1
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Foreman TW, Nelson CE, Sallin MA, Kauffman KD, Sakai S, Otaizo-Carrasquero F, Myers TG, Barber DL. CD30 co-stimulation drives differentiation of protective T cells during Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. J Exp Med 2023; 220:e20222090. [PMID: 37097292 PMCID: PMC10130742 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20222090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Control of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection requires generation of T cells that migrate to granulomas, complex immune structures surrounding sites of bacterial replication. Here we compared the gene expression profiles of T cells in pulmonary granulomas, bronchoalveolar lavage, and blood of Mtb-infected rhesus macaques to identify granuloma-enriched T cell genes. TNFRSF8/CD30 was among the top genes upregulated in both CD4 and CD8 T cells from granulomas. In mice, CD30 expression on CD4 T cells is required for survival of Mtb infection, and there is no major role for CD30 in protection by other cell types. Transcriptomic comparison of WT and CD30-/- CD4 T cells from the lungs of Mtb-infected mixed bone marrow chimeric mice showed that CD30 directly promotes CD4 T cell differentiation and the expression of multiple effector molecules. These results demonstrate that the CD30 co-stimulatory axis is highly upregulated on granuloma T cells and is critical for protective T cell responses against Mtb infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor W. Foreman
- T Lymphocyte Biology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Christine E. Nelson
- T Lymphocyte Biology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Michelle A. Sallin
- T Lymphocyte Biology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Keith D. Kauffman
- T Lymphocyte Biology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Shunsuke Sakai
- T Lymphocyte Biology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Francisco Otaizo-Carrasquero
- Genomic Technologies Section, Research Technologies Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Timothy G. Myers
- Genomic Technologies Section, Research Technologies Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Daniel L. Barber
- T Lymphocyte Biology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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2
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Zhu WS, Naler L, Maul RW, Sallin MA, Sen JM. Immune system development and age-dependent maintenance in Klotho-hypomorphic mice. Aging (Albany NY) 2019; 11:5246-5257. [PMID: 31386628 PMCID: PMC6682518 DOI: 10.18632/aging.102121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Circulating Klotho peptide hormone has anti-aging activity and affects tissue maintenance. Hypomorphic mutant Klotho [kl/kl] mice on C57BL/6xC3H, BALB/c and 129 genetic backgrounds, show decreased Klotho expression that correlate with accelerated aging including pre-mature death due to abnormally high levels of serum vitamin D. These mice also show multiple impairments in the immune system. However, it remains unresolved if the defects in the immune system stem from decreased Klotho expression or high vitamin D levels in the serum. Transfer of the kl/kl allele to pure C57BL/6 genetic background [B6-kl/kl] significantly reduced expression of Klotho at all ages. Surprisingly, B6-kl/kl mice showed normalized serum vitamin D levels, amelioration of severe aging-related phenotypes and normal lifespan. This paper reports a detailed analysis of the immune system in B6-kl/kl mice in the absence of detrimental levels of serum vitamin D. Remarkably, the data reveal that in the absence of overt systemic stress, such as abnormally high vitamin D levels, reduced expression of Klotho does not have a major effect on the generation and maintenance of the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wandi Sandra Zhu
- National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.,Current address: Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Lynette Naler
- National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.,Current address: Department of Chemical Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Robert W Maul
- National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Michelle A Sallin
- National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Jyoti Misra Sen
- National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.,Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
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3
