Isolation and identification of Methylobacterium komagatae and its application in textile industries

A light pink-coloured, rod-shaped, gram-negative bacterium isolated from an unproductive crude oil production area was considered as a sample for this study. The 16S rRNA gene sequence identified the isolate as Methylobacterium komagatae. Comparing the standard colour measurement values set by the International Commission on Illumination (CIE) method confirms the colourant produced by the biomass of this microorganism as a 'light pink' colouration. The energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and High-Resolution Mass Spectroscopy process help in the structural elucidation of the sample. It indicates the presence of magnesium (Mg) as a central metal atom in the bacterial colourant, i.e. 'bacteriochlorophyll' (BChl) (MgC55H74N4O). The recovered bacterial colourant was applied to cotton fabric and cotton yarns to dye and examine their fastness quality. The result shows the cotton fabrics retained colourant in normal washing while it got reduced after detergent-based washing. Therefore, its fastness quality must be improved to equalise with current colourants.

Frequency of heterotic hybrids in relation to general combining ability of parents in sweet corn

The success of developing prominent hybrids directly depends on the selection of parents with good combining ability which can transfer desirable genes with additive effects to their progeny. The data of 42 hybrids generated using 7 × 7 full diallel design; their seven parents along with three check hybrids were subjected to combining ability analysis from the experiment that was carried out during rainy season 2019. The analysis of variance showed significant general combining ability, and specific combining ability mean sum of squares for all the thirteen characters studied. It is obvious from the results that three lines (SC Sel 2, SC Sel 1 and SC Sel 3) showed high overall general combining ability status, suggesting these lines as good general combiners across traits. Eighteen hybrids had high overall specific combining ability status, while nearly 52% (22 hybrids), 57% (24 hybrids) and 47% (20 hybrids) of crosses showed high overall mid-parent, better-parent and standard heterosis. The unique superiority of crosses involving high overall general combiner parent in the crosses highlighted the importance of using such parents to realize high heterotic crosses. A non-linear relationship between high overall specific combining ability status and heterotic status of hybrids was noticed. The probability of obtaining a cross with high standard heterosis was more with employing parents with high general combining ability status.

Molecular genetic divergence analysis amongst high curcumin lines of Golden Crop (Curcuma longa L.) using SSR marker and use in trait-specific breeding

Curcuma longa L., is recognized worldwide as a medicinally and economically important plant species due to its curcumin content which is an industrially important compound. In this study, a total of 329 accessions were collected from four states of India and planted in the experimental farm of CSIR-NEIST, Jorhat, India, in augmented design. Among these, 152 high curcumin (> 1.50%) accessions were screened for molecular divergence study using 39 SSR primers. The primers showed the most efficient outcome with 2-8 allele/ loci and a total 163 number of alleles with 100% polymorphism. Cluster analysis revealed the construction of three clusters, out of which one cluster was geographically dependent, and germplasm was particularly from Assam state. Jaccard's pairwise coefficient showed maximum genetic dissimilarity of (0.75) between accession RRLJCL 3 and RRLJCL 126, indicating high variation as it was from two different states viz Arunachal Pradesh and Nagaland respectively and minimum genetic dissimilarity of (0.09) between RRLJCL 58 and RRLJCL 59 indicating significantly less variation as the two accessions were from same state, i.e., Arunachal Pradesh. Analysis of Molecular Variance (AMOVA) revealed high molecular variation within the population (87%) and significantly less variation among the population (13%). Additionally, Neighbour Joining dendrogram, Principal Component Analysis (PCA), and bar plot structure revealed similar clustering of germplasm. This diversity assessment will help in selecting the trait-specific genotypes, crop improvement program, conservation of gene pool, marker-assisted breeding, and quantitative trait loci identification. Moreover, to the best of our knowledge, it is the first molecular diversity report among 152 high curcumin lines of C. longa from North East India using 39 SSR primers.

Lutein/Zeaxanthin Isomers and Quercetagetin Combination Safeguards the Retina from Photo-Oxidative Damage by Modulating Neuroplasticity Markers and the Nrf2 Pathway

Exposure to light-emitting diode (LED) light is a primary cause of retinal damage, resulting in vision loss. Several plant-derived substances, such as lutein and quercetagetin (QCG), show promise in supporting eye health. In this study, the impact of lutein/zeaxanthin (L/Z, Lutemax 2020) and QCG were evaluated individually and together in a rat model of LED-induced retinal damage. A total of 63 Wistar rats were allocated into nine groups (n = 7). For 28 days, the rats received L/Z (10 or 20 mg/kg BW), quercetin (QC, 20 mg/kg BW), QCG (10 or 20 mg/kg BW), or a mixture of different lutein and QCG dosages, after which they were exposed to LED light for 48 h. LED exposure led to a spike in serum malondialdehyde (MDA) and inflammatory cytokines, as well as an increase in retinal NF-κB, ICAM, GFAP, and MCP-1 levels (p < 0.0001 for all). It also reduced serum antioxidant enzyme activities and retinal Nrf2, HO-1, GAP43, NCAM, and outer nuclear layer (ONL) thickness (p < 0.0001 for all). However, administering L/Z and QCG, particularly a 1:1 combination of L/Z and QCG at 20 mg/kg, effectively reversed these changes. The treatment suppressed NF-κB, ICAM, GFAP, and MCP-1 while enhancing Nrf2, HO-1, GAP43, and NCAM and preventing ONL thickness reduction in LED-induced retinal damage rats. In conclusion, while LED light exposure caused retinal damage, treatment with L/Z, QC, and QCG, particularly a combined L/Z and QCG regimen, exhibited protective effects on the retina. This is possibly due to the modulation of neuroplasticity markers and nuclear transcription factors in the rats' retinal cells.

Assessment of selection criteria using multi-year study for effective breeding program of Zingiber officinale L

Background

Ginger has been an important cash crop with numerous applications since ancient times. As the demand for ginger is ever-growing and being a seasonal crop, a high-yielding variety of ginger would be economically profitable.

Methods

In this study, 150 germplasm were collected from different regions of NE India and evaluated for three years in CRBD design with three replications. The present study thus focused on the variability, association, and diversity studies for the first time on 150 ginger germplasm from across North East India. The genotypic and phenotypic coefficient of variation, heritability, correlation, and path analysis were evaluated for the germplasm.

Results

Analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed considerable differences among the studied germplasm for studied characters, revealing sufficient variability in the materials. The Mahalanobis D2 and Tocher methods grouped the 150 ginger germplasm into ten clusters. Based on the results of the path coefficient analysis determined for essential oil yield and rhizome yield per plant, it can be concluded that the characters' initial rhizome weight, the weight of mother rhizome, and weight of secondary rhizome were the most important and appeared promising in improving the overall yield potential of ginger rhizome and essential oil yield. Thus, selection based on the identified traits would lead to an effective ginger breeding program for higher rhizome and essential oil yield.

