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Ramlee MH, Ammarullah MI, Mohd Sukri NS, Faidzul Hassan NS, Baharuddin MH, Abdul Kadir MR. Investigation on three-dimensional printed prosthetics leg sockets coated with different reinforcement materials: analysis on mechanical strength and microstructural. Sci Rep 2024; 14:6842. [PMID: 38514731 PMCID: PMC10958049 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-57454-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Previous research has primarily focused on pre-processing parameters such as design, material selection, and printing techniques to improve the strength of 3D-printed prosthetic leg sockets. However, these methods fail to address the major challenges that arise post-printing, namely failures at the distal end of the socket and susceptibility to shear failure. Addressing this gap, the study aims to enhance the mechanical properties of 3D-printed prosthetic leg sockets through post-processing techniques. Fifteen PLA + prosthetic leg sockets are fabricated and reinforced with four materials: carbon fiber, carbon-Kevlar fiber, fiberglass, and cement. Mechanical and microstructural properties of the sockets are evaluated through axial compression testing and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Results highlight superior attributes of cement-reinforced sockets, exhibiting significantly higher yield strength (up to 89.57% more than counterparts) and higher Young's modulus (up to 76.15% greater). SEM reveals correlations between microstructural properties and socket strength. These findings deepen the comprehension of 3D-printed prosthetic leg socket post-processing, presenting optimization prospects. Future research can focus on refining fabrication techniques, exploring alternative reinforcement materials, and investigating the long-term durability and functionality of post-processed 3D-printed prosthetic leg sockets.
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Abd Aziz AU, Ammarullah MI, Ng BW, Gan HS, Abdul Kadir MR, Ramlee MH. Unilateral external fixator and its biomechanical effects in treating different types of femoral fracture: A finite element study with experimental validated model. Heliyon 2024; 10:e26660. [PMID: 38404809 PMCID: PMC10884926 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e26660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Previous works had successfully demonstrated the clinical effectiveness of unilateral external fixator in treating various types of fracture, ranging from the simple type, such as oblique and transverse fractures, to complex fractures. However, literature that investigated its biomechanical analyses to further justify its efficacy is limited. Therefore, this paper aimed to analyse the stability of unilateral external fixator for treating different types of fracture, including the simple oblique, AO32C3 comminuted, and 20 mm gap transverse fracture. These fractures were reconstructed at the distal diaphysis of the femoral bone and computationally analysed through the finite element method under the stance phase condition. Findings showed a decrease in the fixation stiffness in large gap fracture (645.2 Nmm-1 for oblique and comminuted, while 23.4 Nmm-1 for the gap fracture), which resulted in higher displacement, IFM and stress distribution at the pin bone interface. These unfavourable conditions could consequently increase the risk of delayed union, pin loosening and infection, as well as implant failure. Nevertheless, the stress observed on the fracture surfaces was relatively low and in controlled amount, indicating that bone unity is still allowable in all models. Briefly, the unilateral fixation may provide desirable results in smaller fracture gap, but its usage in larger gap fracture might be alarming. These findings could serve as a guide and insight for surgeons and researchers, especially on the biomechanical stability of fixation in different fracture types and how will it affect bone unity.
