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Mooney B, Negri GL, Shyp T, Delaidelli A, Zhang HF, Spencer Miko SE, Weiner AK, Radaoui AB, Shraim R, Lizardo MM, Hughes CS, Li A, El-Naggar AM, Rouleau M, Li W, Dimitrov DS, Kurmasheva RT, Houghton PJ, Diskin SJ, Maris JM, Morin GB, Sorensen PH. Surface and Global Proteome Analyses Identify ENPP1 and Other Surface Proteins as Actionable Immunotherapeutic Targets in Ewing Sarcoma. Clin Cancer Res 2024; 30:1022-1037. [PMID: 37812652 PMCID: PMC10905525 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-23-2187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Ewing sarcoma is the second most common bone sarcoma in children, with 1 case per 1.5 million in the United States. Although the survival rate of patients diagnosed with localized disease is approximately 70%, this decreases to approximately 30% for patients with metastatic disease and only approximately 10% for treatment-refractory disease, which have not changed for decades. Therefore, new therapeutic strategies are urgently needed for metastatic and refractory Ewing sarcoma. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN This study analyzed 19 unique Ewing sarcoma patient- or cell line-derived xenografts (from 14 primary and 5 metastatic specimens) using proteomics to identify surface proteins for potential immunotherapeutic targeting. Plasma membranes were enriched using density gradient ultracentrifugation and compared with a reference standard of 12 immortalized non-Ewing sarcoma cell lines prepared in a similar manner. In parallel, global proteome analysis was carried out on each model to complement the surfaceome data. All models were analyzed by Tandem Mass Tags-based mass spectrometry to quantify identified proteins. RESULTS The surfaceome and global proteome analyses identified 1,131 and 1,030 annotated surface proteins, respectively. Among surface proteins identified, both approaches identified known Ewing sarcoma-associated proteins, including IL1RAP, CD99, STEAP1, and ADGRG2, and many new cell surface targets, including ENPP1 and CDH11. Robust staining of ENPP1 was demonstrated in Ewing sarcoma tumors compared with other childhood sarcomas and normal tissues. CONCLUSIONS Our comprehensive proteomic characterization of the Ewing sarcoma surfaceome provides a rich resource of surface-expressed proteins in Ewing sarcoma. This dataset provides the preclinical justification for exploration of targets such as ENPP1 for potential immunotherapeutic application in Ewing sarcoma. See related commentary by Bailey, p. 934.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Mooney
- Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Gian Luca Negri
- Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Taras Shyp
- Department of Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Alberto Delaidelli
- Department of Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Hai-Feng Zhang
- Department of Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Sandra E. Spencer Miko
- Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Amber K. Weiner
- Division of Oncology and Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Alexander B. Radaoui
- Division of Oncology and Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Rawan Shraim
- Division of Oncology and Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Michael M. Lizardo
- Department of Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Christopher S. Hughes
- Department of Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Amy Li
- Department of Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Amal M. El-Naggar
- Department of Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Melanie Rouleau
- Department of Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Wei Li
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Center for Antibody Therapeutics, University of Pittsburgh Medical School, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Dimiter S. Dimitrov
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Center for Antibody Therapeutics, University of Pittsburgh Medical School, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Raushan T. Kurmasheva
- Greehey Children's Cancer Research Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Peter J. Houghton
- Greehey Children's Cancer Research Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Sharon J. Diskin
- Division of Oncology and Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - John M. Maris
- Division of Oncology and Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Gregg B. Morin
- Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Poul H. Sorensen
- Department of Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Turgu B, El‐Naggar A, Kogler M, Tortola L, Zhang H, Hassan M, Lizardo MM, Kung SHY, Lam W, Penninger JM, Sorensen PH. The HACE1 E3 ligase mediates RAC1-dependent control of mTOR signaling complexes. EMBO Rep 2023; 24:e56815. [PMID: 37846480 PMCID: PMC10702814 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202356815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023] Open
Abstract
HACE1 is a HECT family E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase with broad but incompletely understood tumor suppressor activity. Here, we report a previously unrecognized link between HACE1 and signaling complexes containing mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). HACE1 blocks mTORC1 and mTORC2 activities by reducing mTOR stability in an E3 ligase-dependent manner. Mechanistically, HACE1 binds to and ubiquitylates Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1 (RAC1) when RAC1 is associated with mTOR complexes, including at focal adhesions, leading to proteasomal degradation of RAC1. This in turn decreases the stability of mTOR to reduce mTORC1 and mTORC2 activity. HACE1 deficient cells show enhanced mTORC1/2 activity, which is reversed by chemical or genetic RAC1 inactivation but not in cells expressing the HACE1-insensitive mutant, RAC1K147R . In vivo, Rac1 deletion reverses enhanced mTOR expression in KRasG12D -driven lung tumors of Hace1-/- mice. HACE1 co-localizes with mTOR and RAC1, resulting in RAC1-dependent loss of mTOR protein stability. Together, our data demonstrate that HACE1 destabilizes mTOR by targeting RAC1 within mTOR-associated complexes, revealing a unique ubiquitin-dependent process to control the activity of mTOR signaling complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Busra Turgu
- Department of Molecular OncologyBritish Columbia Cancer Research CentreVancouverBCCanada
- Faculty of MedicineUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBCCanada
| | - Amal El‐Naggar
- Department of Molecular OncologyBritish Columbia Cancer Research CentreVancouverBCCanada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory MedicineUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBCCanada
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of MedicineMenoufia UniversityShibin El KomEgypt
| | - Melanie Kogler
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of SciencesViennaAustria
| | - Luigi Tortola
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of SciencesViennaAustria
- Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Health SciencesETH ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Hai‐Feng Zhang
- Department of Molecular OncologyBritish Columbia Cancer Research CentreVancouverBCCanada
| | - Mariam Hassan
- Department of Molecular OncologyBritish Columbia Cancer Research CentreVancouverBCCanada
| | - Michael M Lizardo
- Department of Molecular OncologyBritish Columbia Cancer Research CentreVancouverBCCanada
| | - Sonia HY Kung
- Department of Urological Sciences, Vancouver Prostate CentreUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBCCanada
| | - Wan Lam
- Department of Molecular OncologyBritish Columbia Cancer Research CentreVancouverBCCanada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory MedicineUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBCCanada
| | - Josef M Penninger
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of SciencesViennaAustria
- Department of Medical Genetics, Life Sciences InstituteUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBCCanada
- Department of Laboratory MedicineMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
- Helmholtz Centre for Infection ResearchBraunschweigGermany
| | - Poul H Sorensen
- Department of Molecular OncologyBritish Columbia Cancer Research CentreVancouverBCCanada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory MedicineUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBCCanada
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Ramos L, Truong S, Zhai B, Joshi J, Ghaidi F, Lizardo MM, Shyp T, Kung SH, Rezakhanlou AM, Oo HZ, Adomat H, Le Bihan S, Collins C, Bacha J, Brown D, Langlands J, Shen W, Lallous N, Sorensen PH, Daugaard M. A Bifunctional PARP-HDAC Inhibitor with Activity in Ewing Sarcoma. Clin Cancer Res 2023; 29:3541-3553. [PMID: 37279093 PMCID: PMC10472104 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-22-3897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibition has been shown to induce pharmacologic "BRCAness" in cancer cells with proficient DNA repair activity. This provides a rationale for exploring combination treatments with HDAC and PARP inhibition in cancer types that are insensitive to single-agent PARP inhibitors (PARPi). Here, we report the concept and characterization of a novel bifunctional PARPi (kt-3283) with dual activity toward PARP1/2 and HDAC enzymes in Ewing sarcoma cells. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Inhibition of PARP1/2 and HDAC was measured using PARP1/2, HDAC activity, and PAR formation assays. Cytotoxicity was assessed by IncuCyte live cell imaging, CellTiter-Glo, and spheroid assays. Cell-cycle profiles were determined using propidium iodide staining and flow cytometry. DNA damage was examined by γH2AX expression and comet assay. Inhibition of metastatic potential by kt-3283 was evaluated via ex vivo pulmonary metastasis assay (PuMA). RESULTS Compared with FDA-approved PARP (olaparib) and HDAC (vorinostat) inhibitors, kt-3283 displayed enhanced cytotoxicity in Ewing sarcoma models. The kt-3283-induced cytotoxicity was associated with strong S and G2-M cell-cycle arrest in nanomolar concentration range and elevated DNA damage as assessed by γH2AX tracking and comet assays. In three-dimensional spheroid models of Ewing sarcoma, kt-3283 showed efficacy in lower concentrations than olaparib and vorinostat, and kt-3283 inhibited colonization of Ewing sarcoma cells in the ex vivo PuMA model. CONCLUSIONS Our data demonstrate the preclinical justification for studying the benefit of dual PARP and HDAC inhibition in the treatment of Ewing sarcoma in a clinical trial and provides proof-of-concept for a bifunctional single-molecule therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Ramos
- Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Rakovina Therapeutics, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Sarah Truong
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Rakovina Therapeutics, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Beibei Zhai
- Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Rakovina Therapeutics, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jay Joshi
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Rakovina Therapeutics, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Fariba Ghaidi
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Rakovina Therapeutics, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | - Taras Shyp
- BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Sonia H.Y. Kung
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | - Htoo Zarni Oo
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Hans Adomat
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | - Colin Collins
- Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jeffrey Bacha
- Rakovina Therapeutics, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Dennis Brown
- Rakovina Therapeutics, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - John Langlands
- Rakovina Therapeutics, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Wang Shen
- Rakovina Therapeutics, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Nada Lallous
- Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Poul H. Sorensen
- BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Mads Daugaard
- Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Rakovina Therapeutics, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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4
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Zhang HF, Delaidelli A, Javed S, Turgu B, Morrison T, Hughes CS, Yang X, Pachva M, Lizardo MM, Singh G, Hoffmann J, Huang YZ, Patel K, Shraim R, Kung SH, Morin GB, Aparicio S, Martinez D, Maris JM, Bosse KR, Williams KC, Sorensen PH. A MYCN-independent mechanism mediating secretome reprogramming and metastasis in MYCN-amplified neuroblastoma. Sci Adv 2023; 9:eadg6693. [PMID: 37611092 PMCID: PMC10446492 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adg6693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
MYCN amplification (MNA) is a defining feature of high-risk neuroblastoma (NB) and predicts poor prognosis. However, whether genes within or in close proximity to the MYCN amplicon also contribute to MNA+ NB remains poorly understood. Here, we identify that GREB1, a transcription factor encoding gene neighboring the MYCN locus, is frequently coexpressed with MYCN and promotes cell survival in MNA+ NB. GREB1 controls gene expression independently of MYCN, among which we uncover myosin 1B (MYO1B) as being highly expressed in MNA+ NB and, using a chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) model, as a crucial regulator of invasion and metastasis. Global secretome and proteome profiling further delineates MYO1B in regulating secretome reprogramming in MNA+ NB cells, and the cytokine MIF as an important pro-invasive and pro-metastatic mediator of MYO1B activity. Together, we have identified a putative GREB1-MYO1B-MIF axis as an unconventional mechanism promoting aggressive behavior in MNA+ NB and independently of MYCN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Feng Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T1Z4, Canada
- Department of Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC V5Z1L3, Canada
| | - Alberto Delaidelli
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T1Z4, Canada
- Department of Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC V5Z1L3, Canada
| | - Sumreen Javed
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Busra Turgu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T1Z4, Canada
- Department of Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC V5Z1L3, Canada
| | - Taylor Morrison
- Department of Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC V5Z1L3, Canada
| | - Christopher S. Hughes
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T1Z4, Canada
- Department of Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC V5Z1L3, Canada
| | - Xiaqiu Yang
- Department of Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC V5Z1L3, Canada
| | - Manideep Pachva
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T1Z4, Canada
- Department of Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC V5Z1L3, Canada
| | - Michael M. Lizardo
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T1Z4, Canada
- Department of Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC V5Z1L3, Canada
| | - Gurdeep Singh
- Department of Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC V5Z1L3, Canada
| | - Jennifer Hoffmann
- Division of Oncology and Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Yue Zhou Huang
- Department of Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC V5Z1L3, Canada
| | - Khushbu Patel
- Division of Oncology and Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Rawan Shraim
- Division of Oncology and Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | | | - Gregg B. Morin
- Canada’s Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, Vancouver, BC V5Z4S6, Canada
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T1Z4, Canada
| | - Samuel Aparicio
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T1Z4, Canada
- Department of Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC V5Z1L3, Canada
| | - Daniel Martinez
- Division of Oncology and Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - John M. Maris
- Division of Oncology and Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Kristopher R. Bosse
- Division of Oncology and Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Karla C. Williams
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Poul H. Sorensen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T1Z4, Canada
- Department of Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC V5Z1L3, Canada
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Truong S, Ramos L, Zhai B, Joshi J, Ghaidi F, Lizardo MM, Shyp T, Langlands J, Brown D, Bacha J, Sorensen P, Shen W, Daugaard M. Abstract 6194: A bifunctional inhibitor of PARP and HDAC enzymes with activity in Ewing sarcoma 3D spheroid and metastasis models. Cancer Res 2023. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2023-6194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Introduction: Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) plays a major role in DNA repair and PARP inhibitors (PARPi) have shown promise in pre-clinical studies for the treatment of Ewing sarcoma (ES). While a clinical trial using olaparib as a single agent failed to show significant response against ES, combination therapies with PARPi have emerged as an area of interest. Deacetylation of histones, controlled by histone deacetylases (HDACs) is a key regulatory event in DNA repair and inhibition of HDACs has been shown to reduce ES tumor growth in vitro and in vivo. PARP inhibition combined with HDAC inhibition has demonstrated enhanced efficacy in pre-clinical studies in various tumor indications, and a clinical trial of olaparib and vorinostat combination therapy against metastatic breast cancer is currently ongoing. However, combination therapies can be limited in clinical utility due to overlapping toxicities and different pharmacokinetic profiles. Here, we report the efficacy of a novel bifunctional small-molecule compound, kt-3283, designed to have both PARP and HDAC inhibitory activities.
Materials and methods: PARP1 and PARP2 activity were measured using Trevigen Universal Colorimetric PARP Assay Kit, BPS Bioscience PARP2 Colorimetric PARP2 Assay Kit, and PARylation assay. HDAC activity was measured using HeLa cell nuclear extracts and a fluorogenic peptide-based biochemical assay. Cell survival EC50s were determined using live cell imaging with an Incucyte® S3 system and CellTiter Glo viability assay. Cell cycle analysis was performed by flow cytometry with propidium iodide staining. DNA damage was investigated by western blot, immunofluorescence, and comet assay. Spheroid assays were performed using the Incucyte® S3 spheroid analysis module and inhibition of metastases was assessed in a PUMA ES mouse model.
Results and discussion: Kt-3283 showed potent inhibition of PARP1/2 activity and PAR synthesis with IC50 values comparable to olaparib. Kt-3283 also showed inhibition of HDACs with an IC50 value in the low µM range. Cell survival EC50 values for the compound were also superior to those of olaparib and vorinostat in ES cell lines. Cell cycle and DNA damage analyses indicated S/G2/M cell cycle arrest and strong DNA damage upon treatment with kt-3283 at lower concentration range compared to olaparib and vorinostat. This compound also exhibited potent inhibition of 3D spheroid growth of ES cells with low µM EC50 values, and inhibited metastatic growth in a PUMA mouse model.