Innovative study in renewable energy source through mixed surfactant system for eco-friendly environment

Actual plan of research work was proposed for systematic investigating in the field of photogalvanic (PG) cells for solar energy transformation. It was necessary and proposed to carry out experimental work under the solar parameters for PG cells. The object of the research work is to enhance the solar energy conversion into electricity and store it through PG cells. Various parameters were studied in a PG cell having D-Xylose + MB + Brij-35 + NaLS system (mixed surfactants). In this study, the observed optimum results in terms of the open circuit voltage, photopotential, maximum photocurrent, and short circuit current are 921.00 mV, 698.00 mV, 311 uA, and 245.0 uA, respectively. The observed equilibrium photocurrent, current at power point, fill factor, and conversion efficiency were 243.0 uA and 142.0 uA, 0.4521, and 0.6769%, respectively. For individual surfactants, the observed results in terms of the open circuit voltage, photopotential, maximum photocurrent, and short circuit current are 870.00 mV, 635.00 mV, 175 uA, and 90.0 uA, respectively. For individual surfactant system, the observed equilibrium photocurrent, current at power point, fill factor, and conversion efficiency were 84.0 uA and 55.0 uA, 0.3630, and 0.3100%, respectively. The impact of solar energy was studied by varying the various parameters in PG cells. On the basis of above obtained values, the mixed surfactants (NaLS + Brij-35) have experimentally proved the efficient system as the desired object of research with special reference to enhance electrical out and storage of solar energy.

Optimizing hybrid vigor: a comprehensive analysis of genetic distance and heterosis in eggplant landraces

Introduction

This study explored the molecular characterization of 14 eggplant (brinjal) genotypes to evaluate their genetic diversity and the impact of heterosis. As eggplant is a vital horticultural crop with substantial economic and nutritional value, a comprehensive understanding of its genetic makeup and heterosis effects is essential for effective breeding strategies. Our aim was not only to dissect the genetic diversity among these genotypes but also to determine how genetic distance impacts heterotic patterns, which could ultimately help improve hybrid breeding programs.

Methods

Genetic diversity was assessed using 20 SSR markers, and the parental lines were grouped into five clusters based on the Unweighted Pair Group Method of Arithmetic Means (UPGMA). Heterosis was examined through yield and yield-related traits among parents and hybrids.

Results

Polymorphisms were detected in eight out of the twenty SSR markers across the parental lines. Notably, a high genetic distance was observed between some parents. The analysis of yield and yield-related traits demonstrated significant heterosis over mid, superior, and standard parents, particularly in fruit yield per plant. Two crosses (RKML-26 X PPC and RKML1 X PPC) displayed substantial heterosis over mid and better parents, respectively. However, the positive correlation between genetic distance and heterosis was only up to a certain threshold; moderate genetic distance often resulted in higher heterosis compared to very high genetic distance.

Discussion

These findings emphasize the critical role of parental selection in hybrid breeding programs. The results contribute to the understanding of the relationship between genetic distance and heterosis, and it is suggested that future research should delve into the genetic mechanisms that drive heterosis and the effect of genetic distance variance on heterosis. The insights drawn from this study can be harnessed to enhance crop yield and economic value in breeding programs.

Estimation of genetic variation in yield, its contributing characters and capsaicin content of Capsicum chinense Jacq. (ghost pepper) germplasm from Northeast India

Capsicum chinense Jacq. (ghost pepper), a naturally occurring chili species of Northeast India is known throughout the world for its high pungency and a pleasant aroma. The economic importance is due to the high capsaicinoid levels, the main source for pharmaceutical industries. The present study focused on identifying important traits necessary for increasing the yield and pungency of ghost pepper and to determine the parameters for the selection of superior genotypes. A total of 120 genotypes with more than 1.2% capsaicin content (>1,92,000 Scoville Heat Unit, w/w on dry weight basis) collected from different northeast Indian regions were subjected to variability, divergence and correlation studies. Levene's homogeneity test of variance studied for three environments did not show significant deviation and so homogeneity of variance was reasonably met for analysis of variance study. Genotypic and phenotypic coefficient of variation was highest for fruit yield per plant (33.702, 36.200, respectively), followed by number of fruits per plant (29.583, 33.014, respectively) and capsaicin content (25.283, 26.362, respectively). The trait number of fruits per plant had maximum direct contribution to fruit yield per plant and the trait fruit yield per plant towards capsaicin content in the correlation study. High heritability with high genetic advance, which is the most favored selection criteria was observed for fruit yield per plant, number of fruits per plant, capsaicin content, fruit length and fruit girth. The genetic divergence study partitioned the genotypes into 20 clusters, where fruit yield per plant contributed maximum towards total divergence. Principal components analysis (PCA) studied to determine the largest contributor of variation showed 73.48% of the total variability, of which the PC1 and PC2 contributed 34.59% and 16.81% respectively.

Influence of silylated nano cellulose reinforcement on the mechanical, water resistance, thermal, morphological and antibacterial properties of soy protein isolate (SPI)-based composite films

The aim of this research work is to improve the mechanical and water-resistance properties of soy protein isolate (SPI) biofilm. In this work, 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) coupling agent modified nanocellulose was introduced into the SPI matrix in the presence of citric acid cross-linker. The presence of amino groups in APTES facilitated to form cross-linked structures with soy protein. The incorporation of a citric acid cross-linker made the cross-linking process more productive, and the surface smoothness of the film was confirmed by a Scanning Electron Microscope (FE-SEM). From the study of the mechanical and thermal properties and water resistance of the film, it was confirmed that the results were highly satisfactory for the modified nanocellulose incorporated film compared to the non-modified one. Additionally, coating of citral essential oil onto SPI nanocomposite film displayed antimicrobial properties due to the presence of various phenolic groups in the citral oil. The Tensile Strength and Young's Modulus of silane-modified nanocellulose containing film were enhanced by ~119 % and ~ 112 %, respectively on incorporation of 1 % APTES-modified nanocellulose. Consequently, this work is expected to offer an effective way for silylated nano-cellulose reinforcing soy protein isolate (SPI) based bio nanocomposite films for packaging applications. As an example, we have demonstrated one of the application as wrapping films for packing black grapes.

Stability estimation through multivariate approach among solasodine-rich lines of Solanum khasianum (C.B. Clarke): an important industrial plant

Solanum khasianum is a medicinally important plant that is a source of steroidal alkaloids 'solasodine.' It has various industrial applications, including oral contraceptives and other pharmaceutical uses. The present study was based on 186 germplasm of S. khasianum, which were analyzed for the stability of economically important traits like solasodine content and fruit yield. The collected germplasm was planted during Kharif 2018, 2019, and 2020 in RCBD with three replications at the experimental farm of CSIR-NEIST, Jorhat, Assam, India. A multivariate approach for stability analysis was applied to identify stable germplasm of S. khasianum for economically important traits. The germplasm was analyzed for additive main effects and multiplicative interaction (AMMI), GGE biplot, multi-trait stability index, and Shukla's variance which were evaluated for three environments. The AMMI ANOVA revealed significant GE interaction for all the studied traits. The stable and high-yielding germplasm was identified from the AMMI biplot, GGE biplot, Shukla's variance value, and MTSI plot analysis. Lines no. 90, 85, 70, 107, and 62 were identified as highly stable fruit yielders while, lines no. 1, 146, and 68 were identified as stable high solasodine lines. However, considering both traits, i.e., high fruit yield and solasodine content, MTSI analysis was performed which showed that lines 1, 85, 70,155, 71, 114, 65, 86, 62, 116, 32, and 182 could be used in a breeding program. Thus, this identified germplasm can be considered for further varietal development and could be used in a breeding program. The findings of the present study would be beneficial for the S. khasianum breeding program.