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Singh A, Verma A, Sallin MA, Lang F, Sen R, Sen JM. Noncoding variations in Cyp24a1 gene are associated with Klotho-mediated aging phenotypes in different strains of mice. Aging Cell 2019; 18:e12949. [PMID: 30920112 PMCID: PMC6516175 DOI: 10.1111/acel.12949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In mutant mice, reduced levels of Klotho promoted high levels of active vitamin D in the serum. Genetic or dietary manipulations that diminished active vitamin D alleviated aging‐related phenotypes caused by Klotho down‐regulation. The hypomorphic Klotho [kl/kl] allele that decreases Klotho expression in C3H, BALB/c, 129, and C57BL/6 genetic backgrounds substantially increases 1,25(OH)2D3 levels in the sera of susceptible C3H, BALB/c, and 129, but not C57BL/6 mice. This may be attributed to increased basal expression of Cyp24a1 in C57BL/6 mice, which promotes inactivation of 1,25(OH)2D3. Decreased expression of Cyp24a1 in susceptible strains was associated with genetic alterations in noncoding regions of Cyp24a1 gene, which were strongly reminiscent of super‐enhancers that regulate gene expression. These observations suggest that higher basal expression of an enzyme required for catabolizing vitamin D renders B6‐kl/kl mice less susceptible to changes in Klotho expression, providing a plausible explanation for the lack of aging phenotypes on C57BL/6 strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Singh
- National Institute on Aging National Institutes of Health Baltimore Maryland
| | - Anjali Verma
- National Institute on Aging National Institutes of Health Baltimore Maryland
| | - Michelle A. Sallin
- National Institute on Aging National Institutes of Health Baltimore Maryland
| | - Florian Lang
- Institute of Physiology Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen Tübingen Germany
| | - Ranjan Sen
- National Institute on Aging National Institutes of Health Baltimore Maryland
- Department of Medicine The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore Maryland
| | - Jyoti Misra Sen
- National Institute on Aging National Institutes of Health Baltimore Maryland
- Department of Medicine The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore Maryland
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4
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Sallin MA, Kauffman KD, Riou C, Du Bruyn E, Foreman TW, Sakai S, Hoft SG, Myers TG, Gardina PJ, Sher A, Moore R, Wilder-Kofie T, Moore IN, Sette A, Lindestam Arlehamn CS, Wilkinson RJ, Barber DL. Host resistance to pulmonary Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection requires CD153 expression. Nat Microbiol 2018; 3:1198-1205. [DOI: 10.1038/s41564-018-0231-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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5
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Kauffman KD, Sallin MA, Sakai S, Kamenyeva O, Kabat J, Weiner D, Sutphin M, Schimel D, Via L, Barry CE, Wilder-Kofie T, Moore I, Moore R, Barber DL. Defective positioning in granulomas but not lung-homing limits CD4 T-cell interactions with Mycobacterium tuberculosis-infected macrophages in rhesus macaques. Mucosal Immunol 2018; 11:462-473. [PMID: 28745326 PMCID: PMC5785573 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2017.60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2017] [Accepted: 05/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Protection against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection requires CD4 T cells to migrate into the lung and interact with infected macrophages. In mice, less-differentiated CXCR3+ CD4 T cells migrate into the lung and suppress growth of Mtb, whereas CX3CR1+ terminally differentiated Th1 cells accumulate in the blood vasculature and do not control pulmonary infection. Here we examine CD4 T-cell differentiation and lung homing during primary Mtb infection of rhesus macaques. Mtb-specific CD4 T cells simultaneously appeared in the airways and blood ∼21-28 days post exposure, indicating that recently primed effectors are quickly recruited into the lungs after entering circulation. Mtb-specific CD4 T cells in granulomas display a tissue-parenchymal CXCR3+CX3CR1-PD-1hiCTLA-4+ phenotype. However, most granuloma CD4 T cells are found within the outer lymphocyte cuff and few localize to the myeloid cell core containing the bacilli. Using the intravascular stain approach, we find essentially all Mtb-specific CD4 T cells in granulomas have extravasated across the vascular endothelium into the parenchyma. Therefore, it is unlikely to be that lung-homing defects introduced by terminal differentiation limit the migration of CD4 T cells into granulomas following primary Mtb infection of macaques. However, intralesional positioning defects within the granuloma may pose a major barrier to T-cell-mediated immunity during tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith D. Kauffman
- T lymphocyte Biology Unit, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892 USA
| | - Michelle A. Sallin