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Salaha ZFM, Ammarullah MI, Abdullah NNAA, Aziz AUA, Gan HS, Abdullah AH, Abdul Kadir MR, Ramlee MH. Biomechanical Effects of the Porous Structure of Gyroid and Voronoi Hip Implants: A Finite Element Analysis Using an Experimentally Validated Model. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:ma16093298. [PMID: 37176180 PMCID: PMC10179376 DOI: 10.3390/ma16093298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Total hip arthroplasty (THA) is most likely one of the most successful surgical procedures in medicine. It is estimated that three in four patients live beyond the first post-operative year, so appropriate surgery is needed to alleviate an otherwise long-standing suboptimal functional level. However, research has shown that during a complete THA procedure, a solid hip implant inserted in the femur can damage the main arterial supply of the cortex and damage the medullary space, leading to cortical bone resorption. Therefore, this study aimed to design a porous hip implant with a focus on providing more space for better osteointegration, improving the medullary revascularisation and blood circulation of patients. Based on a review of the literature, a lightweight implant design was developed by applying topology optimisation and changing the materials of the implant. Gyroid and Voronoi lattice structures and a solid hip implant (as a control) were designed. In total, three designs of hip implants were constructed by using SolidWorks and nTopology software version 2.31. Point loads were applied at the x, y and z-axis to imitate the stance phase condition. The forces represented were x = 320 N, y = -170 N, and z = -2850 N. The materials that were used in this study were titanium alloys. All of the designs were then simulated by using Marc Mentat software version 2020 (MSC Software Corporation, Munich, Germany) via a finite element method. Analysis of the study on topology optimisation demonstrated that the Voronoi lattice structure yielded the lowest von Mises stress and displacement values, at 313.96 MPa and 1.50 mm, respectively, with titanium alloys as the materials. The results also indicate that porous hip implants have the potential to be implemented for hip implant replacement, whereby the mechanical integrity is still preserved. This result will not only help orthopaedic surgeons to justify the design choices, but could also provide new insights for future studies in biomechanics.
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Yusoff NISM, Tham WH, Wahit MU, Abdul Kadir MR, Wong T. The effect of hydroxyapatite filler on biodegradable poly(sorbitol sebacate malate) composites. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.52862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Zainal Abidin NA, Ramlee MH, Ab Rashid AM, Ng BW, Gan HS, Abdul Kadir MR. Biomechanical effects of cross-pin's diameter in reconstruction of anterior cruciate ligament - A specific case study via finite element analysis. Injury 2022; 53:2424-2436. [PMID: 35641332 DOI: 10.1016/j.injury.2022.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
For anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACL-R), one of the crucial aspects of treatment is the fixator selection that could provide initial graft fixation post-operatively. Literature on biomechanical stabilities of different sizes of fixators as femoral graft fixation is limited. Therefore, this study aims to analyse the influence of different diameters of cross-pins on the stability of graft fixations after ACL-R via finite element analysis (FEA). In the methodology, three-dimensional (3D) models of three different diameters of cross-pins were developed, of which anterior tibial loads (ATL) were applied onto the tibia. From the findings, the cross-pin with a smaller diameter (4 mm) provided optimum stability than larger diameter cross-pins, whereby it demonstrated acceptable stresses at the fixators (both cross-pin and interference screw) with a different percentage of 28%, while the stresses at the corresponding bones were favourable for osseointegration to occur. Besides, the strains of the knee joint with 4 mm diameter cross-pin were also superior in providing a good biomechanical environment for bone healing, while the recorded strain values at fixators were comparable with a larger diameter of cross-pins without being inferior in terms of deformation. To conclude, the cross-pin with 4 mm diameter depicted the best biomechanical aspects in graft fixation for ACL-R since it allows better assistance for the osseointegration process and can minimise the possibility of the breakage and migration of fixators. This study is not only useful for medical surgeons to justify their choices of pin diameter to treat patients, but also for researchers to conduct future studies.
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Ab Rashid AM, Ramlee MH, Gan HS, Rafiq Abdul Kadir M. Effects of badminton insole design on stress distribution, displacement and bone rotation of ankle joint during single-leg landing: a finite element analysis. Sports Biomech 2022:1-22. [PMID: 35722740 DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2022.2086168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Previous research has reported that up to 92% of injuries amongst badminton players consist of lower limb, whereby 35% of foot fractures occurred at the metatarsal bone. In sports, insoles are widely used to increase athletes' performance and prevent many injuries. However, there is still a lack of badminton insole analysis and improvements. Therefore, this study aimed to biomechanically analyse three different insole designs. A validated and converged three-dimensional (3D) finite element model of ankle-foot complex was developed, which consisted of the skin, talus, calcaneus, navicular, three cuneiform, cuboid, five metatarsals and five phalanges. Three existing insoles from the market, (1) Yonex Active Pro Truactive, (2) Victor VT-XD 8 and (3) Li-Ning L6200LA, were scanned using a 3D scanner. For the analysis, single-leg landing was simulated. On the superior surface of the skin, 2.57 times of the bodyweight was axially applied, and the inferior surface of the outsole was fixed. The results showed that Insole 3 was the most optimum design to reduce peak stress on the metatarsals (3.807 MPa). In conclusion, the optimum design of Insole 3, based on the finite element analysis, could be a justification of athletes' choices to prevent injury and other complications.