Conclusion: Kt-3283 shows potent inhibition of PARP1/2 and HDAC activities. It induces S and G2/M cell cycle arrest and DNA damage, and inhibits 3D spheroid growth and metastatic potential of ES cells. Further investigation of this bifunctional single-molecule inhibitor may offer a novel treatment opportunity for ES and other solid tumors with limited responses to PARPi.
Citation Format: Sarah Truong, Louise Ramos, Beibei Zhai, Jay Joshi, Fariba Ghaidi, Michael M. Lizardo, Taras Shyp, John Langlands, Dennis Brown, Jeffrey Bacha, Poul Sorensen, Wang Shen, Mads Daugaard. A bifunctional inhibitor of PARP and HDAC enzymes with activity in Ewing sarcoma 3D spheroid and metastasis models [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2023; Part 1 (Regular and Invited Abstracts); 2023 Apr 14-19; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2023;83(7_Suppl):Abstract nr 6194.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Truong
- 1Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Louise Ramos
- 1Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Beibei Zhai
- 1Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jay Joshi
- 1Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Fariba Ghaidi
- 1Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Michael M. Lizardo
- 2British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Taras Shyp
- 2British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - John Langlands
- 3Rakovina Therapeutics, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Dennis Brown
- 3Rakovina Therapeutics, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jeffrey Bacha
- 3Rakovina Therapeutics, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Poul Sorensen
- 4University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Wang Shen
- 3Rakovina Therapeutics, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Mads Daugaard
- 4University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Luo W, Zhang HF, Hoang H, Chu Y, Ayello J, Li W, Scopim-Ribeiro R, Lizardo MM, Rouleau M, Dimitrov DS, Lee DA, Sorensen PH, Cairo MS. Anti-IL1RAP Chimeric Antigen Receptor Modified Ex-Vivo Expanded TGF-Beta Imprinted Natural Killer Cells Against Ewing Sarcoma. Transplant Cell Ther 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/s2666-6367(23)00311-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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7
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Lizardo MM, Hughes C, Huang YZ, Delaidelli A, Shyp T, Zhang H, Shaool SS, Sorensen PH. Abstract A024: A potent eIF4A1/2 inhibitor CR-1-31B down-modulates the antioxidant stress response in osteosarcoma cells and inhibits in vivo lung metastases. Cancer Res 2023. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.metastasis22-a024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Background: Effective treatment of metastatic disease remains a major challenge in the improvement of patient outcomes in osteosarcoma (OS). Novel anti-metastatic therapies are needed to treat distant metastases. To this end, the current research evaluates whether targeting the dysregulated mRNA translation machinery in OS can inhibit metastases. Hypothesis: We hypothesize that mRNA translation factors present at an abnormally high abundance in OS cells support the rapid synthesis of cytoprotective proteins that are needed to survive in the oxidative stress-rich microenvironment of the lung. Experimental Approach: Databases of OS cell lines and patient tumor data (A. Sweet-Cordero, UCSF) were queried to identify mRNA translation factors with abnormal transcript levels. A limited drug screen of small molecule inhibitors (SMIs) against identified candidates was carried out to evaluate IC50 values in metastatic OS cells. A candidate inhibitor identified from these data was further characterized for synergy with chemical inducers of oxidative stress (e.g. tert-butylhydroquinone [tBHQ]) that mimics conditions encountered in the lung. Drug combination studies examined 2D and 3D tumor spheroid growth, cellular oxidative stress, and PARP-cleavage, under +/- inhibitor and +/- oxidative stress conditions. Metastatic OS cells were engineered to express an antioxidant response element (ARE)-mCherry fluorescent reporter to directly monitor the antioxidant response by fluorescence microscopy. Polysome profiling was used to assess inhibitor-mediated changes in global mRNA translation. The anti-metastatic activity of the inhibitor was tested in the ex vivo pulmonary metastasis assay (PuMA) and in in vivo metastasis models. Results: From cell and patient sample screening, eIF4A1/2 was identified as being abnormally regulated in metastatic OS cells. The SMI, CR-1-31B, specifically targets eIF4A1/2 and was found to have an IC50 of just 8 nM. CR-1-31B was found to inhibit tumor cell growth in 2D and 3D, increase cellular oxidative stress, and enhance PARP-cleavage, but only under oxidative stress conditions. Western analysis of tBHQ-treated metastatic OS cells with the ARE-mCherry reporter confirmed that the temporal expression of mCherry correlated with the upregulation of Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor-2 (Nrf2), a key transcriptional regulator of the antioxidant response. CR-1-31B blunted the upregulation of the antioxidant response in 2D and 3D tumor growth conditions with oxidative stress. CR-1-31B, in a dose-dependent manner, decreased the amount of polysomal mRNAs. CR-1-31B reduced the lung tumor burden in the ex vivo PuMA model, delayed primary tumor growth, and reduced lung metastases in in vivo xenograft OS models. Conclusions: Our data demonstrates that dysregulated mRNA translation is a metastatic vulnerability that can be exploited with SMIs. Altogether, these data support the inhibition of metastatic OS by CR-1-31B, highlighting the potential therapeutic utility of this selective translation inhibitor.
Citation Format: Michael M. Lizardo, Christopher Hughes, Yue Zhou Huang, Alberto Delaidelli, Taras Shyp, Haifeng Zhang, Sol Snir Shaool, Poul H. Sorensen. A potent eIF4A1/2 inhibitor CR-1-31B down-modulates the antioxidant stress response in osteosarcoma cells and inhibits in vivo lung metastases [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference: Cancer Metastasis; 2022 Nov 14-17; Portland, OR. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;83(2 Suppl_2):Abstract nr A024.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Taras Shyp
- 3University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada,
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8
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Zhang HF, Hughes CS, Li W, He JZ, Surdez D, El-Naggar AM, Cheng H, Prudova A, Delaidelli A, Negri GL, Li X, Ørum-Madsen MS, Lizardo MM, Oo HZ, Colborne S, Shyp T, Scopim-Ribeiro R, Hammond CA, Dhez AC, Langman S, Lim JKM, Kung SHY, Li A, Steino A, Daugaard M, Parker SJ, Geltink RIK, Orentas RJ, Xu LY, Morin GB, Delattre O, Dimitrov DS, Sorensen PH. Proteomic Screens for Suppressors of Anoikis Identify IL1RAP as a Promising Surface Target in Ewing Sarcoma. Cancer Discov 2021; 11:2884-2903. [PMID: 34021002 PMCID: PMC8563374 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-20-1690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Revised: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Cancer cells must overcome anoikis (detachment-induced death) to successfully metastasize. Using proteomic screens, we found that distinct oncoproteins upregulate IL1 receptor accessory protein (IL1RAP) to suppress anoikis. IL1RAP is directly induced by oncogenic fusions of Ewing sarcoma, a highly metastatic childhood sarcoma. IL1RAP inactivation triggers anoikis and impedes metastatic dissemination of Ewing sarcoma cells. Mechanistically, IL1RAP binds the cell-surface system Xc - transporter to enhance exogenous cystine uptake, thereby replenishing cysteine and the glutathione antioxidant. Under cystine depletion, IL1RAP induces cystathionine gamma lyase (CTH) to activate the transsulfuration pathway for de novo cysteine synthesis. Therefore, IL1RAP maintains cyst(e)ine and glutathione pools, which are vital for redox homeostasis and anoikis resistance. IL1RAP is minimally expressed in pediatric and adult normal tissues, and human anti-IL1RAP antibodies induce potent antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity of Ewing sarcoma cells. Therefore, we define IL1RAP as a new cell-surface target in Ewing sarcoma, which is potentially exploitable for immunotherapy. SIGNIFICANCE: Here, we identify cell-surface protein IL1RAP as a key driver of metastasis in Ewing sarcoma, a highly aggressive childhood sarcoma. Minimal expression in pediatric and adult normal tissues nominates IL1RAP as a promising target for immunotherapy.See related commentary by Yoon and DeNicola, p. 2679.This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 2659.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Feng Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Christopher S Hughes