- T lymphocyte Biology Unit, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892 USA
| | - Shunsuke Sakai
- T lymphocyte Biology Unit, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892 USA
| | - Olena Kamenyeva
- Biological Imaging Section, Research Technologies Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892 USA
| | - Juraj Kabat
- Biological Imaging Section, Research Technologies Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892 USA
| | - Danielle Weiner
- Tuberculosis Research Section, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892 USA
| | - Michelle Sutphin
- Tuberculosis Research Section, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892 USA
| | - Daniel Schimel
- Tuberculosis Research Section, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892 USA
| | - Laura Via
- Tuberculosis Research Section, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892 USA
| | - Clifton E. Barry
- Tuberculosis Research Section, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892 USA
| | - Temeri Wilder-Kofie
- Comparative Medicine Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892 USA
| | - Ian Moore
- Comparative Medicine Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892 USA
| | - Rashida Moore
- Comparative Medicine Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892 USA
| | - Daniel L. Barber
- T lymphocyte Biology Unit, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892 USA
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6
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Sallin MA, Sakai S, Kauffman KD, Young HA, Zhu J, Barber DL. Th1 Differentiation Drives the Accumulation of Intravascular, Non-protective CD4 T Cells during Tuberculosis. Cell Rep 2017; 18:3091-3104. [PMID: 28355562 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Revised: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent data indicate that the differentiation state of Th1 cells determines their protective capacity against tuberculosis. Therefore, we examined the role of Th1-polarizing factors in the generation of protective and non-protective subsets of Mtb-specific Th1 cells. We find that IL-12/23p40 promotes Th1 cell expansion and maturation beyond the CD73+CXCR3+T-betdim stage, and T-bet prevents deviation of Th1 cells into Th17 cells. Nevertheless, IL- 12/23p40 and T-bet are also essential for the production of a prominent subset of intravascular CX3CR1+KLRG1+ Th1 cells that persists poorly and can neither migrate into the lung parenchyma nor control Mtb growth. Furthermore, T-bet suppresses development of CD69+CD103+ tissue resident phenotype effectors in lung. In contrast, Th1-cell-derived IFN-γ inhibits the accumulation of intravascular CX3CR1+KLRG1+ Th1 cells. Thus, although IL-12 and T-bet are essential host survival factors, they simultaneously oppose lung CD4 T cell responses at several levels, demonstrating the dual nature of Th1 polarization in tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle A Sallin
- T-Lymphocyte Biology Unit, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Shunsuke Sakai
- T-Lymphocyte Biology Unit, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Keith D Kauffman
- T-Lymphocyte Biology Unit, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Howard A Young
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Jinfang Zhu
- Molecular and Cellular Immunoregulation Unit, Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Daniel L Barber
- T-Lymphocyte Biology Unit, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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7
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Sallin MA, Sakai S, Kauffman K, Young HA, Zhu J(J, Barber DL. Th1 differentiation drives the accumulation of intravascular, non-protective CD4 T cells during tuberculosis. The Journal of Immunology 2017. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.198.supp.123.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is the leading cause of death by infectious disease worldwide. The development of novel TB vaccination strategies would have dramatic global public health benefits, but have been hindered by an incomplete understanding of the mechanisms of protective immunity against Mtb infection. Recent data indicate that the differentiation state of Th1 cells determines their protective capacity against tuberculosis. We have shown that less-differentiated CXCR3+T-betdim Th1 cells migrate into the lung, expand and control Mtb infection after transfer into infected recipients, while KLRG1+CX3CR1+T-bethigh terminal effectors poorly migrate into the lung, fail to expand and cannot transfer protection against Mtb infection. IL-12/23p40 and T-bet have been shown to promote terminal differentiation, leading to the hypothesis that these host protective factors