Synthesis and evaluation of anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of new 1,2,4-triazole derivatives

In this study, the synthesis, anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of eight new 5-thioalkyl-1,3-diaryl-1,2,4- triazole derivatives were reported. For the anti-inflammatory study, the carrageenan-induced rat paw edema model was used. The test compounds in 50 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg were injected as IP and paw edema was determined. The results showed that some of the compounds have good activity compared to the references drug, indomethacin. For analgesic activity, the test compounds were studied using the in Tail-flick test model in 50 and 100 mg/kg as IP injections. Their analgesic activities were determined after 30 min via latency time assay. Statistical analysis showed that all test compounds have antinociceptive activity in the range of 24% -47% as compared to the control with a dose of 50 mg/kg. However, all tested compounds have analgesic activity lower than the standard drug, morphine.

Design, synthesis, docking study and cytotoxic activity evaluation of some novel letrozole analogs

Background

Breast cancer is the most common type of female cancer. One class of hormonal therapy for breast cancer drugs -non steroidal aromatase inhibitors- are triazole analogues. In this work, some derivatives of these drugs was designed and synthesized. All synthesized compounds were evaluated for their cytotoxic activities on breast cancer cell lines (MDA-MB-231, T47D and MCF-7).

Methods

Our synthetic route for designed compounds started from 4-bromotolunitrile which was reacted with 1H-1,2,4-triazole to afford 4-(4-cyanobenzyl)-1,2,4-triazole. The reaction of later compound with aromatic aldehydes led to formation of the designed compounds. Eleven novel derivatives 1a-k were tested for their cytotoxic activities on three human breast cancer cell lines.

Results

Among the synthesized compound, 4-[2-(3-chlorophenyl)-1-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)ethenyl]benzonitrile (1c) showed the highest activity against MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cell lines and 4-[2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-1-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)ethenyl]benzonitrile (1 h) exhibited highest activity against T47D cell line. According to cytotoxic activities results, compound 4-[2-(4-dimethylamino)-1-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)ethenyl]benzonitrile (1 k) showed comparative activity against T47D and MDA-MB-231 cell lines with compound (1 h) and our reference drug Etoposide.

Conclusion

In the process of anti-cancer drug discovery, to find new potential anti-breast cancer agents, we designed and synthesized a novel series of letrozole analogs. Cytotoxicity evaluation revealed that compounds (1c) and (1 k) were the most potent compounds with comparative activity with Etoposide. The results revealed that π-π interactions are responsible for the enzyme inhibitions of compounds (1 c) and (1 k).

The discovery and development of cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors as potential anticancer therapies

INTRODUCTION

In the past, clinical studies had demonstrated that aspirin and NSAIDs reduce the risk of colorectal cancer. After the discovery of selective prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 (PTGS2) inhibitors, the further beneficial effects of celecoxib and some other related structures (coxibs) have been demonstrated in both in vivo and in vitro studies.

AREAS COVERED

The authors illustrate the role of prostaglandins following the overexpression of PTGS2 (COX-2) in signaling pathways. The authors elucidate the role of coxibs in cell proliferation, apoptosis, angiogenesis and multi-drug resistance and discuss the molecular mechanisms involved. The authors also present the strong evidence related to the usefulness of coxibs in several cancer cell lines.

EXPERT OPINION

There have been a number of PTGS2 (COX-2) selective inhibitors suggested as potential anticancer therapies. In recent years, the development of nanotechnology has also had an impact on chemotherapy. Indeed, nanoparticles of cytotoxic drug carriers have demonstrated potential through their accumulation in cancer cells, and targeting these nanoparticles has been under evaluation. This area could be opened up for coxib development as they are potentially important targets in cancer cells. Further research using celecoxib as a co-drug with PTGS2-overexpressed and PTGS2-independent cancer is still needed.

Synthesis and In vitro cytotoxic activity evaluation of (E)-16-(substituted benzylidene) derivatives of dehydroepiandrosterone

Background and the purpose of the study

Modified androsterone derivatives are class of steroidal compounds with potential anticancer properties. Various steroidal derivatives containing substitution at position 16 have shown diversified pharmacological activities. In the present study, a new series of cytotoxic 16-(substituted benzylidene) derivatives of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) were synthesized and evaluated against three different cancer cell lines.

Methods

The cytotoxic 16-(substituted benzylidene) derivatives of DHEA were synthesized via aldol condensation of DHEA with corresponding benzaldehyde derivatives. The cytotoxic activity of synthesized derivatives was evaluated against three different cancer cells including KB, T47D and SK-N-MC cell lines by MTT reduction colorimetric assay.

Results

The results indicated that 16-(substituted benzylidene) derivatives of DHEA could be served as a potent anti-cancer agent. The 3-cholro benzylidene derivatives of DHEA was the most potent synthesized derivative especially against KB and T47D cell lines (IC₅₀ values were 0.6 and 1.7 μM; respectively).