Novel ethyl p-methoxy cinnamate rich Kaempferia galanga (L.) essential oil and its pharmacological applications: special emphasis on anticholinesterase, anti-tyrosinase, α-amylase inhibitory, and genotoxic efficiencies

Background

Kaempferia galanga (L.) is one of the prospective therapeutic plants with an aromatic rhizome, and belongs to the Zingiberaceae family. This herb is commonly used by local practitioners in traditional Asian medicine.

Methods

In the present investigation, the novel Kaempferia galanga rhizome essential oil rich in ethyl p-methoxy cinnamate (EMCKG) was evaluated using GC/MS for chemical composition analysis. EMCKG was analyzed for its possible antimicrobial, neurodegenerative inhibitory, acetylcholinesterase, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant activities as well as for the genotoxic effects using the standard methodologies. ANOVA and post hoc was performed to test the statistical significance of the study.

Results

GC/MS analysis identified ethyl p-methoxy cinnamate as the major component of EMCKG essential oil with an area percentage of 66.39%. The EMCKG exhibited moderate (DPPH assay IC₅₀ = 15.64 ± 0.263 µg/mL; ABTS assay IC₅₀ = 16.93 ± 0.228 µg/mL) antioxidant activity than standard ascorbic acid (DPPH assay IC₅₀ = 21.24 ± 0.413 µg/mL; ABTS assay IC₅₀ = 21.156 ± 0.345 µg/mL). Similarly, EMCKG showed comparable activity in albumin denaturation (IC₅₀ = 2.93 ± 0.59 µg/mL) and protease inhibitor assay (IC₅₀ = 17.143 ± 0.506 µg/mL) to that of standard sodium diclofenac (IC₅₀ = 23.87 ± 0.729 µg/mL and IC₅₀ = 19.18 ± 0.271 µg/mL, respectively). The EMCKG exhibited a dose-dependent antimicrobial activity pattern with the highest inhibitory activity at 500 µg/mL against Staphylococcus aureus and considerable anticholinesterase activities (IC₅₀ = 21.94 ± 0.109 µg/mL) compared to the standard galanthamine (IC₅₀ = 27.18 ± 0.511 µg/mL). EMCKG also showed strong anti-diabetic activity (IC₅₀ = 18.503 ± 0.480 µg/mL) and anti-tyrosinase activity (IC₅₀ = 14.756 ± 0.325 µg/mL) as compared to the standards used (acarbose IC₅₀ = 20.39 ± 0.231 µg/mL and kojic acid IC₅₀ = 17.73 ± 0.192 µg/mL) in the study. Genotoxicity analysis of EMCKG revealed that at 1 µg/mL concentration has no toxic effects in mitosis of Allium cepa roots (Mitotic Index MI = 13.56% and chromosomal aberration CA = 07.60%). The ANOVA confirmed that except for the anticholinesterase activity, there is insignificant difference for essential oil and standards used for all the other bioactivities thus confirming their interchangeable applicability.

Conclusions

Current research provides the basis for the fact that besides being a rich source of ethyl p-methoxycinnamate, EMCKG has the potential for future formulation and development of an inexpensive skin-care agent and for the preparation of anti-diabetic drugs.

Use of stability statistics in the selection of Clausena heptaphylla (Roxb.) Wight & Arn for novel anethole rich strain (Jor Lab CH-2)

INTRODUCTION

Anethole is an industrially important compound which is extensively used in pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, perfumery, food and confectioneries. Anethole is primarily obtained from fennel, anise, and star anise which is highly expensive. Therefore, a study was performed to identify a cost-effective and natural anethole rich strain of Clausena heptaphylla through selection and confirmed through multilocation trial.

METHODS

The study was conducted using 23 accessions collected from North eastern region of India from 2014-2018 (initial evaluation trial) and 2018-2022 (multilocation trial). The initial trial was conducted in the experimental farm of CSIR-NEIST, Jorhat, Assam using Complete Randomized Block Design with three replications. Five agronomical traits (plant height, leaf length, leaf width, number of stem branching, herbage yield per plant per cutting) along with essential oil yield and anethole content were evaluated which led to the identification of anethole rich strain of C. heptaphylla. This identified strain was further evaluated along with the two check genotypes for stability based on three yield parameters viz. herbage yield, essential oil yield and anethole content at four multi-locations (Imphal, Jorhat, Runne and Madang) for four years using the same experimental design.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The identified superior line (Jor Lab CH-2) showed consistent performance for the studied yield parameters across all the environments maintaining its superiority. The identified strain exhibited average herbage yield of 1.2 Kg/plant/cutting and essential oil yield of 1.22%. The GC-MS analysis of the essential oil depicted trans anethole as the major constituent (93.25%) followed by estragole (4.85%) while benzene, 1,2-dimethoxy-4-(1-propenyl Isoeugenol methyl ether and cis-anethole were the trace components. This is the first novel report of anethole rich variant of C. heptaphylla which has undergone multilocational trial over the years. Jor Lab CH-2 strain will open a new scope for the industries to isolate anethole from a different source in a cost-effective approach.

Essential oils as adjuvants in endodontic therapy: myth or reality?

To enhance endodontics, the search for new antibacterials that can improve infected tooth root canal treatment is ongoing. As potent antibacterial and antibiofilm agents, essential oils (EOs) have been suggested as novel endodontic materials. Several studies indicate that EO-based irrigants and medicaments show promising reductive potential against the most important intracanal pathogen, Enterococcus faecalis, and notably contribute to intracanal biofilm eradication. In terms of additional benefits that EO-based endodontic materials can provide, their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential are also important, but they have only scarcely been explored in research. Investigations into the benefits of EO-based endodontic materials together with their biocompatibility are needed. The results presented in this review strongly encourage further research on this topic.

Catalyst- and Base-free One-pot, Multicomponent, De novo Assembly of Structurally Diverse Morpholine Glycoconjugates

A catalyst, metal and base-free unprecedented one-pot multicomponent synthetic strategy has been established for the construction of various substituted morpholine glycoconjugates through four-component reactions of glycosyl amino alcohol, chloroacetone, acid, and isocyanides. Unexpectedly, this one-pot approach generates only the cyclized morpholine scaffolds rather than normal Ugi adduct without any external base. This reaction proceeds via in situ formations of Schiff-base followed by an intramolecular halogen displacement process, finally the Joullie´-Ugi reaction takes place leading to the corresponding products with a mixture of diastereomers.

Elemicin-rich Cymbopogon khasianus (Hack) Stapf (ex Bor) essential oil: pharmacological effects, toxicological investigation, and compositional analysis

Background:

Cymbopogon khasianus is a widely used industrial and pharmacologically important aromatic grass species.

Objective:

The present investigation was designed to study and compare the elemicin rich Cymbopogon khasianus essential oil (EREO) and its pharmacological effects, genotoxicity with pure compound elemicin

Materials and Methods:

Chemical composition, identification was performed using GC/MS and NMR techniques. 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate (DPPH), reducing power assay for antioxidant; albumin denaturation, protease inhibitor for anti-inflammatory; acetylcholinesterase (AChE) for anti-cholinesterase; amylase inhibitory for anti-diabetic; tyrosine inhibitory for skin whitening; disc diffusion and minimum inhibitory concentration assay for antimicrobial, and Allium cepa assay for genotoxicity were used.