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Wei Li
- Center for Antibody Therapeutics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical School, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Jian-Zhong He
- Institute of Oncologic Pathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Didier Surdez
- INSERM U830, Equipe Labellisée LNCC, Diversity and Plasticity of Childhood Tumors Lab, PSL Research University, SIREDO Oncology Centre, Institut Curie Research Centre, 75005 Paris, France
- Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Amal M El-Naggar
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Hongwei Cheng
- Department of Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Modelling and translation Laboratory, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Anna Prudova
- Department of Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Alberto Delaidelli
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Gian Luca Negri
- Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Xiaojun Li
- Department of Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | - Michael M Lizardo
- Department of Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Htoo Zarni Oo
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Shane Colborne
- Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Taras Shyp
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Renata Scopim-Ribeiro
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Colin A Hammond
- Terry Fox Laboratory, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Anne-Chloe Dhez
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Sofya Langman
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jonathan K M Lim
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Sonia H Y Kung
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Amy Li
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Anne Steino
- Department of Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Mads Daugaard
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Seth J Parker
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Ramon I Klein Geltink
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Rimas J Orentas
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington
- Department of Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Li-Yan Xu
- Institute of Oncologic Pathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Gregg B Morin
- Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Olivier Delattre
- INSERM U830, Equipe Labellisée LNCC, Diversity and Plasticity of Childhood Tumors Lab, PSL Research University, SIREDO Oncology Centre, Institut Curie Research Centre, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Dimiter S Dimitrov
- Center for Antibody Therapeutics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical School, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Poul H Sorensen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
- Department of Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Scopim-Ribeiro R, Lizardo MM, Zhang HF, Dhez AC, Hughes CS, Sorensen PH. NSG Mice Facilitate ex vivo Characterization of Ewing Sarcoma Lung Metastasis Using the PuMA Model. Front Oncol 2021; 11:645757. [PMID: 33828989 PMCID: PMC8019912 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.645757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ewing sarcoma (EwS) is a highly malignant bone and soft tissue tumor primarily affecting children and young adults. While most patients initially respond well to conventional front-line therapy, frequent metastasis results in poor 5-year overall survival rates for this disease. Accordingly, there is a critical need to develop better models to understand EwS metastasis. We and others previously used the ex vivo pulmonary metastasis assay (PuMA) to study lung metastasis in solid tumors including osteosarcoma (OS), but this technique has to date not been achievable for EwS. PuMA involves tail vein injection of fluorescent tumor cells into NOD-SCID mice, followed by their visualization in long-term cultures of tumor-bearing lung explants. Here we demonstrate successful implementation of PuMA for EwS cells using NOD-SCID-IL2 receptor gamma null (NSG) immunocompromised mice, which demonstrated high engraftment of EwS cell lines compared to NOD-SCID mice. This may be linked to immune permissiveness required by EwS cells, as increased basal cytotoxicity of EwS cells was observed in NOD-SCID compared to NSG lung sections, possibly due to the absence of natural killer (NK) cell activity in the latter. Together, our data demonstrate the utility of NSG mice for PuMA modeling of EwS lung metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hai-Feng Zhang
- Department of Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Anne-Chloé Dhez
- Department of Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | | | - Poul H Sorensen
- Department of Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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Scopim-Ribeiro R, Lizardo MM, Dhez AC, El-Naggar AM, Sorensen PH. Abstract A19: Immunologic dysfunctions of NSG mice confer higher engraftment levels of xenograft Ewing sarcoma metastasis in the PuMA model compared to NOD-SCID mice. Cancer Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.pedca19-a19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Introduction: Ewing sarcoma is characterized by expression of EWS-ETS fusion proteins generated by chromosomal translocations and comprises bone and/or soft tissue tumors affecting mainly children and young adults. The majority of patients respond well to conventional therapy, but 5-year overall survival of patients with pulmonary metastasis at diagnosis or patients with recurrence remains dismal. The pulmonary metastasis assay (PuMA) is an ex vivo lung explant system developed to study the biology of lung colonization in osteosarcoma (OS), using fluorescence microscopy. The most significant among several advantage of the PuMA model over conventional assays for metastasis is that it recapitulates the initial stages of lung colonization (detachment from primary tumor, intravasation to blood circulation, and arrest to the secondary site) and allows the assessment of antimetastatic effects of a given intervention (candidate gene knockdown or drug treatment) in a 3D microenvironment. For unknown reasons, Ewing sarcoma cell lines do not survive lung colonization using NOD-SCID mice in the PuMA model. NSG mice are generated by crossing NOD-SCID with IL2γ receptor null mice (NOD.Cg-Prkdcscid IL2rgtm1Wjl/SzJ). These further immunocompromised mice have emerged as successful models to study breast cancer and melanoma metastasis. We herein compared metastatic engraftment of Ewing sarcoma A673 cells in NOD-SCID versus NSG mice in the PUMA model.
Methods: Metastatic tumor growth was accessed using PuMA. Briefly, 1 × 106 viable A673 dTomato labeled tumor cells were injected into NOD-SCID or NSG mice via tail veins. Mice were then euthanized, chest cavities exposed, and tracheas cannulated, and PneumaCult-ALI medium (Stem Cell Tech) mixed with 1.2% agarose was infused into the lung. Lung slices of ~1-2mm from each lung lobe were incubated in 6 well plates with PneumaCult-ALI (day 0). Lung slice images were captured on days 0, 3, 7, and 14 using a Leica Stereo Microscope to evaluate tumor growth and H&E staining.
Results: In NOD-SCID mice, A673 cell did not form metastatic lesions 3 days after successful injection. In NSG mice, tumor cells were able to successfully colonize the lungs (fold change of tumor burden = 1, 1.5, and 3.2 on day 0, 3, and 7, respectively).
Conclusion: Our results show that NSG mice confer higher engraftment levels of xenografted A673 cells in PuMA assays compared to NOD-SCID. NSG and NOD-SCID mice share T- and B-cell depletion and loss of C5 complement, but NSG mice present extremely low NK activity and innate immunity. NOD-SCID may rely on functionally immature macrophages and residual NK activity to target Ewing sarcoma cells. Better understanding specific immunologic response in Ewing sarcoma patients and the mechanisms by which Ewing tumor cells evade immune system may help the development of novel therapy able to prevent advanced disease.