may have unrecognized detrimental effects on the quality of the Mtb-specific CD4 T cell response. We find IL-12/23p40 promotes Th1 cell expansion and maturation beyond the CD73+CXCR3+T-betdim stage, and T-bet prevents deviation of Th1 cells into Th17 cells. Nevertheless, IL-12/23p40 and T-bet are also essential for the production of a subset of intravascular CX3CR1+KLRG1+Th1 cells. Furthermore, T-bet potently suppresses the development of CD69+CD103+ tissue resident phenotype effectors in the lung. In contrast, CD4 T cell-derived IFNγ inhibits the accumulation of intravascular CX3CR1+KLRG1+Th1 cells. Thus, although IL-12 and T-bet are essential host survival factors, they simultaneously oppose lung CD4 T cell responses at several levels, demonstrating a functional dichotomy of Th1 polarization in tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle A Sallin
- 1Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, T Lymphocyte Biology Unit, NIAID, NIH
| | - Shunsuke Sakai
- 1Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, T Lymphocyte Biology Unit, NIAID, NIH
| | - Keith Kauffman
- 1Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, T Lymphocyte Biology Unit, NIAID, NIH
| | | | - Jinfang (Jeff) Zhu
- 3Laboratory of Immunology, Molecular and Cellular Immunoregulation Unit, NIAID, NIH
| | - Daniel L Barber
- 1Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, T Lymphocyte Biology Unit, NIAID, NIH
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8
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Hoft SG, Sallin MA, Sakai S, Barber DL. Partial role of CXCR3 in the migration of CD4 T cells into the lung of TB infected mice. The Journal of Immunology 2017. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.198.supp.77.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is the leading cause of death by infectious disease worldwide. In order to develop effective vaccination strategies for Mtb, it is critical to understand the properties of host-protective CD4 T cells. We have shown that various subsets of Mtb-specific Th1 cells display dramatically different lung migratory abilities. CXCR3+ Th1 cells migrate into the lung and control Mtb infection, while CX3CR1+ Th1 cells are retained in the lung-associated blood vasculature and do not suppress bacterial growth in vivo. However, little is know about the precise role of different chemokine receptors in the entry of Mtb-specific Th1 cells into the lung. Here we quantify the individual contributions of several chemokine receptors in the pulmonary migration of Th1 cells by performing in vivo migration experiments after adoptive transfer of WT and CCR KO Mtb-specific lung effector T cells into infection matched WT recipients. Firstly, we find that Th1 cells migration into the lung is pertussis toxin sensitive, indicating that G-protein coupled receptors are required. We find that while CXCR6 is highly expressed in Th1 cells capable of migrating into the lung, it has no role in their entry. Likewise, CCR2 had no role in Th1 cell migration into Mtb infected lungs. Interestingly, CXCR3−/− CD4 T cells displayed only a ~30% reduction compared to WT cells 16 hours after transfer. Although CXCR3 and CXCR6 are defining markers expressed on all lung-homing Mtb-specific Th1 cells, our results indicate that additional chemokine receptors are involved in their migration. Identification of new mechanisms governing the migration of Mtb-specific Th1 cells into the lung may give important insight into T cell dependent immunity to Mtb infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stella G Hoft
- 1Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, T Lymphocyte Biology Unit, NIAID, NIH
| | - Michelle A Sallin
- 1Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, T Lymphocyte Biology Unit, NIAID, NIH
| | - Shunsuke Sakai
- 1Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, T Lymphocyte Biology Unit, NIAID, NIH
| | - Daniel L Barber
- 1Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, T Lymphocyte Biology Unit, NIAID, NIH
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9
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Sakai S, Kauffman KD, Sallin MA, Sharpe AH, Young HA, Ganusov VV, Barber DL. CD4 T Cell-Derived IFN-γ Plays a Minimal Role in Control of Pulmonary Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection and Must Be Actively Repressed by PD-1 to Prevent Lethal Disease. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1005667. [PMID: 27244558 PMCID: PMC4887085 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