Results:

GC/MS analysis identified 38 compounds; among them elemicin 72.34%, D-limonene 3.81%; methyl eugenol 3.34% were the major compounds. A significant amount of antioxidant activity IC50 31.38 µg/mL; anti-inflammatory activity (protein denaturation assay) IC50 16.77 µg/mL; protease inihibitor assay IC50 51.08 µg/mL; anticholinesterase IC50 12.095 µg/mL; antidiabetic activity IC50 17.36 µg/mL; and anti-tyrosinase activity IC50 17.69 µg/mL were reported. Antimicrobial activity analysis against 13 microbial strains revealed negative effect. Genotoxicity study using Allium cepa assay revealed negative toxicity of EREO with aberration percentage of 04.30% and pure elemicin 05.30% which was very low in comparison to ethyl-methanesulfonate (EMS) 13.90%.

Conclusion:

To the best of our knowledge this is the first scientific evaluation of novel elemicin rich EREO pharmacological properties and to compare with pure compound elemicin. Together, it can be stated that EREO possesses antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-cholinesterase activities way better than pure compound elemicin as well as standard drugs used.

Anethole rich Clausena heptaphylla (Roxb.) Wight & Arn., essential oil pharmacology and genotoxic efficiencies

Anethole, a widely used industrial flavoring agent is majorly sourced from anise and star anise. The present study is aimed to the in-depth pharmacological analysis i.e. anti-diabetic, skin whitening, neurodegenerative disorder inhibitory activities of anethole-rich Clausena heptaphylla leaf essential oil (ARCHEO) (88.59%) as revealed by the Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis and further confirmed by proton nuclear magnetic resonance ¹H-NMR as well as to compare with standard compound anethole. ARCHEO (ABTS EC₅₀ 6.97 ± 0.004 µg/mL; Protease assay 4.51 ± 0.004 µg/mL) outperformed the standard compound anethole (ABTS EC₅₀ 9.48 ± 0.048 µg/mL; Protease assay EC₅₀ 22.64 ± 0.016 µg/mL) in antioxidant and anti-inflammatory experiments. ARCHEO was also shown to be more effective than the reference compound anethole in terms of anti-diabetic activity (EC₅₀ 22.35 ± 0.121 µg/mL), tyrosinase inhibitory activity (EC₅₀ 16.45 ± 0.012 µg/mL), and anti-cholinesterase activity (EC₅₀ 22.32 ± 0.016 µg/mL). However, ARCHEO exhibited lower antimicrobial activity towards all the tested microbes compared to standard compound anethole and as for the MIC, ARCHEO was effective only towards Salmonella typhimurium (60 µg/mL), Streptococcus mutans (20 µg/mL), and Aspergillus fumigatus (75 µg/mL). ARCHEO (11.11%) and anethole (12.33%) showed no genotoxic effect based on Allium cepa assay mitotic index value. Thus, ARCHEO could be a commercially viable and widely available cheaper source of anethole, which has buoyant demand in the field of food flavoring, fragrance, and pharmaceutical industries.

Minimally invasive hallux valgus correction: Is it better than open surgery?

BACKGROUND

The aim was to compare the minimally invasive (MIS) chevron osteotomy to the well-established open chevron osteotomy for the correction of hallux valgus deformity.

METHODS

Two retrospective cohorts of patients treated with MIS or open chevron osteotomy for hallux valgus correction, matched for age and gender with a minimum follow up of six months were reviewed. Functional outcomes were evaluated using pre and post-operative Manchester Oxford Foot and Ankle Questionnaire (MOXFQ), Visual Analog Score (VAS) for pain and the Unified Elective Orthopaedic Score (UnEOS). Two independent, blinded examiners evaluated the radiographic correction of hallux valgus (HV) and intermetatarsal (IM) angle.

RESULTS

A Total of 54 cases (27 per study group) with a mean follow-up of 25.9 months were included in the study. Pre-operatively, VAS (p = 0.76) and MOXFQ (p = 0.46) scores and HV angle (p = 0.1) were comparable in both groups. However, IM angle was significantly larger in the MIS group (p = 0.005). Post-operatively there was significant improvement in VAS and MOXFQ scores as well as significant correction of the HV and IM angles (p < 0.0001) for both groups. Comparing the two procedures, there was no significant difference between groups for VAS (p = 0.34), MOXFQ scores (p = 0.56) and HV angles (p = 0.069) but the MIS technique was significantly better in improving the IM angle (p = 0.016). The post-operative UnEOS score and the Satisfaction UnEOS domain reached excellent levels for the entire cohort with no statistical difference between the two groups (p = 0.2 and 0.28 respectively).

CONCLUSION

Results show MIS chevron osteotomy provides better radiographic correction of the IM angle but functional outcomes for all parameters were comparable to the open technique. It can therefore be considered at least equivalent to standard open surgery when compared using validated Patient Reported Outcome Measures (PROMs).

Evaluation of Genetic Diversity Based on Microsatellites and Phytochemical Markers of Core Collection of Cymbopogon winterianus Jowitt Germplasm

Cymbopogon winterianus Jowitt is an industrially important crop due to its value in the aromatic, perfumery and pharmaceutical industries. In this study, 72 accessions of C. winterianus were selected for molecular diversity analysis using SSR markers. It revealed a total of 65 polymorphic alleles showing an average of 68.10% polymorphism. The best SSR primer with competency in discriminating the germplasm was 3CM0506 with PIC (0.69), MI (0.69) and Rp (3.12). Genetic variation was studied between Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya and Arunachal Pradesh populations. A dendrogram based on the Neighbour-Joining Method showed clustering of germplasm on the collection site. A total of six relevant genetic populations were identified through a structure harvester software analysis. Moreover, a dendrogram based on similarity, complete linkage and Euclidean distance was also elucidated differentiating the genotypes with respect to the major phytochemical constituents of the essential oil. GC-FID and GC-MS analyses of the essential oil of the 72 germplasms revealed citronellal content from 2.58-51.45%, citronellol from 0.00-26.39% and geraniol from 0.00-41.15%. This is the first molecular diversity report with 72 accessions of C. winterianus collected from the NE region using 28 SSR primers as well as their diversity based on phytochemical markers. This diversity computation will help with acquisition of the knowledge and relationship among each individual accession leading to the development of improved and essential oil component-rich cultivars.

Induced variations by gamma radiation and EMS on the agronomic traits, essential oil yield with its quality and their exploitation in Java citronella (Cymbopogon winterianus Jowitt)

PURPOSE

The slips of Cymbopogon winterianus (Java citronella) are used to propagate this industrially important crop. It does not have a mating system that allows it to create new variability or develop superior progenies, which could be addressed by using induced mutation caused by physical or chemical agents. Physical treatments, rather than chemical treatments, are believed to be the most incredible alternative for mutation breeding. As a result, this study aims to assess the effects of gamma radiation and EMS treatment on the development of better C. winterianus progenies.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The three superior lines, i.e. JC-62 (IC-0627007), JC-55 (IC-0627000), and JC-71 (IC-0627018) based on high herbage, essential oil yield and citronellal content were selected through clonal selection during three-year evaluation. These were then irradiated with ⁶⁰Co gamma rays (50 Gy, 100 Gy, 150 Gy, 200 Gy, 250 Gy, and 300 Gy) and treated with EMS dose (0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9 and 1%) separately. Ten plants of each dose were mutated and planted in the experimental field to obtain the MV₂ progenies. After 4 months, the plants were harvested, and the slips were prepared and planted to get the MV₃ and subsequently MV₄ progenies. All morphological and essential oil data have been recorded and analyzed statistically. The essential oil was extracted through the Clevenger apparatus for all the progenies, followed by GC and GC-MS analysis.

