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Carrard J, Morais Azevedo A, Gojanovic B, Edouard P, Pandya T, Robinson DG, Dönmez G, Ušacka L, Martínez Stenger RA, Mendonça LDM, Thornton J, Reis e Silva M, Schneider I, Zwerver J, Jederström M, Fagher K, AlSeyrafi O, Zondi P, Ahamed F, Zhang M, Van Oostveldt K, Suvachittanont N, Akinyi Okoth C, Bel L, Matthews E, Nelson L, Kotila K, Hollander K, Owen PJ, Verhagen E. Sport and exercise medicine around the world: global challenges for a unique healthcare discipline. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med 2023; 9:e001603. [PMID: 37020535 PMCID: PMC10069566 DOI: 10.1136/bmjsem-2023-001603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Justin Carrard
- Division of Sport and Exercise Medicine, Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ana Morais Azevedo
- La Trobe Sport and Exercise Medicine Research Centre, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- The Australian Ballet, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Boris Gojanovic
- Swiss Olympic Medical Center, Hôpital de La Tour, Meyrin, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Pascal Edouard
- Université Jean Monnet Saint-Etienne, Lyon 1, Université Savoie Mont-Blanc, Inter-university Laboratory of Human Movement Biology (EA 7424), Saint-Etienne, France
- Department of Clinical and Exercise Physiology, Sports Medicine Unit, University Hospital of Saint-Etienne, Faculty of Medicine, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Tej Pandya
- Adult Critical Care Unit, The Royal London Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Diana Gai Robinson
- Medical School, Notre Dame University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Sydney Sportsmed Specialists, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Gürhan Dönmez
- Department of Sports Medicine, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
- Gençlerbirliği Sports Club, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Laila Ušacka
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia
| | - Rodrigo A Martínez Stenger
- Dr A. Zubizarreta Hospital, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Argentinian Sports Physicians Association, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Luciana De Michelis Mendonça
- Physical Therapy Department, School of Physical Education, Physical Therapy and Occupational Therapy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Jane Thornton
- Western Centre for Public Health & Family Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Isabel Schneider
- Physio-Motion - Sport treiben gesund bleiben. Sports, Exercise, and Health Advisor and Service Provider, Groebenzell, Germany
| | - Johannes Zwerver
- Sports & Exercise Medicine, SportsValley, Gelderse Vallei Hospital, Ede, Netherlands
- Center for Human Movement Sciences, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Moa Jederström
- Athletics Research Center, Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, Linkoping, Sweden
| | - Kristina Fagher
- Rehabilitation Medicine Research Group, Department of Health Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Omar AlSeyrafi
- Aspetar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar
| | - Phathokuhle Zondi
- High-Performance Commission, Medical Advisory Committee, South African Sports Confederation and Olympic Committee, Houghton, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Fariz Ahamed
- Sri Lanka Sports Medicine Association, National Hospital of Sri Lanka, Colombo, Sri Lanka
- Sports and Exercise Medicine Unit, Colombo South Teaching Hospital, Kalubowila, Sri Lanka
| | - Mandy Zhang
- Singapore Sport and Exercise Medicine Centre, Changi General Hospital, SingHealth, Singapore
| | | | | | - Carole Akinyi Okoth
- National Spinal Injury Referral Hospital, Ministry of Health, Nairobi, Kenya
- Medical Commission National Olympic Committee, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Loïc Bel
- School of Health Professions, Bern University of Applied Sciences, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Luke Nelson
- Health & High Performance, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Karen Kotila
- Danish Society of Sports Physical Therapy, Odense, Denmark
- Boarding School of Nyborg, Nyborg, Denmark
| | - Karsten Hollander
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, MSH Medical School Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Patrick J Owen
- Deakin University, Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Evert Verhagen
- Amsterdam Collaboration on Health & Safety in Sports, Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam University Medical Centres, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Gait velocity in spastic patients after stroke is both a life quality and mortality predictor. However, the precise biomechanical events that impair a faster velocity in this population are not defined. This study goal is to find out which are the gait parameters associated with a higher velocity in stroke patients with spastic paresis. METHODS The registries of a Gait analysis laboratory were retrospectively analyzed. The inclusion criteria were: trials of adult stroke patients with unilateral deficits. The exclusion criteria were: trials when patients used an external walking device, an orthosis, or support by a third person. Of the 116 initial patients, after the application of the exclusion criteria, 34 patients were included in the cohort, all with spatiotemporal, static and dynamic kinematic and dynamometric studies. RESULTS There was a correlation of velocity with cadence, stride length of the paretic (P) limb, stride length, and time of the P and non-paretic (NP) limb, double support time, all the parameters related to hip extension during stance phase, knee flexion during swing phase, and parameters related to ankle plantarflexion during stance phase. CONCLUSIONS The main gait analysis outcomes that have a correlation with speed are related to the formula velocity = step length × cadence or are related to stance phase events that allow the anterior projection of the body. The only swing phase outcome that has a correlation with speed is knee flexion. More studies are needed from gait analysis laboratories in order to point out the most relevant goals to achieve with gait training in spastic stroke patients.
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Abstract
1. Fasciculation was produced in the trapezius and sternomastoid muscles of anaesthetized cats by adrenaline, noradrenaline and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) put into the cisterna magna. Isoprenaline, similarly applied, was ineffective.2. Each of the three active amines was without effect when applied for a second time after the fasciculation in response to the first application had passed off, but 5-HT was effective after adrenaline and, similarly, adrenaline after 5-HT.3. Fasciculation produced by adrenaline, but not by 5-HT, was inhibited by ergotamine or phenoxybenzamine, given intravenously.4. In producing fasciculation, the adrenaline appeared to be acting on or through the lateral aspect of the upper cervical cord, about the line of emergence of the roots of the spinal accessory nerve, mainly in C1 and C2.5. The electromyograms of the fasciculation due to adrenaline and 5-HT showed intermittent bursts of activity. After adrenaline, the bursts consisted of fewer spikes than after 5-HT. The intervals between consecutive spikes were 3.75-5 msec after either amine, and the bursts occurred irregularly, at frequencies between 7 and 12/sec.6. It is suggested that adrenaline and 5-HT have excitatory actions on the dendrites or somata of the spinal accessory motor neurones, and the possible role of these amines as synaptic transmitters in the spinal nucleus of the accessory nerve is discussed.
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