IFN-γ–producing CD4 T cells are required for protection against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection, but the extent to which IFN-γ contributes to overall CD4 T cell-mediated protection remains unclear. Furthermore, it is not known if increasing IFN-γ production by CD4 T cells is desirable in Mtb infection. Here we show that IFN-γ accounts for only ~30% of CD4 T cell-dependent cumulative bacterial control in the lungs over the first six weeks of infection, but >80% of control in the spleen. Moreover, increasing the IFN-γ–producing capacity of CD4 T cells by ~2 fold exacerbates lung infection and leads to the early death of the host, despite enhancing control in the spleen. In addition, we show that the inhibitory receptor PD-1 facilitates host resistance to Mtb by preventing the detrimental over-production of IFN-γ by CD4 T cells. Specifically, PD-1 suppressed the parenchymal accumulation of and pathogenic IFN-γ production by the CXCR3+KLRG1-CX3CR1- subset of lung-homing CD4 T cells that otherwise mediates control of Mtb infection. Therefore, the primary role for T cell-derived IFN-γ in Mtb infection is at extra-pulmonary sites, and the host-protective subset of CD4 T cells requires negative regulation of IFN-γ production by PD-1 to prevent lethal immune-mediated pathology. The development of novel tuberculosis vaccines has been hindered by the poor understanding of the mechanisms of host-protection. It has been long-held that IFN-γ is the principle effector of CD4 T cell-mediated resistance to Mtb infection, but Mtb-specific CD4 T cells produce low amounts of IFN-γ in vivo, leading to the possibility that increasing IFN-γ production by Th1 cells might enhance control of Mtb infection. However, the precise contribution of IFN-γ to CD4 T cell-dependent protection and the outcome of increasing IFN-γ production by CD4 T cells have not been evaluated. Here we show that IFN-γ accounts for only ~30% of the cumulative CD4 T cell-mediated reduction in lung bacterial loads over the first 1.5 months of infection. Moreover, we find that increasing the per capita production of IFN-γ by CD4 T cells leads to the early death of the host. Lastly, we show that suppression of CD4 T cell-derived IFN-γ by the inhibitory receptor PD-1 is essential to prevent lethal disease. Therefore, poor control Mtb infection does not result from defective production of IFN-γ, and strategies to selectively boost it are unwarranted. Furthermore, identifying the primary mechanisms of CD4 T cell-dependent control of Mtb infection should be a priority.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunsuke Sakai
- T lymphocyte Biology Unit, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Keith D. Kauffman
- T lymphocyte Biology Unit, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Michelle A. Sallin
- T lymphocyte Biology Unit, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Arlene H. Sharpe
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, and Evergrande Center for Immunological Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Howard A. Young
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Vitaly V. Ganusov
- Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Daniel L. Barber
- T lymphocyte Biology Unit, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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10
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Sallin MA, Zhang X, So EC, Burch E, Cai L, Lin W, Chapoval AI, Strome SE. The anti-lymphoma activities of anti-CD137 monoclonal antibodies are enhanced in FcγRIII(-/-) mice. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2014; 63:947-58. [PMID: 24927849 PMCID: PMC11029484 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-014-1567-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2013] [Accepted: 05/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Agonistic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) directed against the co-signaling molecule CD137 (4-1BB) elicit potent anti-tumor immunity in mice. This anti-tumor immunity has traditionally been thought to result from the ability of the Fab portion of anti-CD137 to function as an analog for CD137L. Although binding of CD137 by anti-CD137 mAbs has the potential to cross-link the Fc fragments, enabling Fc engagement of low to moderate affinity Fc gamma receptors (FcγR), the relative import of such Fc-FcγR interactions in mediating anti-CD137 associated anti-tumor immunity is unknown. We studied the ability of a rat anti-mouse CD137 mAb (2A) to mediate the anti-tumor response against the EL4E7 lymphoma in WT and FcγR(-/-) strains. 2A-treated FcRγ(-/-) mice had improved anti-tumor immunity against EL4E7, which could be completely recapitulated in FcγRIII(-/-) animals. These improved anti-tumor responses were associated with increased splenic CD8β T cell and dendritic cell (DC) populations. Furthermore, there was an increase in the number of DCs expressing high levels of the CD40, CD80, and CD86 molecules that are associated with more effective antigen presentation. Our results demonstrate an unexpected inhibitory role for FcγRIII in the anti-tumor function of anti-CD137 and underscore the need to consider antibody isotype when engineering therapeutic mAbs.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Immobilized/immunology