RESULTS

The morpho-chemical study of the 112 healthy mutants has led to the identification of six superior progenies in MV₄ progenies, M17, M63, M77, M179, M233, and M392. In terms of the economic yield, it was observed that mutant M77 treated with 0.20% EMS dose increased the herbage yield and citronellal content tremendously. In contrast, the progeny M17 irradiated with γ-100Gy increased essential oil yield from 1.32% to 1.50%. The EMS treatment at 0.10% and 0.20% doses showed an increasing trend in plant height, leaf length, tillers/bush, leaves/bush, herbage yield, and citronellal content compared to the base variety. The LD₅₀ value of C. winterianus for gamma radiation and EMS treatment was averaged at 173 Gy and 0.72%, respectively.

CONCLUSION

In C. winterianus, both gamma rays and EMS treatment successfully created superior progenies with desired characteristics. The 0.20 percent EMS treatment significantly improved economic features, including herbage yield and citronellal content. Simultaneously, gamma radiation at 100 Gy produced the highest essential oil yield, which is a highly desirable characteristic in C. winterianus breeding.

Evaluation of ultra high-performance liquid chromatography (uHPLC) assisted capsaicinoids content in four different extracts of (Capsicum chinense Jacq.): their pharmacological potentials and genotoxicity study

The present study determined the capsaicin, dihydrocapsaicin and nordihydrocapsaicin of Capsicum chinense Jacq., ethanol, methanol, acetonitrile and dry acetone extracts using ultra high-performance liquid chromatography (uHPLC) technique. Highest capsaicin (2.84%) and nordihydrocapsaicin (0.56%) content was recorded in ethanol extract, while methanol extracts constituted highest dihydrocapsaicin (1.27%). Strong anti-inflammatory activity was shown by ethanol extract. All the extracts were found to be weak anti-diabetic, skin whitening and neurodegenerative agent. In genotoxicity test, ethanol extract showed mitotic index (MI) of 13.16% which was close to distilled water 25.72%. The chromosomal aberration of 8.0% was shown by ethanolic extract. The mitotic index value and chromosome aberration percentages of all the four extracts were similar but far from positive mutagenic agent ethyl methane sulfonate. Ethanol extract proved to be the best solvent for capsaicinoids extraction in comparison to the other three solvents and emerged as a potential pharmacological candidate having excellent anti-inflammatory ability.

Thermolabile essential oils, aromas and flavours: Degradation pathways, effect of thermal processing and alteration of sensory quality

Plant-based aroma chemicals, constituting the essential oils play a great role as the natural flavours and preservatives in the food industries. Many of these metabolites are susceptible to degradation under heat (i.e. thermolabile aroma chemicals) which may influence the organoleptic properties of the end-products e.g. essential oil, oleoresin, dry herb, tea and packaged juice. The current review identified in total 42 thermolabile aroma and/or flavour molecules belonging to monoterpenoids, sesquiterpenoids and phenolics. The probable pathway of their degradation and its promoting conditions were also described. Degradation pathways were categorized into five major classes including oxidation, C-C bond cleavage, elimination, hydrolysis and rearrangement. Numerous evidences were cited in support of the thermosensitivity of these phytochemicals under pyrolytic, thermal heating or gas chromatographic conditions. Various post-harvest processes involved in the manufacturing such as drying and distillation of the crops or thermal treatment of the food-products for storage were highlighted as the root cause of degradation. The influence of thermolabile aroma chemicals to maintain the sensory quality of the end-products such as citrus juices, floral oils and thermally cooked foods was discussed in detail. In the present article, detailed insight into the chemical and sensory aspects of thermosensitive aromas and flavours was provided, covering the period from 1990 up to 2020.

Superior Bioavailability of a Patented Lutein & Zeaxanthin Macular Carotenoid (MC) Formulation

Objectives

Lutein (L) and Zeaxanthin (Z) are the only dietary carotenoids exclusively deposited in the macula and supplementation of these nutrients is associated with visual and cognitive benefits. Ensuring their bioavailability is an important consideration for efficacy. We developed and patented a unique LZ formulation designed for enhanced MC absorption (Test). Our objective was to clinically measure the bioavailability of this Test formulation in comparison to a commercially available formulation (Reference).

Methods

This randomized, double-blind, parallel study involved ninety healthy, adult human volunteers. All subjects stayed within the study facility three days before administration of the study products and three days post-dose. Volunteers consumed a single-dose of the Test or Reference product, each comprising of 10 mg L and 2 mg Z immediately

after breakfast. Blood samples were collected prior to dosing @ −48, −24 & 0 hrs and subsequently at 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 16, 20, 24, 48 and 72 hrs post-dose. L and Z levels were measured in serum using the validated HPLC method. The primary outcomes of the study included Cmax, AUC0–72, AUC0-T. Secondary outcomes included AUC0-12, AUC0-24, AUC0-48, AUC0-inf, Tmax and t1/2.

Results

All subjects completed the study with 100% compliance and no drop-outs. Serum L and Z levels were significantly higher in the Test group vs. the Reference group with a 2-fold and 1.5-fold greater absorption of L and Z levels, respectively, at all time points. Cmax, AUC0-72 and AUC0-T for serum L levels were 2.5, 2.9 and 3.2-fold greater, respectively, in the group receiving the Test formula. Similarly, the Cmax, AUC0-72 and AUC0-T for serum Z were also significantly greater with the Test formula. Finally, the Cmax and AUC parameters were significantly higher than the 80–125% criteria established by the FDA for bioequivalence confirming the superior bioavailability of Test product compared to Reference product.

Conclusions

These clinical findings support the superior bioavailability of this novel and uniquely formulated L Z dietary supplement product. The enhanced bioavailability behavior of this proprietary formulation can be advantageous for individuals looking to quickly improve their L and Z status and enhance their vision protection and performance.

Funding Sources

OmniActive Health Technologies.

Chemical composition of Callistemon citrinus (Curtis) Skeels aerial part essential oil and its pharmacological applications, neurodegenerative inhibitory, and genotoxic efficiencies

Callistemon citrinus aerial part essential oil (CCEO) was analyzed for chemical compositions using GC/MS. Pharmacological activities such as neurodegenerative inhibitory, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and acetylcholinesterase activities were evaluated using the standard methodologies. Genotoxicity was investigated using Allium cepa assay. GC/MS analysis identified 27 compounds; eucalyptol (55.40%) was the major component. Radical scavenging activity showed IC₅₀ value of 16.71 μg/mL. Protein denaturation assay showed IC₅₀ value of 21.19 μg/mL and 19.53μg/mL in protease inhibitor activity. MIC assay revealed antimicrobial potential of CCEO against microbial strains B. cereus at 2.00 mg/mL, S. typhimurium at 4.50 mg/mL, S. mutans at 2.50 mg/mL, C. albicans at 4.00 mg/mL, and S. cerevisiae at 4.50 mg/mL concentrations. Mitotic index value (MI) of CCEO showed negligible genotoxicity with MI 17.25% close to distilled water 18.22%. Acetylcholinesterase strong inhibitory activity of CCEO was observed from IC₅₀  = 6.335 μg/mL. CCEO could be a cheap and easy source for the extraction of the pure compound eucalyptol and possess various biological activities which increase its pharmacological value as well as its applicability in the field of flavor and fragrance industries. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Eucalyptol is the major component of many pharmaceutical and food/flavor industries. The present investigation provides a new source for the isolation of pure compound eucalyptol in cost-effective way. Additionally, the essential oil could also be used for the pharmaceutical formulation of antioxidant, inflammation inhibitory, and neurodegenerative inhibitory drug preparation under the safety range concentration.