Citation Format: Renata Scopim-Ribeiro, Michael M. Lizardo, Anne-Chloe Dhez, Amal M. El-Naggar, Poul H. Sorensen. Immunologic dysfunctions of NSG mice confer higher engraftment levels of xenograft Ewing sarcoma metastasis in the PuMA model compared to NOD-SCID mice [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on the Advances in Pediatric Cancer Research; 2019 Sep 17-20; Montreal, QC, Canada. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(14 Suppl):Abstract nr A19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Scopim-Ribeiro
- Department of Molecular Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Michael M. Lizardo
- Department of Molecular Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Anne-Chloe Dhez
- Department of Molecular Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Amal M. El-Naggar
- Department of Molecular Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Poul H. Sorensen
- Department of Molecular Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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11
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Fan TM, Roberts RD, Lizardo MM. Understanding and Modeling Metastasis Biology to Improve Therapeutic Strategies for Combating Osteosarcoma Progression. Front Oncol 2020; 10:13. [PMID: 32082995 PMCID: PMC7006476 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.00013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma is a malignant primary tumor of bone, arising from transformed progenitor cells with osteoblastic differentiation and osteoid production. While categorized as a rare tumor, most patients diagnosed with osteosarcoma are adolescents in their second decade of life and underscores the potential for life changing consequences in this vulnerable population. In the setting of localized disease, conventional treatment for osteosarcoma affords a cure rate approaching 70%; however, survival for patients suffering from metastatic disease remain disappointing with only 20% of individuals being alive past 5 years post-diagnosis. In patients with incurable disease, pulmonary metastases remain the leading cause for osteosarcoma-associated mortality; yet identifying new strategies for combating metastatic progression remains at a scientific and clinical impasse, with no significant advancements for the past four decades. While there is resonating clinical urgency for newer and more effective treatment options for managing osteosarcoma metastases, the discovery of druggable targets and development of innovative therapies for inhibiting metastatic progression will require a deeper and more detailed understanding of osteosarcoma metastasis biology. Toward the goal of illuminating the processes involved in cancer metastasis, a convergent science approach inclusive of diverse disciplines spanning the biology and physical science domains can offer novel and synergistic perspectives, inventive, and sophisticated model systems, and disruptive experimental approaches that can accelerate the discovery and characterization of key processes operative during metastatic progression. Through the lens of trans-disciplinary research, the field of comparative oncology is uniquely positioned to advance new discoveries in metastasis biology toward impactful clinical translation through the inclusion of pet dogs diagnosed with metastatic osteosarcoma. Given the spontaneous course of osteosarcoma development in the context of real-time tumor microenvironmental cues and immune mechanisms, pet dogs are distinctively valuable in translational modeling given their faithful recapitulation of metastatic disease progression as occurs in humans. Pet dogs can be leveraged for the exploration of novel therapies that exploit tumor cell vulnerabilities, perturb local microenvironmental cues, and amplify immunologic recognition. In this capacity, pet dogs can serve as valuable corroborative models for realizing the science and best clinical practices necessary for understanding and combating osteosarcoma metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy M Fan
- Comparative Oncology Research Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Ryan D Roberts
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Disorders, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, The James Comprehensive Cancer Center at The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Michael M Lizardo
- Poul Sorensen Laboratory, Department of Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer, Part of the Provincial Health Services Authority in British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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12
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Roberts RD, Lizardo MM, Reed DR, Hingorani P, Glover J, Allen-Rhoades W, Fan T, Khanna C, Sweet-Cordero EA, Cash T, Bishop MW, Hegde M, Sertil AR, Koelsche C, Mirabello L, Malkin D, Sorensen PH, Meltzer PS, Janeway KA, Gorlick R, Crompton BD. Provocative questions in osteosarcoma basic and translational biology: A report from the Children's Oncology Group. Cancer 2019; 125:3514-3525. [PMID: 31355930 PMCID: PMC6948723 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.32351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Patients who are diagnosed with osteosarcoma (OS) today receive the same therapy that patients have received over the last 4 decades. Extensive efforts to identify more effective or less toxic regimens have proved disappointing. As we enter a postgenomic era in which we now recognize OS not as a cancer of mutations but as one defined by p53 loss, chromosomal complexity, copy number alteration, and profound heterogeneity, emerging threads of discovery leave many hopeful that an improving understanding of biology will drive discoveries that improve clinical care. Under the organization of the Bone Tumor Biology Committee of the Children's Oncology Group, a team of clinicians and scientists sought to define the state of the science and to identify questions that, if answered, have the greatest potential to drive fundamental clinical advances. Having discussed these questions in a series of meetings, each led by invited experts, we distilled these conversations into a series of seven Provocative Questions. These include questions about the molecular events that trigger oncogenesis, the genomic and epigenomic drivers of disease, the biology of lung metastasis, research models that best predict clinical outcomes, and processes for translating findings into clinical trials. Here, we briefly present each Provocative Question, review the current scientific evidence, note the immediate opportunities, and speculate on the impact that answered questions might have on the field. We do so with an intent to provide a framework around which investigators can build programs and collaborations to tackle the hardest problems and to establish research priorities for those developing policies and providing funding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan D Roberts
- Center for Childhood Cancer, Nationwide Children's Hospital, The Ohio State University James Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Michael M Lizardo
- Department of Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer, Provincial Health Services Authority, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Damon R Reed
- Sarcoma Department, Chemical Biology and Molecular Medicine Program and Adolescent and Young Adult Oncology Program, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida
| | - Pooja Hingorani
- Center for Cancer and Blood Disorders, Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Jason Glover
- Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Program, Randall Children's Hospital, Portland, Oregon
| | - Wendy Allen-Rhoades
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Hematology-Oncology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.,Texas Children's Hospital Cancer and Hematology Centers, Houston, Texas
| | - Timothy Fan
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Illinois
| | - Chand Khanna
- Ethos Vet Health, Woburn, Massachusetts.,Ethos Discovery (501c3), Washington, DC
| | - E Alejandro Sweet-Cordero
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Thomas Cash
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Michael W Bishop
- Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Meenakshi Hegde
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Aparna R Sertil
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine Phoenix, University of Arizona, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Christian Koelsche
- Department of General Pathology, Institute of Pathology, Ruprecht-Karls-University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lisa Mirabello
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - David Malkin
- Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Poul H Sorensen
- Department of Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer, Provincial Health Services Authority, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Paul S Meltzer
- Genetics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Katherine A Janeway
- Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Richard Gorlick
- Division of Pediatrics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Brian D Crompton
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, and Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts
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Lizardo MM, Sorensen PH. Practical Considerations in Studying Metastatic Lung Colonization in Osteosarcoma Using the Pulmonary Metastasis Assay. J Vis Exp 2018. [PMID: 29578500 DOI: 10.3791/56332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The pulmonary metastasis assay (PuMA) is an ex vivo lung explant and closed cell culture system that permits researchers to study the biology of lung colonization in osteosarcoma (OS) by fluorescence microscopy. This article provides a detailed description of the protocol, and discusses examples of obtaining image data on metastatic growth using widefield or confocal fluorescence microscopy platforms. The flexibility of the PuMA model permits researchers to study not only the growth of OS cells in the lung microenvironment, but also to assess the effects of anti-metastatic therapeutics over time. Confocal microscopy allows for unprecedented, high-resolution imaging of OS cell interactions with the lung parenchyma. Moreover, when the PuMA model is combined with fluorescent dyes or fluorescent protein genetic reporters, researchers can study the lung microenvironment, cellular and subcellular structures, gene function, and promoter activity in metastatic OS cells. The PuMA model provides a new tool for osteosarcoma researchers to discover new metastasis biology and assess the activity of novel anti-metastatic, targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael M Lizardo
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health; BC Cancer Agency, Provincial Health Services Authority
| | - Poul H Sorensen
- BC Cancer Agency, Provincial Health Services Authority; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia;
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14