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Zainal Abidin NA, Abdul Wahab AH, Abdul Rahim RA, Abdul Kadir MR, Ramlee MH. Biomechanical analysis of three different types of fixators for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction via finite element method: a patient-specific study. Med Biol Eng Comput 2021; 59:1945-1960. [PMID: 34392448 DOI: 10.1007/s11517-021-02419-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Complication rates of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACL-R) were reported to be around 15% although it is a common arthroscopic procedure with good outcomes. Breakage and migration of fixators are still possible even months after surgery. A fixator with optimum stability can minimise those two complications. Factors that affect the stability of a fixator are its configuration, material, and design. Thus, this paper aims to analyse the biomechanical effects of different types of fixators (cross-pin, interference screw, and cortical button) towards the stability of the knee joint after ACL-R. In this study, finite element modelling and analyses of a knee joint attached with double semitendinosus graft and fixators were carried out. Mimics and 3-Matic softwares were used in the development of the knee joint models. Meanwhile, the graft and fixators were designed by using SolidWorks software. Once the meshes of all models were finished in 3-Matic, simulation of the configurations was done using MSC Marc Mentat software. A 100-N anterior tibial load was applied onto the tibia to simulate the anterior drawer test. Based on the findings, cross-pin was found to have optimum stability in terms of stress and strain at the femoral fixation site for better treatment of ACL-R.
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Mohammad Kata N, Zainal Abidin NA, Abd Aziz AU, Abdullah AH, Wui NB, Nasution AK, Abdul Kadir MR, Ramlee MH. Finite Element Analysis of External Fixator for Treating Femur Fracture: Analysis on Stainless Steel and Titanium as Material of External Fixator. MALAYSIAN JOURNAL OF FUNDAMENTAL AND APPLIED SCIENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.11113/mjfas.v17n3.2104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
An external fixator device is a medical implant used to keep fractured bones stabilized and in alignment. It consists of pins which are placed into the bone, extending outside the surface of the skin, and attached to a rigid external rod to keep it in place. The aim of this study is to investigate the most suitable material used for the external fixator. Firstly, the 3D model of two unilateral uniplanar external fixator with the properties of titanium and stainless steel were constructed at Solidworks software with all the other parameters set to constant. Meanwhile, CT images of the lower limb were used to reconstruct a 3D model of the femur fracture at Mimics Medical software. Positioning and meshing of both the external fixator and the femur done at 3-Matics Medical and export as Patran for simulation at Marc Mentat software. 375 N load was applied at the most proximal femur to simulate stance phase of a gait cycle. From the findings, external fixator by using stainless steel as material properties have lower maximum von Mises Stress (18.40 MPa) at the femur and (103.69 MPa) at the fixator compared to the titanium (32.38 MPa) at the femur and (182.93 MPa) at the fixator. The result shows a difference of 75% of maximum von Mises Stress at the femur and the external fixator. Configuration by using stainless steel displaced 1.15 mm at the femur and 1.01 mm at the fixator which almost double value of displacement for titanium material for both femur (2.35 mm) and external fixator (2.11 mm). In conclusion, stainless steel external fixators provide better stability when compared to titanium external fixators.