Assessment of barriers and motivators to online learning among medical undergraduates of Punjab

BACKGROUND

The current corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has led to the disruption of academic activities including medical education which has made online learning only available options for continuing education worldwide. Online learning has its own limitations, which are further amplified if not implemented properly. Hence, there is a need to assess various barriers faced in the implementation of effective online learning.

OBJECTIVES

The objective of the study was to identify the barriers and motivators in online learning among medical undergraduates.

SUBJECTS AND METHODS

This internet-based cross-sectional study was conducted among medical undergraduates of Punjab. The data collection tool was a semi-structured self-made questionnaire prepared using "Google Forms," which was then circulated in the WhatsApp groups of the students. Received responses were imported to the Microsoft Excel sheet and statistical analysis was done.

RESULTS

Out of the 592 participants, 533 (90%) faced some kind of problem in online learning. Major among them were lack of personal interaction with teachers (52%), distractions at home (43.6%), technology failure (43.2%), limited access to the Internet (39.2%), visual fatigue (38.5%), and increased workload (25%). Benefits perceived were the comfortable environment of home (41%), easy accessibility of recorded lectures (36.8%), and the opportunity to keep in touch with studies (35%).

CONCLUSIONS

The online learning process is not a replacement for routine classroom teaching and clinical postings in medical education. However, it can supplement routine teaching, especially during current COVID-19 pandemic-like situations. Most of the students (90%) were facing some kind of difficulty in the online learning process due to unplanned and sudden shifts. Therefore, it is necessary to identify and eliminate the various barriers to make online learning effective.

Morbidity profile of under-5 slum dwellers of Amritsar city: A descriptive cross-sectional study

Context:

Children living in slums are deprived from basic necessities. Unhygienic environment and deficient nutrition hinder their growth and make them more prone to infectious diseases.

Aims:

To study morbidity profile of under-5 children and determine social epidemiological factors associated with it.

Settings and Design:

A descriptive cross-sectional study in urban slums of district Amritsar.

Methods and Material:

In total, 400 households each from four slums (1600 in total) were randomly selected. One to one interview with mother of each under 5 was conducted and information was recorded on pretested performa. Height and weight with haemoglobin estimation was done for each child.

Statistical Analysis Used:

Descriptive statistics (frequencies and proportions) and univariate logistic regression was applied to determine factors associated with under nutrition.

Results:

Out of 1136 under-5, 50, 45 and 8% were stunted, underweight and wasted. Severe malnutrition was seen among 23%. In total, 79% had anaemia. About 69% suffered from one or more infectious disease in last 3 months. Anaemia, birth order >2, lower socio-economic status and suffering from any infectious disease in last 3 months were associated with malnutrition.

Conclusions:

Severe malnutrition and anaemia was high among under-5 of urban slums and 69% suffered from infectious disease in last 3 months emphasizing on addressal of health needs of under-5 residing in urban slums.

Comparative Analysis of In-Vitro Biological Activities of Methyl Eugenol Rich Cymbopogon khasianus Hack., Leaf Essential Oil with Pure Methyl Eugenol Compound

BACKGROUND

The essential oil of methyl eugenol rich Cymbopogon khasianus Hack. was evaluated and its bioactivities were compared with pure methyl eugenol. So far, methyl eugenol rich essential oil of lemongrass was not studied for any biological activities; hence, the present study was conducted.

OBJECTIVE

This study examined the chemical composition of essential oil of methyl eugenol rich Cymbopogon khasianus Hack., and evaluated its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and herbicidal properties and genotoxicity, which were compared with pure compound, methyl eugenol.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Methyl eugenol rich variety of Cymbopogon khasianus Hack., with registration no. INGR18037 (c.v. Jor Lab L-9) was collected from experimental farm CSIR-NEIST, Jorhat, Assam (26.7378°N, 94.1570°E). The essential oil wasobtained by hydro-distillation using a Clevenger apparatus. The chemical composition of the essential oil was evaluated using GC/MS analysis and its antioxidant (DPPH assay, reducing power assay), anti-inflammatory (Egg albumin denaturation assay), and antimicrobial (Disc diffusion assay, MIC) properties, seed germination effect and genotoxicity (Allium cepa assay) were studied and compared with pure Methyl Eugenol compound (ME).

RESULTS

Major components detected in the Essential Oil (EO) through Gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy analysis were methyl eugenol (73.17%) and β-myrcene (8.58%). A total of 35components were detected with a total identified area percentage of 98.34%. DPPH assay revealed considerable antioxidant activity of methyl eugenol rich lemongrass essential oil (IC50= 2.263 μg/mL), which is lower than standard ascorbic acid (IC50 2.58 μg/mL), and higher than standard Methyl Eugenol (ME) (IC50 2.253 μg/mL). Methyl eugenol rich lemongrass EO showed IC50 38.00 μg/mL, ME 36.44 μg/mL, and sodium diclofenac 22.76 μg/mL, in in-vitro anti-inflammatory test. Moderate antimicrobial activity towards the 8 tested microbes was shown by methyl eugenol rich lemongrass essential oil whose effectiveness against the microbes was less as compared to pure ME standard. Seed germination assay further revealed the herbicidal properties of methyl eugenol rich essential oil. Moreover, Allium cepa assay revealed moderate genotoxicity of the essential oil.

CONCLUSION

This paper compared the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, genotoxicity and herbicidal activities of methyl eugenol rich lemongrass with pure methyl eugenol. This methyl eugenol rich lemongrass variety can be used as an alternative of methyl eugenol pure compound. Hence, the essential oil of this variety has the potential of developing cost-effective, easily available antioxidative/ antimicrobial drugs but its use should be under the safety range of methyl eugenol and needs further clinical trials.

Morbidity Pattern, Availability and Utilization of Health Services: A Study among the Male Youth (15-24 Years) Living in the Slums

Background

Youth is considered as a healthy period but their health is greatly influenced by the hostile living conditions in the slums. When this is accompanied by poor health infrastructure, health risk escalates multiple times.

Objectives

The objective was (1) to study the health problems of the male youth living in the slums and (2) to study the availability and utilization of health services for the male youth living in the slums.

Subjects and Methods

Study design: Cross-sectional study. Study population: Male youth (15-24 years). Study settings: Four urban slums of Amritsar city. Study period: January 1, 2017-December 31, 2017. Sample size: One thousand male youths. Inclusion criteria: Male youth (15-24 years) with consent. Exclusion criteria: Male youth (15-24 years) not given consent, not available at home on the third repeat visit, and mentally unstable or deaf or dumb.

Results

The morbidity pattern showed that 47.5% suffered from any disease during the past 3 months and 3.3% were hospitalized in the past 1 year. Majority of the cases were due to diseases of the respiratory system and gastrointestinal system. Private health sectors including chemist shops were utilized more in case of both outpatient (88.9%) and inpatient services (57.6%) as compared to public health sector. The private health facilities were within 500 m from majority (89.6%) of households in the slums of Amritsar city.