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Morrow JJ, Bayles I, Funnell APW, Miller TE, Saiakhova A, Lizardo MM, Bartels CF, Kapteijn MY, Hung S, Mendoza A, Dhillon G, Chee DR, Myers JT, Allen F, Gambarotti M, Righi A, DiFeo A, Rubin BP, Huang AY, Meltzer PS, Helman LJ, Picci P, Versteeg H, Stamatoyannopolus J, Khanna C, Scacheri PC. Positively selected enhancer elements endow osteosarcoma cells with metastatic competence. Nat Med 2018; 24:176-185. [PMID: 29334376 PMCID: PMC5803371 DOI: 10.1038/nm.4475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Metastasis results from a complex set of traits acquired by tumor cells, distinct from those necessary for tumorigenesis. Here, we investigate the contribution of enhancer elements to the metastatic phenotype of osteosarcoma. Through epigenomic profiling, we identify substantial differences in enhancer activity between primary and metastatic human tumors and between near isogenic pairs of highly lung metastatic and nonmetastatic osteosarcoma cell lines. We term these regions metastatic variant enhancer loci (Met-VELs). Met-VELs drive coordinated waves of gene expression during metastatic colonization of the lung. Met-VELs cluster nonrandomly in the genome, indicating that activity of these enhancers and expression of their associated gene targets are positively selected. As evidence of this causal association, osteosarcoma lung metastasis is inhibited by global interruptions of Met-VEL-associated gene expression via pharmacologic BET inhibition, by knockdown of AP-1 transcription factors that occupy Met-VELs, and by knockdown or functional inhibition of individual genes activated by Met-VELs, such as that encoding coagulation factor III/tissue factor (F3). We further show that genetic deletion of a single Met-VEL at the F3 locus blocks metastatic cell outgrowth in the lung. These findings indicate that Met-VELs and the genes they regulate play a functional role in metastasis and may be suitable targets for antimetastatic therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- James J. Morrow
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Ian Bayles
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | | | - Tyler E. Miller
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Alina Saiakhova
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Michael M. Lizardo
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892 USA
| | - Cynthia F. Bartels
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Maaike Y. Kapteijn
- Thrombosis and Hemostasis Division, Department of Internal Medicine, LUMC, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Stevephen Hung
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Arnulfo Mendoza
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892 USA
| | - Gursimran Dhillon
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Daniel R. Chee
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Jay T. Myers
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Frederick Allen
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Marco Gambarotti
- Research Laboratory, Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Via Pupilli 1, 40136, Bologna, Italy
| | - Alberto Righi
- Research Laboratory, Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Via Pupilli 1, 40136, Bologna, Italy
| | - Analisa DiFeo
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Brian P. Rubin
- Departments of Anatomic Pathology and Molecular Genetics, Cleveland Clinic, Lerner Research Institute and Taussig Cancer Center, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Alex Y. Huang
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Paul S. Meltzer
- Genetics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892 USA
| | - Lee J. Helman
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892 USA
| | - Piero Picci
- Research Laboratory, Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Via Pupilli 1, 40136, Bologna, Italy
| | - Henri Versteeg
- Thrombosis and Hemostasis Division, Department of Internal Medicine, LUMC, Leiden, Netherlands
| | | | - Chand Khanna
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892 USA
| | - Peter C. Scacheri
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Research Laboratory, Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Via Pupilli 1, 40136, Bologna, Italy
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Lizardo MM, Sorensen P. Abstract B10: Modulation of mRNA translation regulation in highly metastatic ssteosarcoma cells increases their sensitivity to redox stress. Clin Cancer Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1158/1557-3265.sarcomas17-b10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Improvement in outcomes for pediatric patients with metastatic osteosarcoma still remains elusive despite the development of new multiagent combinations. This unmet clinical need underscores the need for novel approaches that examine the metastatic process itself in order to identify new molecular targets whose modulation may have antimetastatic activity. During lung metastasis progression, osteosarcoma cells (OS) have to quickly adapt to the hostile microenvironment of the lung. Elucidating exactly how highly aggressive metastatic OS cells adapt to the lung microenvironment is the subject of the current work. Our research utilizes a pair of clonally related human OS cell lines, MG63.3 and MG63, with highly or poorly metastatic in vivo phenotypes, respectively. These OS cells experience redox stress in the lung microenvironment, as evident by in situ immunoreactivity with 3-nitrotyrosine (3-NT)---a marker of oxidative damage. In cell culture studies where high and poorly metastatic OS cells are exposed to PABA/NO, a chemical inducer of redox stress which also causes 3-NT accumulation, highly metastatic MG63.3 cells show functional differences in their response to redox stress compared to poorly metastatic MG63 cells. MG63.3 cells show lower levels of 3-NT staining, lower levels of caspase 3/7 activity, and have higher growth rates compared to MG63 cells in the presence of PABA/NO. These results suggest that MG63.3 cells show a greater adaptability to redox stress compared to MG63 cells. It is known that regulation of mRNA translation is a mechanism by which cancer cells can quickly adapt to the changing extracellular milieu. Furthermore, it has been shown that MG63.3 cells are able to translate weak mRNAs more efficiently than MG63 cells under stressful conditions. Such weak mRNAs encode for proteins involved in growth and proliferation. When we examine the expression levels of eukaryotic initiation factors such as eIF4E, eIF4G, and eIF4A, all of which are part of the eIF4F cap-initiation complex, we find that certain factors (such as eIF4G1) are differentially upregulated (both at the transcript and protein level) in MG63.3 cells compared to MG63 cells. We hypothesize that inhibition of eIF4G binding to the eIF4F complex will reduce the ability of MG63.3 cell to translate mRNAs important for survival and proliferation during redox stress. To address this hypothesis, we tested whether a small-molecule inhibitor of eIF4G/eIF4E interactions, called 4EGI-1, can sensitize highly metastatic MG63.3 cells to PABA/NO. When exposed to noncytotoxic levels of 4EGI-1 (≤ 20 μM), we find that 4EGI-1 can sensitize MG63.3 cells with lower concentrations of PABA/NO compared to control groups. 4EGI-1 treatment, in the presence of PABA/NO, can cause MG63.3 cells to accumulate higher levels of 3-NT compared to control groups. Furthermore, using an Incucyte machine to assess cell proliferation over 5 days, we find that combination treatment (4EGI-1 and PABA/NO) can greatly inhibit the growth of MG63.3 cells. These results suggest that certain mRNA transcripts that are important in adapting to redox stress are dependent on the eIF4F cap-initiation complex. Efforts are currently under way to further characterize which gene transcripts are important to redox stress adaptation. In addition, by using the pulmonary metastasis assay, we will be assessing whether 4EGI-1 has antimetastatic activity. Collectively, the data presented in the current work suggest that the adaptive mechanisms that metastatic OS cells use to manage redox stress may be an attractive therapeutic target in the development of novel antimetastatic therapeutics.
Citation Format: Michael M. Lizardo, Poul Sorensen. Modulation of mRNA translation regulation in highly metastatic ssteosarcoma cells increases their sensitivity to redox stress [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Conference on Advances in Sarcomas: From Basic Science to Clinical Translation; May 16-19, 2017; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Clin Cancer Res 2018;24(2_Suppl):Abstract nr B10.
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16
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Lizardo MM, Morrow JJ, Miller TE, Hong ES, Ren L, Mendoza A, Halsey CH, Scacheri PC, Helman LJ, Khanna C. Upregulation of Glucose-Regulated Protein 78 in Metastatic Cancer Cells Is Necessary for Lung Metastasis Progression. Neoplasia 2016; 18:699-710. [PMID: 27973325 PMCID: PMC5094383 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2016.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Revised: 09/04/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastasis is the cause of more than 90% of all cancer deaths. Despite this fact, most anticancer therapeutics currently in clinical use have limited efficacy in treating established metastases. Here, we identify the endoplasmic reticulum chaperone protein, glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78), as a metastatic dependency in several highly metastatic cancer cell models. We find that GRP78 is consistently upregulated when highly metastatic cancer cells colonize the lung microenvironment and that mitigation of GRP78 upregulation via short hairpin RNA or treatment with the small molecule IT-139, which is currently under clinical investigation for the treatment of primary tumors, inhibits metastatic growth in the lung microenvironment. Inhibition of GRP78 upregulation and an associated reduction in metastatic potential have been shown in four highly metastatic cell line models: three human osteosarcomas and one murine mammary adenocarcinoma. Lastly, we show that downmodulation of GRP78 in highly metastatic cancer cells significantly increases median survival times in our in vivo animal model of experimental metastasis. Collectively, our data indicate that GRP78 is an attractive target for the development of antimetastatic therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael M Lizardo
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - James J Morrow
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA; Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Tyler E Miller
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA; Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Ellen S Hong
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ling Ren
- Comparative Oncology Program, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Arnulfo Mendoza
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Charles H Halsey
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Peter C Scacheri
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Lee J Helman
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Chand Khanna
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Ethos Discovery in Washington DC and Ethos Veterinary Health, Wolburn MA, USA.