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Ramlee MH, Gan HS, Daud SA, Abdul Wahab A, Abdul Kadir MR. Stress Distributions and Micromovement of Fragment Bone of Pilon Fracture Treated With External Fixator: A Finite Element Analysis. J Foot Ankle Surg 2021; 59:664-672. [PMID: 32600559 DOI: 10.1053/j.jfas.2019.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Revised: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Osteoporosis and osteoarthritis are common pathological problems of the human bone tissue. There are some cases of pilon fractures associated with these 2 pathological conditions. In terms of treatment, for a normal and healthy bone with pilon fracture, the use of the Delta external fixator is a favorable option because it can allow early mobilization for patients and provide stability for the healing process. However, the stability of the external fixator differs when there is low bone stiffness, which has not been previously investigated. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine the stability of the external fixator to treat pilon fracture associated with osteoporosis and osteoarthritis, particularly to differentiate the stress distribution and micromovement of fracture fragment. Three-dimensional finite element models of the ankle and foot bones were reconstructed based on the computed tomography datasets. The bones consisted of 5 metatarsal, 3 cuneiform, and 1 each of cuboid, navicular, calcaneus, talus, fibula, and tibia bones. They were assigned with linear isotropic behavior. The ankle joint consisted of ligament and cartilage, and they were assigned with the use of linear links and the Mooney-Rivlin model, respectively. During simulation of the gait cycle, 70 N and 350 N were applied axially to the tibia bone to represent the swing and stance phases, respectively. The metatarsal and calcaneus bones were fixed to prevent any movement of the rigid body. The study found that the greatest von Mises stress value was observed at the pin-bone interface for the osteoporosis (108 MPa) model, followed by the osteoarthritis (87 MPa) and normal (44 MPa) models, during the stance phase. For micromovement, the osteoporosis model had the largest value at 0.26 mm, followed by the osteoarthritis (0.09 mm) and normal (0.03 mm) models. In conclusion, the greatest magnitudes of stress and micromovement were observed for the osteoporosis bone and extra care should be taken to treat pilon fracture associated with this pathological condition.
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Shakhih MFM, Ridzuan N, Wahab AA, Zainuddin NF, Delestri LFU, Rosslan AS, Kadir MRA. Non-obstructive monitoring of muscle fatigue for low intensity dynamic exercise with infrared thermography technique. Med Biol Eng Comput 2021; 59:1447-1459. [PMID: 34156602 DOI: 10.1007/s11517-021-02387-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Surface electromyography (sEMG) has been widely used in evaluating muscle fatigue among athletes where electrodes are attached on the skin during the activity. Recently, infrared thermography technique (IRT) has gain popularity and shown to be another preferred method in monitoring and predicting muscle fatigue non-obstructively. This paper investigates the correlation between surface temperature and muscle activation parameters obtained using both IRT and sEMG methods simultaneously. Twenty healthy subjects were required to perform a repetitive calf raise exercise with various loads attached around their ankle for 3 min to induce fatigue on the targeted gastrocnemius muscles. Average temperature and temperature difference information were extracted from thermal images, while root mean square (RMS) and median frequency (MF) were extracted from sEMG signals. Spearman statistical analysis performed shows that there is a significant correlation between average temperature with RMS and between temperature difference with MF values at p<0.05. While ANOVA test conducted shows that there is significant impact of loads on RMS and MF where F=12.61 and 3.59, respectively, at p< 0.05. This study suggested that skin surface temperature can be utilized in monitoring and predicting muscle fatigue in low intensity dynamic exercise and can be extended to other dynamic exercises.