Conclusions

Primary health care needs to be strengthened in the slums. Effective and easily accessible health-care services should be provided by the government at the doorsteps of slum households. The Information Education Communication/Behavior Change Communication activities regarding disease prevention should be strengthened to promote and protect good health.

Does genome surveillance explain the global discrepancy between binding and effect of chromatin factors?

Knocking out a chromatin factor often does not alter the transcription of its binding targets. What explains the observed disconnect between binding and effect? We hypothesize that this discrepancy could be associated with the role of chromatin factors in maintaining genetic and epigenetic integrity at promoters, and not necessarily with transcription. Through re-analysis of published datasets, we present several lines of evidence that support our hypothesis and deflate the popular assumptions. We also tested the hypothesis through mutation accumulation assays on yeast knockouts of chromatin factors. Altogether, the proposed hypothesis presents a simple explanation for the global discord between chromatin factor binding and effect. Future work in this direction might fortify the hypothesis and elucidate the underlying mechanisms.

A 1 H-NMR spectroscopic method for the analysis of thermolabile chemical markers from the essential oil of black turmeric (Curcuma caesia) rhizome: application in post-harvest analysis

INTRODUCTION

Curcuma caesia (black turmeric), an essential oil-bearing rhizomatous herb has been a part of ethnomedicinal practices in India and southeast Asian countries since ancient time. Oleochemical profile of black turmeric has been investigated previously by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS) technique from different geographical regions showing a large variation in the identity as well as abundance of the constituents.

OBJECTIVES

To develop an analytical method for the reliable analysis of essential oil from black turmeric rhizome through identified chemical markers and to show the credibility of the developed method on real samples.

METHODS

The essential oil of black turmeric was analysed through proton nuclear magnetic resonance (¹ H-NMR) based method using an internal standard.

RESULTS

Four thermolabile sesquiterpene markers were unambiguously identified from the essential oil of black turmeric rhizome. GC-MS based analysis produced an erroneous identification of the constituents. A standardised ¹ H-NMR spectroscopy based method was developed for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of the identified chemical markers. The developed method was further utilised for analysing the variation in oleochemical profile across multiple batches of harvest and the rhizomes subjected to different post-harvest storage or drying conditions.

CONCLUSION

The identified marker molecules and developed ¹ H -NMR spectroscopic method might prove to be a useful tool for the analysis of essential oil and quality control of this endangered crop material. Also, the present study provided information on the preferred drying and storage condition of black turmeric rhizome prior to the extraction of essential oil.

Evaluation of impact of tinea capitis on quality of life in pediatric patients using children's dermatology life quality index and its correlation with disease duration

Introduction:

The superficial fungal infection of the scalp caused by dermatophytes is called tinea capitis. It has a predilection for the pediatric age group. In developing countries like India factors such as overcrowding, inadequate hygiene, and low literacy rate contribute to its high incidence.

Aims and Objective:

This study aimed at identifying and grading the psychosocial impact of tinea capitis in children and correlating it with disease duration and socioeconomic status of patient's family.

Materials and Methods:

This was a cross-sectional study conducted in our skin outpatient department involving children aged 6–16 years with clinical diagnosis of tinea capitis. We used the children's dermatology life quality index (CDLQI) instrument to observe the psychological implications in these children.

Results:

The study included 134 patients, with a mean CDLQI score of 6.01 ± 4.17. There was a male preponderance in our study with 112 (68.3%) male patients and 52 (31.7%) female patients. The age group affected most commonly was 6–8 years (37.8%). The domains affected most severely were symptoms and feelings (Q1 and Q2) followed by sleep (Q 9). The psychological implications were higher in patients suffering from kerion, older children, and female patients. There was a statistically significant correlation between the impact on quality of life (QOL) and disease duration as well as disease severity; however, no correlation could be made between QOL and socioeconomic strata of family.

Conclusion:

The study brings into question the overlooked psychological implications of tinea capitis which are often overlooked by the dermatologist and parents as a mere dermatological disease. Instead a holistic approach including a complete psychological evaluation of children and appropriate counseling of both patients and their parents must be done.

Study of Anti-oxidant, Anti-inflammatory, Genotoxicity, and Antimicrobial Activities and Analysis of Different Constituents found in Rhizome Essential Oil of Curcuma caesia Roxb., Collected from North East India

BACKGROUND

This investigation was designed to evaluate the chemical composition, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, genotoxicity, and antimicrobial activities of Curcuma caesia Roxb rhizome essential oil.

METHODS

Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectroscopy (GC/MS) analysis was performed to determine the chemical composition, standard antioxidative test DPPH assay, reducing power assay, in vitro antiinflammatory activity (egg albumin denaturation, protease inhibitory assay) by using standard methods. Similarly, antimicrobial activity was tested using the disc diffusion method, minimum inhibitory concentration ability (MIC); while to test genotoxicity, Allium cepa assay was used.

RESULTS

GC/MS analysis revealed eucalyptol (28.55%), epicurzerenone (19.62%), and camphor (21.73%) as the major components of C. caesia rhizome essential oil. Potent antioxidant (IC50= 48.08±0.003 μg/mL), anti-inflammatory (IC50= 121.7±0.0013 μg/mL), and antimicrobial activities of the essential oil were recorded better than the standard drugs Fluconazole for fungus and Ciprofloxacin for bacteria. The essential oil also possessed a strong antibacterial effect against two tested bacterial strains B. subtilis and B. cereus with 7.5 μg/mL MIC value, while for fungal strains the essential oil was most effective against S. cereviaceae with an MIC value of 2.5 μg/mL. All the data were recorded in triplicates. Allium cepa assay revealed minor genotoxicity with mitotic index, MI= 27.70%; chromosome aberration, A= 1.1% of C. caesia rhizome essential oil.

CONCLUSION

C. caesia rhizome essential oil possesses potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties with negligible genotoxicity. Hence, the present study is highly significant for the utilization of rhizome of C. caesia, a high-value ethnopharmacological plant for advanced R & D and commercial application.

Intraperitoneal urinary bladder rupture diagnosed with ultrasound: An uncommon image

We present a case of intraperitoneal bladder rupture after fall. The patient presented with lower abdominal pain, difficulty to void urine, and mild hematuria. Catheterization revealed blood-tinged urine. Ultrasound showed a well-defined defect in the dome of bladder with flow of saline through the defect into the peritoneum, on flushing the Foley's catheter. On laparotomy, a 5 cm × 5 cm defect was found in the bladder dome that was repaired.

Retinopathy of prematurity screening at ≥30 weeks: urinary NTpro-BNP performance

AIM

Urinary N-terminal B-type natriuretic peptide NTproBNP levels are associated with the development of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) in infants <30 weeks of gestation. The incidence of ROP in more mature infants who meet other ROP screening criteria is very low. We therefore aimed to test whether urinary NTproBNP predicted ROP development in these infants.

METHODS

Prospective observational study in 151 UK infants ≥30 + 0 weeks of gestation but also <32 weeks of gestation and/or <1501 g, to test the hypothesis that urinary NTproBNP levels on day of life (DOL) 14 and 28 were able to predict ROP development.

RESULTS

Urinary NTproBNP concentrations on day 14 and day 28 of life did not differ between infants with and without ROP (medians 144 vs 128 mcg/mL, respectively, p = 0.86 on DOL 14 and medians 117 vs 94 mcg/mL, respectively, p = 0.64 on DOL28).

