Morphological and morphometric analysis of supraorbital foramen and supraorbital notch: a study on dry human skulls

OBJECTIVES

A clear knowledge of the location of the maxillo-facial foramina is essential for clinicians while performing endoscopic surgeries and regional nerve blocks. In the present study, a detailed analysis of the supraorbital foramen (SOF) and supraorbital notch (SON) of South Indian skulls is reported and the data are compared with those from other races and regions.

METHODS

Anatomical variation of SOF/SON was studied in 83 adult human skulls bilaterally, using "travelling Vernier's microscope". The skulls belonged to the cadavers of South Indian origin. The parameters used were distanced between the SON/SOF and the nasal midline; distance between the SON/SOF and the frontozygomatic suture (FZS); shape and height of the SOF; transverse diameter of the SON; the presence of accessory foramina (ACF) and their number; as well as the location and distance from the main SON/SOF.

RESULTS

SON was more frequently found than the SOF. The mean distance of SON/SOF to the nasal midline was 22.24 mm on the right side and 22.2 mm on the left side. The mean distance of SON/SOF to the frontozygomatic suture was 29.34 mm on the right side and 28.7 mm on the left side. While the mean height of SOF was 3.5 mm on the right side and 3.04 mm on the left side. Also, the mean transverse diameter of SON was 5.17 mm on the right side and 5.58 mm on the left side. The accessory supraorbital foramina were observed in 66.25% of cases.

CONCLUSION

There is a difference in the position and dimensions of SOF /SON between different races and people of different regions. Anatomical knowledge of SON /SOF is important in facilitating local anesthetic, forehead lifting, blepharoplasty and other craniofacial surgical procedures.

Dose-response relationship of photobiomodulation therapy and oxidative stress markers in healing dynamics of diabetic neuropathic ulcers in Wistar rats

Purpose

Diabetic foot ulcers are reported to be the most expensive complications of diabetes, with high morbidity and mortality rates. If the necessary care is not provided for the wound to heal, the individual may end up amputating the affected feet. Photobiomodulation therapy is a promising non-pharmacological treatment option for wound healing. The objective of the present study is to establish a dose-response relationship between photobiomodulation therapy and oxidative stress markers in the healing dynamics of diabetic neuropathic ulcers in Wistar rats.

Methodology

Diabetic neuropathy was induced in 126 Albino Wistar rats. An excisional wound of an area of 2cm2 was made on the neuropathy-induced leg. Photobiomodulation therapy of dosages 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, and 15 J/cm2 of wavelengths 655 and 808 nm was irradiated. The control group animals were kept un-irradiated. The outcome measures were assessed during wound healing's inflammatory, proliferative and remodelling phases.

Results

In the experimental group, animals treated with photobiomodulation therapy at doses of 4, 6, and 8 J/cm2 showed better wound healing dynamics. Photobiomodulation therapy modulated the reactive oxygen species and antioxidant levels, thereby improving the oxidative status of the wound.

Conclusion

Photobiomodulation therapy of dosages 4, 6, and 8 J/cm2 is effective and is a promising adjuvant modality in treating diabetic neuropathic ulcers. There was a strong dose-response relationship in the experimental groups treated with 4, 6 and 8 J/ cm2.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40200-022-01157-2.

Quadriceps angle as an outcome measure for structural integrity following total knee arthroplasty in individuals with severe knee osteoarthritis

Purpose

Total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is routinely performed for pain relief and to improve performance of the knee in individuals with severe knee osteoarthritis (OA). The quadriceps angle (Q-angle) is a key component of knee joint stability. However, there is a dearth of literature evaluating Q-angle as an outcome measure after TKA in individuals with severe knee OA.

Objectives

The objective of the study was to assess the Q-angle as an outcome measure before and after TKA and to find the correlation of Q-angle with pain, quadriceps strength, and knee flexion range of motion (ROM) after TKA in individuals with severe knee OA.

Methods

The Q-angles of 34 individuals (male: female = 17:17) were measured using standardized procedures. Pain, quadriceps strength, and knee flexion ROM were measured. The measurements were taken preoperatively (one day before surgery), and postoperatively at the sixth week and third month after TKA.

Results

The mean Q-angle was 19.17° (SD = 1.92°) before TKA, 16.06° (SD = 1.87°) at the sixth week and 13.43° (SD = 1.77°) at the third month after TKA. Significant linear correlations were noted between the Q-angle and pain, quadriceps strength, and knee flexion ROM following TKA.

Conclusion

The Q-angle was measured before and after TKA using a standardized clinical goniometric method. Understanding the Q-angle before and after TKA and its relationship with various clinical and functional variables is imperative in clinical practice for orthopedic surgeons and rehabilitation professionals.

