Zangari AM. The small satellites of Pluto as observed by New Horizons. Science 2016;351:aae0030. [PMID: 26989256 DOI: 10.1126/science.aae0030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]

Affiliation(s)

H A Weaver Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA.
M W Buie Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
B J Buratti NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
W M Grundy Lowell Observatory, Flagstaff, AZ 86001, USA
T R Lauer National Optical Astronomy Observatory, Tucson, AZ 26732, USA
C B Olkin Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
A H Parker Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
S B Porter Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
M R Showalter SETI Institute, Mountain View, CA 94043, USA
J R Spencer Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
S A Stern Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
A J Verbiscer Department of Astronomy, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
W B McKinnon Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
J M Moore Space Science Division, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
S J Robbins Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
P Schenk Lunar and Planetary Institute, Houston, TX 77058, USA
K N Singer Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
O S Barnouin Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
A F Cheng Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
C M Ernst Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
C M Lisse Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
D E Jennings NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
A W Lunsford NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
D C Reuter NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
D P Hamilton Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
D E Kaufmann Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
K Ennico Space Science Division, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
L A Young Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
R A Beyer SETI Institute, Mountain View, CA 94043, USA. Space Science Division, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
R P Binzel Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
V J Bray University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
A L Chaikin Independent science writer, Arlington, VT, USA
J C Cook Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
D P Cruikshank Space Science Division, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
C M Dalle Ore Space Science Division, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
A M Earle University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
G R Gladstone Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78238, USA
C J A Howett Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
I R Linscott Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
F Nimmo University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
J Wm Parker Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
S Philippe Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IPAG, F-38000 Grenoble, France
S Protopapa Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
H J Reitsema Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
B Schmitt Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IPAG, F-38000 Grenoble, France
T Stryk Roane State Community College, Oak Ridge, TN 37830, USA
M E Summers George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA
C C C Tsang Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
H H B Throop Planetary Science Institute, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA
O L White Space Science Division, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
A M Zangari Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302, USA

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Gladstone GR, Stern SA, Ennico K, Olkin CB, Weaver HA, Young LA, Summers ME, Strobel DF, Hinson DP, Kammer JA, Parker AH, Steffl AJ, Linscott IR, Parker JW, Cheng AF, Slater DC, Versteeg MH, Greathouse TK, Retherford KD, Throop H, Cunningham NJ, Woods WW, Singer KN, Tsang CCC, Schindhelm E, Lisse CM, Wong ML, Yung YL, Zhu X, Curdt W, Lavvas P, Young EF, Tyler GL, Bagenal F, Grundy WM, McKinnon WB, Moore JM, Spencer JR, Andert T, Andrews J, Banks M, Bauer B, Bauman J, Barnouin OS, Bedini P, Beisser K, Beyer RA, Bhaskaran S, Binzel RP, Birath E, Bird M, Bogan DJ, Bowman A, Bray VJ, Brozovic M, Bryan C, Buckley MR, Buie MW, Buratti BJ, Bushman SS, Calloway A, Carcich B, Conard S, Conrad CA, Cook JC, Cruikshank DP, Custodio OS, Ore CMD, Deboy C, Dischner ZJB, Dumont P, Earle AM, Elliott HA, Ercol J, Ernst CM, Finley T, Flanigan SH, Fountain G, Freeze MJ, Green JL, Guo Y, Hahn M, Hamilton DP, Hamilton SA, Hanley J, Harch A, Hart HM, Hersman CB, Hill A, Hill ME, Holdridge ME, Horanyi M, Howard AD, Howett CJA, Jackman C, Jacobson RA, Jennings DE, Kang HK, Kaufmann DE, Kollmann P, Krimigis SM, Kusnierkiewicz D, Lauer TR, Lee JE, Lindstrom KL, Lunsford AW, Mallder VA, Martin N, McComas DJ, McNutt RL, Mehoke D, Mehoke T, Melin ED, Mutchler M, Nelson D, Nimmo F, Nunez JI, Ocampo A, Owen WM, Paetzold M, Page B, Pelletier F, Peterson J, Pinkine N, Piquette M, Porter SB, Protopapa S, Redfern J, Reitsema HJ, Reuter DC, Roberts JH, Robbins SJ, Rogers G, Rose D, Runyon K, Ryschkewitsch MG, Schenk P, Sepan B, Showalter MR, Soluri M, Stanbridge D, Stryk T, Szalay JR, Tapley M, Taylor A, Taylor H, Umurhan OM, Verbiscer AJ, Versteeg MH, Vincent M, Webbert R, Weidner S, Weigle GE, White OL, Whittenburg K, Williams BG, Williams K, Williams S, Zangari AM, Zirnstein E. The atmosphere of Pluto as observed by New Horizons. Science 2016;351:aad8866. [PMID: 26989258 DOI: 10.1126/science.aad8866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]

Allen M, Sherwood Lollar B, Runnegar B, Oehler DZ, Lyons JR, Manning CE, Summers ME. Is Mars alive? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2006eo410001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]

Saur J, Neubauer FM, Strobel DF, Summers ME. Interpretation of Galileo's Io plasma and field observations: I0, I24, and I27 flybys and close polar passes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2001ja005067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]

Englert CR, Schimpf B, Birk M, Schreier F, Krocka M, Nitsche RG, Titz RU, Summers ME. The 2.5 THz heterodyne spectrometer THOMAS: Measurement of OH in the middle atmosphere and comparison with photochemical model results. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/2000jd900305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]

Saur J, Neubauer FM, Strobel DF, Summers ME. Three-dimensional plasma simulation of Io's interaction with the Io plasma torus: Asymmetric plasma flow. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1029/1999ja900304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]

Summers ME. Vertical Couplings. Science 1999. [DOI: 10.1126/science.284.5421.1783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]

Bacmeister JT, Siskind DE, Summers ME, Eckermann SD. Age of air in a zonally averaged two-dimensional model. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1029/98jd00277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]

Summers ME, Siskind DE, Bacmeister JT, Conway RR, Zasadil SE, Strobel DF. Seasonal variation of middle atmospheric CH4and H2O with a new chemical-dynamical model. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1029/96jd02971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]

Bacmeister JT, Schoeberl MR, Summers ME, Rosenfield JR, Zhu X. Descent of long-lived trace gases in the winter polar vortex. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1029/94jd02958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]

Zhu X, Summers ME, Strobel DF. Calculation of CO215-μm band atmospheric cooling rates by Curtis matrix interpolation of correlated-kcoefficients. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1029/92jd01311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]

Bevilacqua RM, Strobel DF, Summers ME, Olivero JJ, Allen M. The seasonal variation of water vapor and ozone in the upper mesosphere: Implications for vertical transport and ozone photochemistry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1990. [DOI: 10.1029/jd095id01p00883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]

Strobel DF, Summers ME, Bevilacqua RM, DeLand MT, Allen M. Vertical constituent transport in the mesosphere. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1987. [DOI: 10.1029/jd092id06p06691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]