CONCLUSION

The association previously shown for infants <30 completed weeks between urinary NTproBNP and the development of ROP was not seen in more mature infants. Urinary NTproBNP does not appear helpful in rationalising direct ophthalmoscopic screening for ROP in more mature infants, and may suggest a difference in pathophysiology of ROP in this population.

Simultaneous quantitative determination of bioactive terpene indole alkaloids in ethanolic extracts of Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don by ultra high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry

A rapid, sensitive and reproducible method using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization hybrid triple quadrupole-linear ion trap mass spectrometry (UHPLC-ESI-QqQ_LIT-MS/MS) in multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode was developed and validated for simultaneous quantitation of anticancer (vincristine, vinblastine, vindesine), antihypertensive (ajmaline, ajmalicine, reserpine), aphrodisiac (yohimbine), sedative (serpentine) agents, dietary supplement (vinpocetine, yohimbine) and precursor of vinblastine (vindoline) from crude extracts of Catharanthus roseus. The precursor to product ion transitions for these compounds were observed at m/z 327 → 144, 355 → 144, 754 → 355, 353 → 144, 349 → 317, 825 → 225, 811 → 224, 458 → 188, 351 → 280 and 609 → 195, respectively in positive ionization mode. Chromatographic separation of all targeted TIAs was performed on ACQUITY UPLC BEH™ C₁₈ column (1.7 μm, 2.1 mm × 50 mm). The calibration curves were linear within the concentration range 0.5-1000 ng/mL and correlation coefficients (R²) were closer to 1. Limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantitation (LOQ) ranged from 0.039-0.583 ng/mL and 0.118-1.767 ng/mL, respectively. The intra-day (0.23-2.71% RSD) and inter-day (0.40-2.90% RSD) precision, stability (0.69-3.45% RSD) and recovery (99.63-104.30% ± %RSD ≤ 3.03%) were acceptable indicating good accuracy of the developed method. The method was successfully applied in ethanolic extracts of 39 samples of C. roseus parts (leaf, stem and root) collected from five different locations in India. Serpentine was detected as one of the most abundant TIA. Principal component analysis (PCA) was able to successfully discriminate among C. roseus samples on the basis of content of targeted TIAs.

Cemented Hemiarthroplasty in Elderly Osteoporotic Unstable Trochanteric Fractures using Fracture Window

Introduction: We would like to analyze the role of cemented hemiarthroplasty in elderly osteoporotic unstable intertrochanteric fractures through trochanteric fracture window. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted from July 2011 to July 2014. From a total of 265 consecutive patients with intertrochanteric fractures of 42 patients were selected according to inclusion criteria and results were analyzed prospectively. All patients were operated at tertiary care institute. Patients which matched the inclusion criteria were selected. 42 patients entered the study and all completed the study. Primary cemented hemiarthroplasty was done in all patients. Modified Harris Hip Score was used to assess all the patients. Results: 42 patients were included in the study with an average age of 80.7 years. Only AO/OTA type 31-A2.2 and 31-A2.3 were included, average HHS at final follow up of three years was 86.2. No revision or reoperation was done. Conclusion: In a selected cohort of patients primary prosthetic replacement in elderly osteoporotic unstable intertrochanteric fractures is good option and the surgical technique allowed us to perform it more easily.

Profile of Risk Factors for Non-Communicable Diseases in Punjab, Northern India: Results of a State-Wide STEPS Survey

Background

Efforts to assess the burden of non-communicable diseases risk factors has improved in low and middle-income countries after political declaration of UN High Level Meeting on NCDs. However, lack of reliable estimates of risk factors distribution are leading to delay in implementation of evidence based interventions in states of India.

Methods

A STEPS Survey, comprising all the three steps for assessment of risk factors of NCDs, was conducted in Punjab state during 2014–15. A statewide multistage sample of 5,127 residents, aged 18–69 years, was taken. STEPS questionnaire version 3.1 was used to collect information on behavioral risk factors, followed by physical measurements and blood and urine sampling for biochemical profile.

Results

Tobacco and alcohol consumption were observed in 11.3% (20% men and 0.9% women) and 15% (27% men and 0.3% women) of the population, respectively. Low levels of physical activity were recorded among 31% (95% CI: 26.7–35.5) of the participants. The prevalence of overweight and obesity was 28.6% (95% CI: 26.3–30.9) and 12.8% (95% CI: 11.2–14.4) respectively. Central obesity was higher among women (69.3%, 95% CI: 66.5–72.0) than men (49.5%, 95% CI: 45.3–53.7). Prevalence of hypertension in population was 40.1% (95% CI: 37.3–43.0). The mean sodium intake in grams per day for the population was 7.4 gms (95% CI: 7.2–7.7). The prevalence of diabetes (hyperglycemia), hypertriglyceridemia and hypercholesterolemia was 14.3% (95% CI: 11.7–16.8), 21.6% (95% CI: 18.5–25.1) and 16.1% (95% CI: 13.1–19.2), respectively. In addition, 7% of the population aged 40–69 years had a cardiovascular risk of ≥ 30% over a period of next 10 years.

Conclusion

We report high prevalence of risk factors of chronic non-communicable diseases among adults in Punjab. There is an urgent need to implement population, individual and programme wide prevention and control interventions to lower the serious consequences of NCDs.

Influence of root-knot nematode infestation on antioxidant enzymes, chlorophyll content and growth in Pogostemon cablin (Blanco) Benth

Plants adapt themselves to overcome adverse environmental conditions, and this involves a plethora of concurrent cellular activities. Physiological experiments or metabolic profiling can quantify this response. Among several diseases of Pogostemon cablin (Blanco) Benth. (Patchouli), root-knot nematode infection caused by Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid and White) Chitwood causes severe damage to the plant and hence, the oil production. In the present study, we identified M. incognita morphologically and at molecular level using sequenced characterized amplified region marker (SCAR). M. incognita was artificially inoculated at different levels of second stage juveniles (J₂) to examine the effect on Patchouli plant growth parameters. Peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase enzyme activity and changes in the total phenol and chlorophyll contents in M. incognita was also evaluated in response to infection. The results have demonstrated that nematode infestation leads to increased peroxidase activities in the leaves of the patchouli plants and thereby, increase in phenolic content as a means of defence against nematode infestation. Chlorophyll content was also found decreased but no changes in polyphenol oxidase enzyme activity.

Characterization of Surface Runoff, Soil Erosion, Nutrient Loss and their Relationship for Agricultural Plots in India

The present study was carried out to explore the existence of relationship among rainfall, runoff, soil loss and nutrient losses from the agricultural plots located at Roorkee, Uttarakhand, India. The natural rainfall generated runoff and soil loss from the 12 agricultural runoff plots (with four land uses namely sugarcane, maize, black gram and fallow land and having slope 5%, 3% and 1% for each land use) were recorded during monsoon period (June 2013 to September 2013). The highest grade plot was found to yield the highest magnitude of runoff (i.e. runoff coefficient) for a given land use and soil type. The soil loss from the experimental plots of various characteristics shown that for given rainfall input, on average, the plots with sugarcane land use were found to produce high amount of soil loss followed by Maize, fallow land and Blackgram. The nutrients losses were very low in the sediment as compared to the dissolved losses. Nutrients concentrations in sediment and runoff water were found to be more during the critical period. The higher limit of seasonal sediment yield obtained from the present study is lower than soil loss tolerance limit of 2.5 to 12.5 t/ha /yr for Indian subcontinent.