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Fadhel MM, Hamzah AE, Abd Aziz N, Dzulkefly Zan MS, Arsad N. Passively Q-switching an all polarization-maintaining erbium-doped fiber laser with a rhenium disulfide (ReS 2) saturable absorber. Heliyon 2023; 9:e20678. [PMID: 37860525 PMCID: PMC10582505 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e20678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
This study demonstrates a linearly polarized Er-doped fiber laser system featuring an all-polarization-maintaining (all-PM) architecture. Short pulses were generated by Q-switching operation based on drop-casting rhenium disulfide (ReS2) saturable absorber (SA) onto a fiber connector placed inside the laser cavity. The Q-switching operation of the laser was able to self-start at a low (23 mW) threshold power of the pump and without the need to use a polarization controller. The proposed laser was able to produce stable pulses with a center wavelength and 3-dB bandwidth of 1558.4 nm and 0.13 nm, respectively. The shortest pulse duration measured (2.8 μs) was achieved at a repetition rate of 37.6 kHz while the highest average output power and pulse energy were 2.2 mW and 76.5 nJ, respectively. Furthermore, as the cavity of the laser was designed to be all-PM the laser that it produced was linearly polarized and had a degree of polarization (DOP) at the level of 94.5 % and 40 dB polarization extinction ratio (PER). Therefore, the proposed laser is a suitable light source for optical applications in environments that are complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Muhanad Fadhel
- Department of Electrical, Electronic and Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi, 43600, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Abdulwahhab Essa Hamzah
- Department of Electrical, Electronic and Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi, 43600, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Norazreen Abd Aziz
- Department of Electrical, Electronic and Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi, 43600, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Saiful Dzulkefly Zan
- Department of Electrical, Electronic and Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi, 43600, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Norhana Arsad
- Department of Electrical, Electronic and Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi, 43600, Selangor, Malaysia
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Nordin ND, Abdullah F, Zan MSD, A Bakar AA, Krivosheev AI, Barkov FL, Konstantinov YA. Improving Prediction Accuracy and Extraction Precision of Frequency Shift from Low-SNR Brillouin Gain Spectra in Distributed Structural Health Monitoring. Sensors (Basel) 2022; 22:s22072677. [PMID: 35408291 PMCID: PMC9003443 DOI: 10.3390/s22072677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we studied the possibility of increasing the Brillouin frequency shift (BFS) detection accuracy in distributed fibre-optic sensors by the separate and joint use of different algorithms for finding the spectral maximum: Lorentzian curve fitting (LCF, including the Levenberg–Marquardt (LM) method), the backward correlation technique (BWC) and a machine learning algorithm, the generalized linear model (GLM). The study was carried out on real spectra subjected to the subsequent addition of extreme digital noise. The precision and accuracy of the LM and BWC methods were studied by varying the signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) and by incorporating the GLM method into the processing steps. It was found that the use of methods in sequence gives a gain in the accuracy of determining the sensor temperature from tenths to several degrees Celsius (or MHz in BFS scale), which is manifested for signal-to-noise ratios within 0 to 20 dB. We have found out that the double processing (BWC + GLM) is more effective for positive SNR values (in dB): it gives a gain in BFS measurement precision near 0.4 °C (428 kHz or 9.3 με); for BWC + GLM, the difference of precisions between single and double processing for SNRs below 2.6 dB is about 1.5 °C (1.6 MHz or 35 με). In this case, double processing is more effective for all SNRs. The described technique’s potential application in structural health monitoring (SHM) of concrete objects and different areas in metrology and sensing were also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nur Dalilla Nordin
- School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University Malaysia, Putrajaya 62200, Malaysia;
| | - Fairuz Abdullah
- Institute of Power Engineering, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Kajang 43000, Malaysia;
| | - Mohd Saiful Dzulkefly Zan
- Department of Electrical, Electronic & Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi 43600, Malaysia; (M.S.D.Z.); (A.A.A.B.)
| | - Ahmad Ashrif A Bakar
- Department of Electrical, Electronic & Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi 43600, Malaysia; (M.S.D.Z.); (A.A.A.B.)
| | - Anton I. Krivosheev
- Perm Federal Research Center of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (PFRC UB RAS), 13a, Lenin Street, 614990 Perm, Russia; (A.I.K.); (F.L.B.)
| | - Fedor L. Barkov
- Perm Federal Research Center of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (PFRC UB RAS), 13a, Lenin Street, 614990 Perm, Russia; (A.I.K.); (F.L.B.)
| | - Yuri A. Konstantinov
- Perm Federal Research Center of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (PFRC UB RAS), 13a, Lenin Street, 614990 Perm, Russia; (A.I.K.); (F.L.B.)