- Antibodies, Immobilized/metabolism
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/metabolism
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacology
- Female
- HEK293 Cells
- Humans
- Lymphoma/immunology
- Lymphoma/therapy
- Melanoma, Experimental/immunology
- Melanoma, Experimental/therapy
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Random Allocation
- Rats
- Receptors, IgG/deficiency
- Receptors, IgG/immunology
- Receptors, IgG/metabolism
- Transfection
- Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Superfamily, Member 9/biosynthesis
- Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Superfamily, Member 9/genetics
- Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Superfamily, Member 9/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle A. Sallin
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 16 South Eutaw St. Suite 500, Baltimore, MD 21201-168 USA
| | - Xiaoyu Zhang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 16 South Eutaw St. Suite 500, Baltimore, MD 21201-168 USA
| | - Edward C. So
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 855 West Baltimore Street, Suite 380, HSF-I, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA
| | - Erin Burch
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 16 South Eutaw St. Suite 500, Baltimore, MD 21201-168 USA
| | - Ling Cai
- Department of Biostatistics, Bioinformatics and Biomathematics, Georgetown University Medical Center, 4000 Reservoir Road, NW, Building D-103, Washington, DC 20057 USA
| | - Wei Lin
- College of Rehabilitation Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, 350003 Fujian China
| | - Andrei I. Chapoval
- Russian-American Anti-Cancer Center, Department of Physico-Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Altai State University, 61 Lenin Street, 656049 Barnaul, Altai Territory Russia
| | - Scott E. Strome
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 16 South Eutaw St. Suite 500, Baltimore, MD 21201-168 USA
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So EC, Sallin MA, Zhang X, Chan SL, Sahni L, Schulze DH, Davila E, Strome SE, Jain A. A high throughput method for enrichment of natural killer cells and lymphocytes and assessment of in vitro cytotoxicity. J Immunol Methods 2013; 394:40-8. [PMID: 23680234 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2013.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2013] [Revised: 03/16/2013] [Accepted: 05/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In vitro assessment of lymphocyte and natural killer (NK) cell cytotoxicity typically employs density gradient centrifugation and magnetic cell separation to isolate effector cells, and chromium release to assess cytotoxicity. In order to improve the rapidity and scalability of in vitro cytotoxicity assessment, we evaluated the efficacy of a protocol utilizing tetrameric antibody complexes and SepMate™ isolation tubes to negatively select NK cells (TACs/Sep), and calcein-AM release to measure cytotoxicity. We compared the efficiency and accuracy of this protocol to a conventional approach employing density gradient centrifugation and magnetically labeled antibodies (DG/MACS) to isolate NK cells and chromium release to measure cytotoxicity. The TACs/Sep method significantly decreased the time required for NK cell isolation (1h vs. 4h), but resulted in higher red blood cell contamination. NK cell activation marker expression (including CD94, NKG2D, NKp30, NKp46, DNAM-1, 2B4, KIR2DL1/S1, KIR2DL2/L3, intracellular granzyme B, and perforin) was similar when comparing NK cells isolated by the TACs/Sep or DG/MACS methods, but the TACs/Sep method induced higher expression of CD16. In vitro cytotoxicity against HT29 colon cancer and K562 leukemia cells was not affected by the isolation method. Lastly, by combining the TACs/Sep NK cell isolation method with calcein-acetoxymethyl diacetylester (calcein-AM) release, the time required to assess in vitro cytotoxicity was reduced by 33% (4h) compared to protocols employing DG/MACS and chromium release. Altogether, these results provide the foundation for the development of a rapid, high throughput functional assay, and make it practical for the multiplexing of downstream applications, such as flow cytometric analysis and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward C So
- Division of Research and Development and Surgical Service, Baltimore Veterans Administration Medical Center, 10 N. Greene Street, 5C Surgical Services Area, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
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