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17
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Ren L, Mendoza A, Zhu J, Briggs JW, Halsey C, Hong ES, Burkett SS, Morrow J, Lizardo MM, Osborne T, Li SQ, Luu HH, Meltzer P, Khanna C. Characterization of the metastatic phenotype of a panel of established osteosarcoma cells. Oncotarget 2016; 6:29469-81. [PMID: 26320182 PMCID: PMC4745740 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.5177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most common bone tumor in pediatric patients. Metastasis is a major cause of mortality and morbidity. The rarity of this disease coupled with the challenges of drug development for metastatic cancers have slowed the delivery of improvements in long-term outcomes for these patients. In this study, we collected 18 OS cell lines, confirmed their expression of bone markers and complex karyotypes, and characterized their in vivo tumorgenicity and metastatic potential. Since prior reports included conflicting descriptions of the metastatic and in vivo phenotypes of these models, there was a need for a comparative assessment of metastatic phenotypes using identical procedures in the hands of a single investigative group. We expect that this single characterization will accelerate the study of this metastatic cancer. Using these models we evaluated the expression of six previously reported metastasis-related OS genes. Ezrin was the only gene consistently differentially expressed in all the pairs of high/low metatstatic OS cells. We then used a subtractive gene expression approach of the high and low human metastatic cells to identify novel genes that may be involved in OS metastasis. PHLDA1 (pleckstrin homology-like domain, family A) was identified as one of the genes more highly expressed in the high metastatic compared to low metastatic cells. Knocking down PHLDA1 with siRNA or shRNA resulted in down regulation of the activities of MAPKs (ERK1/2), c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNK), and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs). Reducing the expression of PHLDA1 also delayed OS metastasis progression in mouse xenograft models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Ren
- Molecular Oncology Section - Metastasis Biology Group, Pediatric Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Arnulfo Mendoza
- Molecular Oncology Section - Metastasis Biology Group, Pediatric Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jack Zhu
- Genetic Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Joseph W Briggs
- Molecular Oncology Section - Metastasis Biology Group, Pediatric Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Charles Halsey
- Molecular Pathology Unit, Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Ellen S Hong
- Molecular Oncology Section - Metastasis Biology Group, Pediatric Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Sandra S Burkett
- Comparative Molecular Cytogenetics Core Facility, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - James Morrow
- School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Michael M Lizardo
- Molecular Oncology Section - Metastasis Biology Group, Pediatric Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Tanasa Osborne
- National Institute of Environmental Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Samuel Q Li
- School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Hue H Luu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery & Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Chicago, Medicine & Biological Sciences, Chicago, USA
| | - Paul Meltzer
- Genetic Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Chand Khanna
- Molecular Oncology Section - Metastasis Biology Group, Pediatric Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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18
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Morrow JJ, Miller TE, Saiakhova A, Lizardo MM, Bartels CF, Bayles I, Hung S, Mendoza A, Myers JT, Allen F, DiFeo A, Rubin BP, Huang AY, Meltzer PS, Helman LJ, Khanna C, Scacheri PC. Abstract LB-151: Positively selected enhancer elements endow tumor cells with metastatic competence. Cancer Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2016-lb-151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Metastasis results from a complex set of traits acquired by tumor cells, distinct from those necessary for tumorigenesis. Here, we investigate the contribution of enhancer elements to the metastatic phenotype of osteosarcoma. Through epigenomic profiling, we identify substantial differences in signature enhancer-histone marks between near-isogenic pairs of high and low lung-metastatic osteosarcoma cells. We term these regions Metastatic Variant Enhancer Loci (Met-VELs). Met-VELs drive coordinated waves of gene expression during metastatic colonization of the lung. Met-VELs cluster non-randomly, indicating that activity of these enhancers and their associated gene targets is positively selected. Osteosarcoma lung metastasis is inhibited by global interruptions of Met-VEL associated gene expression via pharmacologic BET inhibition, by knockdown of AP-1 transcription factors whose motifs are enriched in Met-VELs, and by knockdown of individual genes activated by Met-VELs. These observations have implications for the discovery and development of targeted anti-metastatic therapies.
Citation Format: James J. Morrow, Tyler E. Miller, Alina Saiakhova, Michael M. Lizardo, Cynthia F. Bartels, Ian Bayles, Stevephen Hung, Arnulfo Mendoza, Jay T. Myers, Frederick Allen, Analisa DiFeo, Brian P. Rubin, Alex Y. Huang, Paul S. Meltzer, Lee J. Helman, Chand Khanna, Peter C. Scacheri. Positively selected enhancer elements endow tumor cells with metastatic competence. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr LB-151.
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Affiliation(s)
- James J. Morrow
- 1Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH
| | - Tyler E. Miller
- 1Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH
| | - Alina Saiakhova
- 1Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH
| | | | | | - Ian Bayles
- 1Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH
| | - Stevephen Hung
- 1Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH
| | | | - Jay T. Myers
- 1Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH
| | - Frederick Allen
- 1Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH
| | - Analisa DiFeo
- 1Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH
| | - Brian P. Rubin
- 3Cleveland Clinic, Lerner Research Institute and Taussig Cancer Center, Cleveland, OH
| | - Alex Y. Huang
- 1Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH
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19
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Morrow JJ, Mendoza A, Koyen A, Lizardo MM, Ren L, Waybright TJ, Hansen RJ, Gustafson DL, Zhou M, Fan TM, Scacheri PC, Khanna C. mTOR Inhibition Mitigates Enhanced mRNA Translation Associated with the Metastatic Phenotype of Osteosarcoma Cells In Vivo. Clin Cancer Res 2016; 22:6129-6141. [PMID: 27342399 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-16-0326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Revised: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To successfully metastasize, tumor cells must respond appropriately to biological stressors encountered during metastatic progression. We sought to test the hypothesis that enhanced efficiency of mRNA translation during periods of metastatic stress is required for metastatic competence of osteosarcoma and that this metastasis-specific adaptation is amenable to therapeutic intervention. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We employ novel reporter and proteomic systems that enable tracking of mRNA translation efficiency and output in metastatic osteosarcoma cells as they colonize the lungs. We test the potential to target mRNA translation as an antimetastatic therapeutic strategy through pharmacokinetic studies and preclinical assessment of the prototypic mTOR inhibitor, rapamycin, across multiple models of metastasis. RESULTS Metastatic osteosarcoma cells translate mRNA more efficiently than nonmetastatic cells during critical stressful periods of metastatic colonization of the lung. Rapamycin inhibits translational output during periods of metastatic stress, mitigates lung colonization, and prolongs survival. mTOR-inhibiting exposures of rapamycin are achievable in mice using treatment schedules that correspond to human doses well below the MTDs defined in human patients, and as such are very likely to be tolerated over long exposures alone and in combination with other agents. CONCLUSIONS Metastatic competence of osteosarcoma cells is dependent on efficient mRNA translation during stressful periods of metastatic progression, and the mTOR inhibitor, rapamycin, can mitigate this translation and inhibit metastasis in vivo Our data suggest that mTOR pathway inhibitors should be reconsidered in the clinic using rationally designed dosing schedules and clinical metrics related to metastatic progression. Clin Cancer Res; 22(24); 6129-41. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- James J Morrow
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio.,Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio.,Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Arnulfo Mendoza
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Allyson Koyen
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Michael M Lizardo
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Ling Ren
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Timothy J Waybright
- Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, Maryland
| | - Ryan J Hansen
- Flint Animal Cancer Center, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado.,Pharmacology Shared Resource, University of Colorado Cancer Center, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Daniel L Gustafson
- Flint Animal Cancer Center, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado.,Pharmacology Shared Resource, University of Colorado Cancer Center, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Ming Zhou
- Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, Maryland
| | - Timothy M Fan
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois
| | - Peter C Scacheri
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio.,Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Chand Khanna
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland.