- Correspondence:
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Fadhel MM, Ali N, Rashid H, Sapiee NM, Hamzah AE, Zan MSD, Aziz NA, Arsad N. A Review on Rhenium Disulfide: Synthesis Approaches, Optical Properties, and Applications in Pulsed Lasers. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2021; 11:nano11092367. [PMID: 34578683 PMCID: PMC8471421 DOI: 10.3390/nano11092367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Rhenium Disulfide (ReS2) has evolved as a novel 2D transition-metal dichalcogenide (TMD) material which has promising applications in optoelectronics and photonics because of its distinctive anisotropic optical properties. Saturable absorption property of ReS2 has been utilized to fabricate saturable absorber (SA) devices to generate short pulses in lasers systems. The results were outstanding, including high-repetition-rate pulses, large modulation depth, multi-wavelength pulses, broadband operation and low saturation intensity. In this review, we emphasize on formulating SAs based on ReS2 to produce pulsed lasers in the visible, near-infrared and mid-infrared wavelength regions with pulse durations down to femtosecond using mode-locking or Q-switching technique. We outline ReS2 synthesis techniques and integration platforms concerning solid-state and fiber-type lasers. We discuss the laser performance based on SAs attributes. Lastly, we draw conclusions and discuss challenges and future directions that will help to advance the domain of ultrafast photonic technology.
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Fadhel MM, Ali N, Rashid H, Sapiee NM, Hamzah AE, Zan MSD, Aziz NA, Arsad N. A Review on Rhenium Disulfide: Synthesis Approaches, Optical Properties, and Applications in Pulsed Lasers.. [DOI: 10.20944/preprints202108.0457.v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Rhenium Disulfide (ReS2) has evolved as a novel 2D transition-metal dichalcogenide (TMD) material which has promising applications in optoelectronics and photonics because of its distinctive anisotropic attributes. In this review, we emphasize on formulating saturable absorbers (SAs) based on ReS2 to produce Q-switched and mode-locked pulsed lasers of diverse operation wavelengths like 1 μm, 1.5 μm, 2 μm, and 3 μm. We outline ReS2 synthesis techniques and integration platforms concerning solid-state and fiber-type lasers. We discuss the laser performance based on SAs attributes. Lastly, we draw conclusions and outlook by recommending additional improvements for SA devices so as to advance the domain of ultrafast photonic technology.
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Elgaud MM, Zan MSD, Abushagur AAG, Hamzah AE, Mokhtar MHH, Arsad N, A. Bakar AA. Digital Filtering Techniques for Performance Improvement of Golay Coded TDM-FBG Sensor. Sensors (Basel) 2021; 21:s21134299. [PMID: 34201845 PMCID: PMC8272198 DOI: 10.3390/s21134299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
For almost a half-decade, the unique autocorrelation properties of Golay complementary pairs (GCP) have added a significant value to the key performance of conventional time-domain multiplexed fiber Bragg grating sensors (TDM-FBGs). However, the employment of the unipolar form of Golay coded TDM-FBG has suffered from several performance flaws, such as limited improvement of the signal-to-noise ratio (SNIR), noisy backgrounds, and distorted signals. Therefore, we propose and experimentally implement several digital filtering techniques to mitigate such limitations. Moving averages (MA), Savitzky–Golay (SG), and moving median (MM) filters were deployed to process the signals from two low reflectance FBG sensors located after around 16 km of fiber. The first part of the experiment discussed the sole deployment of Golay codes from 4 bits to 256 bits in the TDM-FBG sensor. As a result, the total SNIR of around 8.8 dB was experimentally confirmed for the longest 256-bit code. Furthermore, the individual deployment of MA, MM, and SG filters within the mentioned decoded sequences secured a further significant increase in SNIR of around 4, 3.5, and 3 dB, respectively. Thus, the deployment of the filtering technique alone resulted in at least four times faster measurement time (equivalent to 3 dB SNIR). Overall, the experimental analysis confirmed that MM outperformed the other two techniques in better signal shape, fastest signal transition time, comparable SNIR, and capability to maintain high spatial resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed M. Elgaud
- Department of Electrical, Electronic and Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia; (M.M.E.); (A.A.G.A.); (A.E.H.); (M.H.H.M.); (N.A.); (A.A.A.B.)