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Ahmad Wsoo M, Izwan Abd Razak S, Shahir S, Ahmed Abdullah Al‐Moalemi H, Rafiq Abdul Kadir M, Hasraf Mat Nayan N. Development of prolonged drug delivery system using electrospun cellulose acetate/polycaprolactone nanofibers: Future subcutaneous implantation. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.5375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Nazir S, Umar Aslam Khan M, Shamsan Al-Arjan W, Izwan Abd Razak S, Javed A, Rafiq Abdul Kadir M. Nanocomposite hydrogels for melanoma skin cancer care and treatment: In-vitro drug delivery, drug release kinetics and anti-cancer activities. ARAB J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2021.103120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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Li S, Shaharudin S, Abdul Kadir MR. Effects of Blood Flow Restriction Training on Muscle Strength and Pain in Patients With Knee Injuries: A Meta-Analysis. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 2021; 100:337-344. [PMID: 33727516 DOI: 10.1097/phm.0000000000001567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Due to the pain caused by knee injuries, low-load resistance training with blood flow restriction (L-BFR) may be a potential adjuvant therapeutic tool in the rehabilitation of knee injuries. This review aimed to analyze the effectiveness of L-BFR training modality in knee rehabilitation. DESIGN A meta-analysis was conducted to determine the potential impact of blood flow restriction on patients with knee injuries. PubMed, EBSCO, and Web of Science databases were searched for eligible studies from January 2000 until January 2020. The mean differences of the data were analyzed using Revman 5.3 software with a 95% confidence interval. RESULTS Nine studies fulfilled the inclusion criteria. These studies involved 179 patients who received L-BFR, 96 patients who underwent high-load resistance training, and another 94 patients who underwent low-load resistance training. The analysis of pooled data showed that patients in both the L-BFR (standardized mean difference, 0.83 [0.53, 1.14], P < 0.01) and high-load resistance training (standardized mean difference, -0.09 [-0.43, 0.24], P = 0.58) groups experienced an increase in muscle strength after the training. In addition, pain score was significantly reduced in the L-BFR group compared with the other two groups (standardized mean difference, -0.61 [-1.19, -0.03], P = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS Muscle strength increased after L-BFR and high-load resistance training compared with low-load resistance training. Furthermore, pain score was significantly reduced after L-BFR. Hence, L-BFR is a potential intervention to be applied in rehabilitation of knee injuries.
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Aslam Khan MU, Haider A, Abd Razak SI, Abdul Kadir MR, Haider S, Shah SA, Hasan A, Khan R, Khan SUD, Shakir I. Arabinoxylan/graphene-oxide/nHAp-NPs/PVA bionano composite scaffolds for fractured bone healing. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2021; 15:322-335. [PMID: 33432773 DOI: 10.1002/term.3168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The importance of bone scaffolds has increased many folds in the last few years; however, during bone implantation, bacterial infections compromise the implantation and tissue regeneration. This work is focused on this issue while not compromising on the properties of a scaffold for bone regeneration. Biocomposite scaffolds (BS) were fabricated via the freeze-drying technique. The samples were characterized for structural changes, surface morphology, porosity, and mechanical properties through spectroscopic (Fourier transform-infrared [FT-IR]), microscopic (scanning electron microscope [SEM]), X-ray (powder X-ray diffraction and energy-dispersive X-ray), and other analytical (Brunauer-Emmett-Teller, universal testing machine Instron) techniques. Antibacterial, cellular, and hemocompatibility assays were performed using standard protocols. FT-IR confirmed the interactions of all the components. SEM illustrated porous and interconnected porous morphology. The percentage porosity was in the range of 49.75%-67.28%, and the pore size was 215.65-470.87 µm. The pore size was perfect for cellular penetration. Thus, cells showed significant proliferation onto these scaffolds. X-ray studies confirmed the presence of nanohydroxyapatite and graphene oxide (GO). The cell viability was 85%-98% (BS1-BS3), which shows no significant toxicity of the biocomposite. Furthermore, the biocomposites exhibited better antibacterial activity, no effect on the blood clotting (normal in vitro blood clotting), and less than 5% hemolysis. The ultimate compression strength for the biocomposites increased from 4.05 to 7.94 with an increase in the GO content. These exciting results revealed that this material has the potential for possible application in bone tissue engineering.