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20
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Ridnour LA, Barasch KM, Windhausen AN, Dorsey TH, Lizardo MM, Yfantis HG, Lee DH, Switzer CH, Cheng RYS, Heinecke JL, Brueggemann E, Hines HB, Khanna C, Glynn SA, Ambs S, Wink DA. Nitric oxide synthase and breast cancer: role of TIMP-1 in NO-mediated Akt activation. PLoS One 2012; 7:e44081. [PMID: 22957045 PMCID: PMC3434220 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0044081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2011] [Accepted: 07/31/2012] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Prediction of therapeutic response and cancer patient survival can be improved by the identification of molecular markers including tumor Akt status. A direct correlation between NOS2 expression and elevated Akt phosphorylation status has been observed in breast tumors. Tissue inhibitor matrix metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1) has been proposed to exert oncogenic properties through CD63 cell surface receptor pathway initiation of pro-survival PI3k/Akt signaling. We employed immunohistochemistry to examine the influence of TIMP-1 on the functional relationship between NOS2 and phosphorylated Akt in breast tumors and found that NOS2-associated Akt phosphorylation was significantly increased in tumors expressing high TIMP-1, indicating that TIMP-1 may further enhance NO-induced Akt pathway activation. Moreover, TIMP-1 silencing by antisense technology blocked NO-induced PI3k/Akt/BAD phosphorylation in cultured MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells. TIMP-1 protein nitration and TIMP-1/CD63 co-immunoprecipitation was observed at NO concentrations that induced PI3k/Akt/BAD pro-survival signaling. In the survival analysis, elevated tumor TIMP-1 predicted poor patient survival. This association appears to be mainly restricted to tumors with high NOS2 protein. In contrast, TIMP-1 did not predict poor survival in patient tumors with low NOS2 expression. In summary, our findings suggest that tumors with high TIMP-1 and NOS2 behave more aggressively by mechanisms that favor Akt pathway activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa A. Ridnour
- Radiation Biology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail: (LAR); (DAW)
| | - Kimberly M. Barasch
- Radiation Biology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Alisha N. Windhausen
- Radiation Biology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Tiffany H. Dorsey
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Michael M. Lizardo
- Tumor and Metastasis Biology Section, Pediatric Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Harris G. Yfantis
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Baltimore Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Dong H. Lee
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Baltimore Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Christopher H. Switzer
- Radiation Biology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Robert Y. S. Cheng
- Radiation Biology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Julie L. Heinecke
- Radiation Biology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | | | - Harry B. Hines
- USAMRIID, Fort Detrick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Chand Khanna
- Tumor and Metastasis Biology Section, Pediatric Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Sharon A. Glynn
- Radiation Biology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Stefan Ambs
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - David A. Wink
- Radiation Biology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail: (LAR); (DAW)
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21
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Leong HS, Lizardo MM, Ablack A, McPherson VA, Wandless TJ, Chambers AF, Lewis JD. Imaging the impact of chemically inducible proteins on cellular dynamics in vivo. PLoS One 2012; 7:e30177. [PMID: 22276156 PMCID: PMC3261888 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0030177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2011] [Accepted: 12/13/2011] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The analysis of dynamic events in the tumor microenvironment during cancer progression is limited by the complexity of current in vivo imaging models. This is coupled with an inability to rapidly modulate and visualize protein activity in real time and to understand the consequence of these perturbations in vivo. We developed an intravital imaging approach that allows the rapid induction and subsequent depletion of target protein levels within human cancer xenografts while assessing the impact on cell behavior and morphology in real time. A conditionally stabilized fluorescent E-cadherin chimera was expressed in metastatic breast cancer cells, and the impact of E-cadherin induction and depletion was visualized using real-time confocal microscopy in a xenograft avian embryo model. We demonstrate the assessment of protein localization, cell morphology and migration in cells undergoing epithelial-mesenchymal and mesenchymal-epithelial transitions in breast tumors. This technique allows for precise control over protein activity in vivo while permitting the temporal analysis of dynamic biophysical parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hon S. Leong
- Translational Prostate Cancer Research Group, London Regional Cancer Program, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael M. Lizardo
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
- London Regional Cancer Program, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Amber Ablack
- Translational Prostate Cancer Research Group, London Regional Cancer Program, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Victor A. McPherson
- Translational Prostate Cancer Research Group, London Regional Cancer Program, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Thomas J. Wandless
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Ann F. Chambers
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
- London Regional Cancer Program, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - John D. Lewis
- Translational Prostate Cancer Research Group, London Regional Cancer Program, London, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
- London Regional Cancer Program, London, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
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22
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Ren L, Hong SH, Chen QR, Briggs J, Cassavaugh J, Srinivasan S, Lizardo MM, Mendoza A, Xia AY, Avadhani N, Khan J, Khanna C. Dysregulation of ezrin phosphorylation prevents metastasis and alters cellular metabolism in osteosarcoma. Cancer Res 2011; 72:1001-12. [PMID: 22147261 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-11-0210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Ezrin links the plasma membrane to the actin cytoskeleton where it plays a pivotal role in the metastatic progression of several human cancers; however, the precise mechanistic basis for its role remains unknown. Here, we define transitions between active (phosphorylated open) and inactive (dephosphorylated closed) forms of Ezrin that occur during metastatic progression in osteosarcoma. In our evaluation of these conformations we expressed C-terminal mutant forms of Ezrin that are open (phosphomimetic T567D) or closed (phosphodeficient T567A) and compared their biologic characteristics to full-length wild-type Ezrin in osteosarcoma cells. Unexpectedly, cells expressing open, active Ezrin could form neither primary orthotopic tumors nor lung metastases. In contrast, cells expressing closed, inactive Ezrin were also deficient in metastasis but were unaffected in their capacity for primary tumor growth. By imaging single metastatic cells in the lung, we found that cells expressing either open or closed Ezrin displayed increased levels of apoptosis early after their arrival in the lung. Gene expression analysis suggested dysregulation of genes that are functionally linked to carbohydrate and amino acid metabolism. In particular, cells expressing closed, inactive Ezrin exhibited reduced lactate production and basal or ATP-dependent oxygen consumption. Collectively, our results suggest that dynamic regulation of Ezrin phosphorylation at amino acid T567 that controls structural transitions of this protein plays a pivotal role in tumor progression and metastasis, possibly in part by altering cellular metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Ren
- Tumor and Metastasis Biology Section, Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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Leong HS, Lizardo MM, Nambiar SC, Ablack A, Kim D, Chambers AF, Lewis JD. Abstract 4329: In vivo visualization of epithelial-mesenchymal transition in real time using a rapidly tuneable E-cadherin. Cancer Res 2010. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am10-4329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The transformation of benign tumour cells to invasive, metastatic tumour cells involves the dynamic redeployment of factors involved in cell adhesion and motility collectively known as epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). While the loss of E-cadherin localization at cell-cell junctions is a hallmark feature of EMT, the impact of E-cadherin re-expression and modulation in metastatic cancer cells at distinct steps of the metastatic cascade has not been explored. To address this, we developed an intravital imaging approach that allows us to visualize changes in behaviour of highly metastatic MDA-MB-231-LN breast cancer cells in real time using a dynamically tuneable form of E-cadherin. Here, we show that upon induction of E-cadherin in vivo, cell-cell adherens junctions begin to appear within 30 minutes, concurrent with the accumulation of plasma membrane-localized E-cadherin and the retraction of tumour cell protrusions and the induction of a rounded epithelial-like morphology. Furthermore, subsequent depletion of E-cadherin results in a rapid reversion to the mesenchymal morphology. These studies demonstrate that E-cadherin is sufficient to induce a rapid mesenchymal to epithelial transition in vivo, and that sustained E-cadherin expression is required to maintain this less invasive morphology.
Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4329.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Amber Ablack
- 1Univ. of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Daero Kim
- 1Univ. of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
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