- College of Electrical and Electronic Technology, Benghazi 0021861, Libya
| | - Mohd Saiful Dzulkefly Zan
- Department of Electrical, Electronic and Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia; (M.M.E.); (A.A.G.A.); (A.E.H.); (M.H.H.M.); (N.A.); (A.A.A.B.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Abdulfatah A. G. Abushagur
- Department of Electrical, Electronic and Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia; (M.M.E.); (A.A.G.A.); (A.E.H.); (M.H.H.M.); (N.A.); (A.A.A.B.)
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Gharyan University, Gharyan 0021841, Libya
| | - Abdulwahhab E. Hamzah
- Department of Electrical, Electronic and Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia; (M.M.E.); (A.A.G.A.); (A.E.H.); (M.H.H.M.); (N.A.); (A.A.A.B.)
| | - Mohd Hadri Hafiz Mokhtar
- Department of Electrical, Electronic and Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia; (M.M.E.); (A.A.G.A.); (A.E.H.); (M.H.H.M.); (N.A.); (A.A.A.B.)
| | - Norhana Arsad
- Department of Electrical, Electronic and Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia; (M.M.E.); (A.A.G.A.); (A.E.H.); (M.H.H.M.); (N.A.); (A.A.A.B.)
| | - Ahmad Ashrif A. Bakar
- Department of Electrical, Electronic and Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia; (M.M.E.); (A.A.G.A.); (A.E.H.); (M.H.H.M.); (N.A.); (A.A.A.B.)
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Fadhel MM, Zan MSD, Aziz NA, Hamzah AE, Arsad N. Simulation of a Simple Scheme to Generate Flat Frequency Comb Using Cascaded Single-Drive Mach-Zehnder Modulators. 2020 IEEE 8th International Conference on Photonics (ICP) 2020. [DOI: 10.1109/icp46580.2020.9206449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
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Kamaruddin NH, Bakar AAA, Mobarak NN, Zan MSD, Arsad N. Binding Affinity of a Highly Sensitive Au/Ag/Au/Chitosan-Graphene Oxide Sensor Based on Direct Detection of Pb 2+ and Hg 2+ Ions. Sensors (Basel) 2017; 17:s17102277. [PMID: 28984826 PMCID: PMC5677024 DOI: 10.3390/s17102277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Revised: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The study of binding affinity is essential in surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensing because it allows researchers to quantify the affinity between the analyte and immobilised ligands of an SPR sensor. In this study, we demonstrate the derivation of the binding affinity constant, K, for Pb2+ and Hg2+ ions according to their SPR response using a gold/silver/gold/chitosan-graphene oxide (Au/Ag/Au/CS-GO) sensor for the concentration range of 0.1-5 ppm. The higher affinity of Pb2+ to binding with the CS-GO sensor explains the outstanding sensitivity of 2.05 °ppm-1 against 1.66 °ppm-1 of Hg2+. The maximum signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) upon detection of Pb2+ is 1.53, and exceeds the suggested logical criterion of an SNR. The Au/Ag/Au/CS-GO SPR sensor also exhibits excellent repeatability in Pb2+ due to the strong bond between its functional groups and this cation. The adsorption data of Pb2+ and Hg2+ on the CS-GO sensor fits well with the Langmuir isotherm model where the affinity constant, K, of Pb2+ and Hg2+ ions is computed. The affinity of Pb2+ ions to the Au/Ag/Au/CS-GO sensor is significantly higher than that of Hg2+ based on the value of K, 7 × 10⁵ M-1 and 4 × 10⁵ M-1, respectively. The higher shift in SPR angles due to Pb2+ and Hg2+ compared to Cr3+, Cu2+ and Zn2+ ions also reveals the greater affinity of the CS-GO SPR sensor to them, thus supporting the rationale for obtaining K for these two heavy metals. This study provides a better understanding on the sensing performance of such sensors in detecting heavy metal ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nur Hasiba Kamaruddin
- Department of Electric, Electronic and Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Ahmad Ashrif A Bakar
- Department of Electric, Electronic and Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Nadhratun Naiim Mobarak
- School of Chemical Sciences and Food Technology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Mohd Saiful Dzulkefly Zan
- Department of Electric, Electronic and Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Norhana Arsad
- Department of Electric, Electronic and Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia.
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Ab-Rahman MS, Abd. Rahni AA, Dzulkefly Zan MS, Jumari K, Shaari S, Ibrahim MF. OXADMs: The next generation of optical switching devices. 2008 5th IFIP International Conference on Wireless and Optical Communications Networks (WOCN '08) 2008. [DOI: 10.1109/wocn.2008.4542487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
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