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Salihu R, Abd Razak SI, Ahmad Zawawi N, Rafiq Abdul Kadir M, Izzah Ismail N, Jusoh N, Riduan Mohamad M, Hasraf Mat Nayan N. Citric acid: A green cross-linker of biomaterials for biomedical applications. Eur Polym J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2021.110271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Abdul Wahab AH, Mohamad Azmi NA, Abdul Kadir MR, Md Saad AP. Effects of conform, non-conform, and hybrid conformity toward stress distribution at the glenoid implant and cement: A finite element study. Int J Artif Organs 2021; 45:200-206. [PMID: 33645338 DOI: 10.1177/0391398821999391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Glenoid conformity is one of the important aspects that could contribute to implant stability. However, the optimal conformity is still being debated among the researchers. Therefore, this study aims to analyze the stress distribution of the implant and cement in three types of conformity (conform, non-conform, and hybrid) in three load conditions (central, anterior, and posterior). Glenoid implant and cement were reconstructed using Solidwork software and a 3D model of scapula bone was done using MIMICS software. Constant load, 750 N, was applied at the central, anterior, and posterior region of the glenoid implant which represents average load for daily living activities for elder people, including, walking with a stick and standing up from a chair. The results showed that, during center load, an implant with dual conformity (hybrid) showed the best (Max Stress-3.93 MPa) and well-distributed stress as compared to other conformity (Non-conform-7.21 MPa, Conform-9.38 MPa). While, during eccentric load (anterior and posterior), high stress was located at the anterior and posterior region with respect to the load applied. Cement stress for non-conform and hybrid implant recorded less than 5 MPa, which indicates it had a very low risk to have cement microcracks, whilst, conform implant was exposed to microcrack of the cement. In conclusion, hybrid conformity showed a promising result that could compromise between conform and non-conform implant. However, further enhancement is required for hybrid implants when dealing with eccentric load (anterior and posterior).
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Khan MA, Abd Razak SI, Mehboob H, Abdul Kadir MR, Anand TJS, Inam F, Shah SA, Abdel-Haliem MEF, Amin R. Synthesis and Characterization of Silver-Coated Polymeric Scaffolds for Bone Tissue Engineering: Antibacterial and In Vitro Evaluation of Cytotoxicity and Biocompatibility. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:4335-4346. [PMID: 33623844 PMCID: PMC7893789 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c05596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
In bone tissue engineering, multifunctional composite materials are very challenging. Bone tissue engineering is an innovative technique to develop biocompatible scaffolds with suitable orthopedic applications with enhanced antibacterial and mechanical properties. This research introduces a polymeric nanocomposite scaffold based on arabinoxylan-co-acrylic acid, nano-hydroxyapatite (nHAp), nano-aluminum oxide (nAl2O3), and graphene oxide (GO) by free-radical polymerization for the development of porous scaffolds using the freeze-drying technique. These polymeric nanocomposite scaffolds were coated with silver (Ag) nanoparticles to improve antibacterial activities. Together, nHAp, nAl2O3, and GO enhance the multifunctional properties of materials, which regulate their physicochemical and biomechanical properties. Results revealed that the Ag-coated polymeric nanocomposite scaffolds had excellent antibacterial properties and better microstructural properties. Regulated morphological properties and maximal antibacterial inhibition zones were found in the porous scaffolds with the increasing amount of GO. Moreover, the nanosystem and the polymeric matrix have improved the compressive strength (18.89 MPa) and Young's modulus (198.61 MPa) of scaffolds upon increasing the amount of GO. The biological activities of the scaffolds were investigated against the mouse preosteoblast cell lines (MC3T3-E1) and increasing the quantities of GO helps cell adherence and proliferation. Therefore, our findings showed that these silver-coated polymeric nanocomposite scaffolds have the potential for engineering bone tissue.
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Umar Aslam Khan M, Haider S, Haider A, Izwan Abd Razak S, Rafiq Abdul Kadir M, Shah SA, Javed A, Shakir I, Al-Zahrani AA. Development of porous, antibacterial and biocompatible GO/n-HAp/bacterial cellulose/β-glucan biocomposite scaffold for bone tissue engineering. ARAB J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2020.102924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
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Aslam Khan MU, Raza MA, Mehboob H, Abdul Kadir MR, Abd Razak SI, Shah SA, Iqbal MZ, Amin R. Correction: Development and in vitro evaluation of κ-carrageenan based polymeric hybrid nanocomposite scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. RSC Adv 2021; 11:18615-18616. [PMID: 35481984 PMCID: PMC9033475 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra90119b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Correction for ‘Development and in vitro evaluation of κ-carrageenan based polymeric hybrid nanocomposite scaffolds for bone tissue engineering’ by Muhammad Umar Aslam Khan et al., RSC Adv., 2020, 10, 40529–40542. DOI: 10.1039/D0RA07446B.