Conclusion

The cytotoxic potential of novel benzylidene derivatives of DHEA is mainly attributed to the position and nature of the substituted group on the benzylidene pendant.

Synthesis, evaluation of anticancer activity and QSAR study of heterocyclic esters of caffeic Acid

Caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) suppresses the growth of transformed cells such as human breast cancer cells, hepatocarcinoma , myeloid leukemia, colorectal cancer cells, fibrosarcoma, glioma and melanoma. A group of heterocyclic esters of caffeic acid was synthesized using Mitsunobu reaction and the esters were subjected to further structural modification by electrooxidation of the catechol ring of caffeic acid esters in the presence of sodium benzenesulfinate and sodium toluensulfinate as nucleophiles. Both heterocyclic esters of caffeic acid and their arylsulfonyl derivatives were evaluated for their cytotoxic activity against HeLa, SK-OV-3, and HT-29 cancer cell lines. HeLa cells showed the highest sensitivity to the compounds and heterocyclic esters with no substituent on catechol ring showed better activity compared to their substituted counterparts. QSAR studies reemphasized the importance of molecular shape of the compounds for their cytotoxic activity.

5-Nitroimidazole-based 1,3,4-thiadiazoles: heterocyclic analogs of metronidazole as anti-Helicobacter pylori agents

A series of 5-nitroimidazole-based 1,3,4-thiadiazoles were prepared and tested for antibacterial activity against Helicobacter pylori. The anti-H. pylori activity of target compounds along with the commercially available antimicrobial metronidazole was evaluated by comparing the inhibition-zone diameters determined by the paper disc diffusion bioassay. From our bioassay results against 20 clinical isolates it is evident that piperazinyl, 4-methylpiperazinyl, 3-methylpiperazinyl, and 3,5-dimethylpiperazinyl analogs (6a, 6b, 6e, and 6f, respectively) and pyrrolidine derivative 7 had strong activity at 0.5 µg/disc (average of inhibition zone > 20 mm) while metronidazole had no activity at this dose. Compound 6f containing the 3,5-dimethylpiperazinyl moiety at the 2-position of the 5-(1-methyl-5-nitro-1H-imidazol-2-yl)-1,3,4-thiadiazole skeleton was the most potent compound tested at low concentrations.

The synthesis and antifertility evaluation of 3 analogs of pyrimethamine on male rat reproductive indices

Side effect assessment of medicaments on fertility indices may be used as a guide in the development of male contraceptive agents. In this study, 3 analogs of pyrimethamine were synthesized and evaluated for antifertility activity on reproductive indices of male rats. Test compounds were administered in a dosage of 50 mg/kg every other day till 60 days. On the 50th day, the fertility of rats was tested. On the 60th day, the gonadosomatic index and the serum testosterone content were determined. Iso-butyloxy and tertiary-butyloxy caused 40% and 11% reduction in sperm viability, respectively. They also significantly reduced fertility indices. Consequently, iso-butyloxy can be one of the best nominees in this class of compound and a suitable candidate for assessment of mechanism involved in future research activity. To synthesize a more effective agent, increasing the lipophilicity may play a major role in the development of more potent promising male contraceptive agents.

Synthesis and cytotoxic activity of some 2-amino-4-aryl-3-cyano-7-(dimethylamino)-4H-chromenes

A series of 2-amino-4-aryl-3-cyano-7- (dimethylamino)-4H-chromenes was synthesized by condensation of 3- (dimethylamino) phenol, an aromatic aldehyde and malonitrile in ethanol containing piperidine. The assignments of the structure of all synthesized compounds were based on spectral data (IR, Mass and(1)H NMR). The cytotoxic activities of the synthesized compounds against six human tumor cell lines were determined by MTT assay. Several compounds showed significant cytotoxic activity.

Pre-column derivatization of rofecoxib for determination in serum by HPLC

An HPLC method for determination of rofecoxib in human serum is presented. The method is based on pre-column derivatization of analyte to a phenanthrene derivative of the drug. Rofecoxib and the internal standard were extracted from serum using liquid-liquid extraction. Upon exposure to UV light, the drug was found to undergo a photocyclization reaction, giving a species with high absorbance. Validation of the method has been studied in the concentration range 10-500 ng ml(-1).

Potential long-acting contraceptive agents: esters of testosterone with alkoxy- and halogeno-substituted carboxylic acids

The chemical synthesis and physical data of several new esters of testosterone (17 beta-hydroxyandrost-4-en-3-one), which contain either a halogeno or an alkoxy substituent in the acid chain, are reported.

Potential long-acting contraceptive agents: esters and ethers of testosterone with alpha- and/or beta-chain branching

The synthesis of ten esters and two ethers of testosterone (17 beta-hydroxyandrost-4-en-3-one) is described. All these possess some form of alpha - and/or beta - substitution in the ester/ether side-chain. The work was undertaken in order to evaluate the long-acting antifertility effect of such compounds in males.