Effect of total knee arthroplasty on quadriceps and hamstring muscle recovery in individuals with knee osteoarthritis: A proposed systematic review and meta-analysis protocol

Knee osteoarthritis is a prevalent degenerative joint disease leading to pain, stiffness, reduced mobility in the knee, and muscle weakness. Total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is typically the preferred surgical treatment option for moderate to severe osteoarthritis. A deeper understanding of quadriceps and hamstring muscle activation after TKA is needed to monitor patient prognosis postoperatively. This review aims to synthesize and summarize the available evidence on the effects of TKA on quadriceps and hamstring muscle recovery in individuals with knee osteoarthritis. Electronic databases such as PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, CINAHL, EMBASE, and ProQuest Health & Medical Complete will be searched using relevant keywords related to knee osteoarthritis, total knee arthroplasty, surface electromyography and quadriceps and hamstring muscle recovery. Two reviewers will independently assess the related studies and extract data from the chosen articles. The Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool-1 and the Joanna Briggs critical appraisal checklist will be used to assess the methodological quality of the studies based on study design. Based on the relevance of the data and number of studies, a meta-analysis approach will be used to obtain a unified outcome. This review's findings will support clinical decision-making and offer direction for future researchers studying this patient population. Bullet points that outline the protocol•This proposed systematic review, and meta-analysis will summarize and synthesize literature on the effect of total knee arthroplasty (TKA) on quadriceps and hamstring muscle recovery in individuals with knee osteoarthritis.•This review offers important insights into knee muscle recovery following TKA, assisting orthopedic surgeons and rehabilitation professionals in improving their clinical decision-making.

Anatomy of Vital Contents of Infratemporal Fossa: their Variations, Clinical and Surgical Significance - A literature review

Background:

The infratemporal fossa is an anatomically complex and pathologically interesting region in the head and neck. Location and clinically significant vital structures in it make infratemporal fossa an area of interest to neurosurgeons specializing in skull base surgery, and maxillofacial surgeons. Although a variety of surgical approaches like endonasal, zygomatico-transmandibular, transzygomatic, transmaxillary, and facial translocation to this region have been developed, the surgical anatomy of this region is complex and remains challenging for most of the practitioners. Compilation of case reports on anatomical variations of the infratemporal fossa contents and comprehensive discussion concerning their clinical and surgical significance is lacking.

Objective:

To highlight the normal and abnormal anatomy of the contents of infratemporal fossa with emphasis on clinical importance of these structures.

Methods:

Articles from peer-reviewed journals and reputed standard textbooks were searched online using appropriate key words and only the articles which were deemed relevant were selected for further review.

Results:

Out of about 400 research articles, only 77 articles identified to be appropriate to the objectives were used in this literature review.

Conclusion:

Anatomical location and presence of functionally and clinically vital structures make the infratemporal fossa very important for dentists, otolaryngologists, neurosurgeons and maxillofacial surgeons. Knowledge of normal and variant anatomy of this area is very crucial for surgically handling the various complications like hearing loss, facial nerve weakness, temporomandibular joint dysfunction etc during various surgical procedures.

Hepato-protective potential of Choline and DHA supplements in rats exposed to tobacco particulate matter-A histological study

Introduction: Smokeless tobacco is known to induce liver damage by decreasing its detoxifying capability. Chronic exposure to tobacco particulate matter in various forms jeopardizes the normal function of vital organs including the liver. The tobacco rolled in tendu leaf; known as ‘bidi’ is an unfiltered cigarette having tobacco content that is different from those used in cigarettes and is referred to as 'bidi tobacco'. Bidi smoking or chronic exposure to bidi tobacco causes multi-organ diseases. Choline and docosahexaenoic acid (C & DHA) are dietary components known to have hepato-protective action. But the combined action of choline and DHA on tobacco particulate-induced liver damage is largely unknown. The present study was designed to assess the hepato-protective potential of choline and DHA supplements to rat dams and pups exposed to tobacco particulate matter. Liver histological changes were analyzed from groups of Wistar rat dams and their pups [Unexposed Normal controls (NC) and those exposed to different tobacco particulate matters namely, tendu leaf smoke, tobacco dust, and bidi smoke] with or without supplementation of both choline and DHA. Results: Hepatocytic morphological architecture showed non-alcoholic fatty changes in all rats exposed to tobacco particulate matter and more so visibly higher in tobacco dust exposed groups compared to the same in age-matched NC group. These changes were ameliorated in rats supplemented with choline & DHA and exposed to tobacco particulate matter. Conclusion: Chronic exposure of mothers and their offspring to tobacco particulates causes non-alcoholic fatty liver disease with microstructural changes. Dietary supplementation of choline and DHA to rats exposed to tobacco particulate matter provides hepato-protection and ameliorates the hepatocytic morphological changes.