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Aslam Khan MU, Raza MA, Mehboob H, Abdul Kadir MR, Abd Razak SI, Shah SA, Iqbal MZ, Amin R. Development and in vitro evaluation of κ-carrageenan based polymeric hybrid nanocomposite scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. RSC Adv 2020; 10:40529-40542. [PMID: 35520852 PMCID: PMC9057573 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra07446b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The excellent biocompatible and osteogenesis characteristics of porous scaffolds play a vital role in bone regeneration. In this study, we have synthesized polymeric hybrid nanocomposites via free-radical polymerization from carrageenan/acrylic-acid/graphene/hydroxyapatite. Porous hybrid nanocomposite scaffolds were fabricated through a freeze-drying method to mimic the structural and chemical composition of natural bone. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and water contact-angle studies were carried-out for functional groups, surface morphology and hydrophilicity of the materials, followed by biodegradation and swelling analysis. The cell viability, cell culture and proliferation were evaluated against mouse pre-osteoblast (MC3T3-E1) cell lines using neutral red dye assay. The cell adherence and proliferation studies were determined by SEM. Physical characterization including optimum porosity and pore size (49.75% and 0.41 × 103 μm2), mechanical properties (compression strength 8.87 MPa and elastic modulus 442.63 MPa), swelling (70.20% at 27 °C and 77.21% at 37 °C) and biodegradation (23.8%) were performed. The results indicated CG-g-AAc-3 with a high optical density and better cell viability. Hence, CG-g-AAc-3 was found to be more efficient for bone regeneration with potential applications in fractured bone regeneration.
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Abd Aziz AU, Abdul Wahab AH, Abdul Rahim RA, Abdul Kadir MR, Ramlee MH. A finite element study: Finding the best configuration between unilateral, hybrid, and ilizarov in terms of biomechanical point of view. Injury 2020; 51:2474-2478. [PMID: 32798038 DOI: 10.1016/j.injury.2020.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In an open fracture, the external fixator is one of the definitive treatment options as it could provide the initial stabilisation of the fractured bone. Limited literature discussing on the biomechanical stability between unilateral, hybrid and Ilizarov configurations, principally in treating a femoral fracture. Thus, this study aims to analyse the biomechanical stability of different external fixators via the finite element method (FEM). The present study portrays that different configurations of fixators possess different biomechanical stability, hence leading to different healing rates and complication risks. For the methodology, three-dimensional models of three different external fixators were reconstructed where axial loads were applied on the proximal end of the femur, simulating the stance phase. From the results, the unilateral configuration provides better stability compared to the hybrid and Ilizarov, where it displaced the least with an average percentage difference of 50% for the fixator's frame and 23% for the bone. The unilateral configuration also produced the least interfragmentary movement (0.48 mm) as compared to hybrid (0.62 mm) and Ilizarov (0.61 mm) configurations. Besides, the strain and stress of the unilateral configuration were superior in terms of stability compared to the other two configurations. As a conclusion, the unilateral configuration had the best biomechanical stability as it was able to assist the bone healing process as well as minimising the risk of pin tract infection while treating a femoral fracture.
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Abdul Wahab AH, Wui NB, Abdul Kadir MR, Ramlee MH. Biomechanical evaluation of three different configurations of external fixators for treating distal third tibia fracture: Finite element analysis in axial, bending and torsion load. Comput Biol Med 2020; 127:104062. [PMID: 33096298 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2020.104062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
External fixators have been widely used in treating open fractures and have produced excellent outcomes, as they could successfully heal bones. The stability of external fixators lies greatly in their construction. Factors that associated with the stability of the external fixators includes stress, displacement, and relative micromotion. Three-dimensional (3D) models of bone and external fixators were constructed by using 3D modelling software, namely Materialise and SolidWorks, respectively. Three different configurations of external fixators namely Model 1, Model 2, and Model 3 were analysed. Three load cases were simulated to assess the abovementioned factors at the bone, specifically at the fracture site and at the external fixator. Findings showed that the double-cross configuration (Model 3) was the most promising in axial, bending, and torsion load cases as compared to the other two configurations. The no-cross configuration (Model 1) had the highest risk of complication due to high stress, relative micromotion, and displacement in the bending and torsion load cases. On the other hand, the single-cross configuration (Model 2) had the highest risk of complication when applied with axial load. In conclusion, the double-cross locking construct (Model 3) showed the biggest potential to be a new option for medical surgeons in treating patients associated with bone fracture. This new double-cross locking construct showed superior biomechanical stability as compared to single-cross and no-cross configurations in the axial, bending, and torsion load cases.
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Ramlee MH, Mohamad Afandi MH, Gan HS, Abdul Kadir MR. Biomechanical analysis of conventional and locking compression plate for treating fibula fracture: A finite element study. MALAYSIAN JOURNAL OF FUNDAMENTAL AND APPLIED SCIENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.11113/mjfas.v16n4.1709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
1) Background: Due to questionable effectiveness of malleolar fracture fixation, biomechanical study was conducted to compare the stability of One Third Tubular (OTT) Plate and Locking Compression Plate (LCP); 2) Methods: CT image of bone was used to develop 3D bone model while the plate was constructed in Solidwork with varied number of screws. Further, finite element study was conducted for both models where the bone and plate were defined as homogenous and isotropic material properties; 3) Results: For LCP, the highest VMS observed at the plate for 3 screws was 484 MPa, whereas for 5 screws plate was 667 MPa. Meanwhile, for OTT, the highest VMS at plate was observed for 3 screws was 300.5 MPa, whereas for 5 screw plate was 127.5 MPa. 4) Conclusion: Based on the results, it can be noted that the usage of 3 screw causing a lower VMS at plate compared to 5 screws. However, the relation is only valid for LCP. On the other hand, for OTT, 5-screw constructs giving a low VMS than 3-screw constructs. It can be concluded that the optimum stabilities of OTT and LCP were found at 5 screws and 3 screws, respectively.
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Khan MUA, Raza MA, Razak SIA, Abdul Kadir MR, Haider A, Shah SA, Mohd Yusof AH, Haider S, Shakir I, Aftab S. Novel functional antimicrobial and biocompatible arabinoxylan/guar gum hydrogel for skin wound dressing applications. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2020; 14:1488-1501. [DOI: 10.1002/term.3115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Hamzah MSA, Razak SIA, Kadir MRA, Bohari SPM, Nayan NHM, Thangaraj Anand JS. Fabrication and evaluation of polylactic acid/pectin composite scaffold via freeze extraction for tissue engineering. JOURNAL OF POLYMER ENGINEERING 2020; 40:421-431. [DOI: 10.1515/polyeng-2019-0377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
This work reports the fabrication and characterizations of porous scaffold made up of polylactic acid (PLA) with the inclusion of pectin (1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11 wt%) for potential tissue engineering material. The composite scaffold was prepared using a facile method of freeze extraction. Based on the physical evaluations, the scaffold was suggested to be optimum at 5 wt% of pectin loading. Water contact angle of the scaffold was significantly reduced to 46.5o with the inclusion of 5 wt% of pectin. Morphological and topographic of the PLA scaffold revealed that the pectin induced more porous structure and its surface became rougher which was suitable for cell attachment and proliferation. In vitro studies of the PLA/pectin composite scaffold using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromidelt (MTT) assay revealed good biocompatibility whereas Live-Dead kit assay resulted in 91% cell viability after 7 days of incubation.
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