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Bucknell KJ, Kangas M, Karin E, Crane MF. A randomized controlled trial comparing the effects of self-reflective writing focused on successful and unsuccessful coping experiences on resilience. Stress Health 2024; 40:e3311. [PMID: 37671436 DOI: 10.1002/smi.3311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2023] [Revised: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Abstract
Evidence supports the effectiveness of self-reflective training approaches for the development of resilience. Building this work, the objective of this study was to investigate the impact of the focus of coping self-reflective activities on resilience by applying a self-reflection approach to a sample of 254 Australian ministry workers. This randomized controlled trial included three attention-matched conditions: (1) self-reflective writing focused on successful coping, (2) self-reflective writing focused on unsuccessful coping or (3) written descriptions of stressor events alone. Participants were assessed across four time points: prior to, immediately post, 3-months, and 6-months after the intervention. Results demonstrated that self-reflective writing was more effective in enhancing perceived resilience than descriptive writing. Analyses also showed greater maintenance of beneficial effects in the successful self-reflection condition, compared to the unsuccessful condition. These findings support the use of self-reflection training to strengthen individuals' psychological resilience, particularly when focused on successful coping situations for those who initially experience more ruminative thought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten J Bucknell
- School of Psychological Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Maria Kangas
- Centre for Emotional Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Eyal Karin
- School of Psychological Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Monique F Crane
- Centre for Elite Performance, Expertise and Training, School of Psychological Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, New South Wales, Australia
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2
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Crane MF, Hoare S, Kangas M, Gucciardi DF, Karin E. A coping self-insight scale for adults: development and preliminary psychometric properties. Anxiety Stress Coping 2024; 37:157-179. [PMID: 38053399 DOI: 10.1080/10615806.2023.2290099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Self-insights focused on the coping process are implicated in the refinement of capacities for resilience. To advance this research, we must identify key coping self-insights and develop a concise measurement tool. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this paper is to develop evidence for the construct dimensionality and validity of a measure of coping self-insight. METHODS Items measuring 13 coping self-insight dimensions were generated via consultation with theoretical work, subject matter experts, and pre-testing items for clarity. Thereafter, the dimensionality of items was assessed with undergraduate students (N = 232) and an online sample (N = 800) via exploratory and confirmatory analyses. Finally, a multi-trait, multi-method approach was used to test discriminant validity in a further sample of students (N = 228). RESULTS The initial item list was reduced to five key dimensions that balanced data-driven and conceptual considerations. Confirmatory Factor Analysis revealed moderate-to-strong correlations (r = .47-.80) among dimensions. We also demonstrated evidence of internal reliability, convergent, criterion, and discriminant validity. Invariance tests for sub-groups of interest (e.g., sex, sample type) frequently demonstrated metric or scalar invariance, except for age sub-groups. CONCLUSIONS Findings offer a starting point regarding the types of coping self-insights important for the emergence of resilience and a validated tool for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- M F Crane
- School of Psychological Science, Macquarie University, North Ryde, Australia
| | - S Hoare
- School of Psychological Science, Macquarie University, North Ryde, Australia
| | - M Kangas
- School of Psychological Science, Macquarie University, North Ryde, Australia
| | - D F Gucciardi
- Curtin School of Allied Health, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
| | - E Karin
- School of Psychological Science, Macquarie University, North Ryde, Australia
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3
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Crane MF, Hazel G, Kunzelmann A, Kho M, Gucciardi DF, Rigotti T, Kalisch R, Karin E. An exploratory domain analysis of deployment risks and protective features and their association to mental health, cognitive functioning and job performance in military personnel. Anxiety Stress Coping 2024; 37:16-28. [PMID: 37379256 DOI: 10.1080/10615806.2023.2228707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Meta-analyses of military deployment involve the exploration of focused associations between predictors and peri and post-deployment outcomes. OBJECTIVE We aimed to provide a large-scale and high-level perspective of deployment-related predictors across eight peri and post-deployment outcomes. DESIGN Articles reporting effect sizes for associations between deployment-related features and indices of peri and post-deployment outcomes were selected. Three-hundred and fourteen studies (N = 2,045,067) and 1,893 relevant effects were retained. Deployment features were categorized into themes, mapped across outcomes, and integrated into a big-data visualization. METHODS Studies of military personnel with deployment experience were included. Extracted studies investigated eight possible outcomes reflecting functioning (e.g., post-traumatic stress, burnout). To allow comparability, effects were transformed into a Fisher's Z. Moderation analyses investigating methodological features were performed. RESULTS The strongest correlates across outcomes were emotional (e.g., guilt/shame: Z = 0.59 to 1.21) and cognitive processes (e.g., negative appraisals: Z = -0.54 to 0.26), adequate sleep on deployment (Z = -0.28 to - 0.61), motivation (Z = -0.33 to - 0.71), and use of various coping strategies/recovery strategies (Z = -0.25 to - 0.59). CONCLUSIONS Findings pointed to interventions that target coping and recovery strategies, and the monitoring of emotional states and cognitive processes post-deployment that may indicate early risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- M F Crane
- School of Psychological Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, Australia
| | - G Hazel
- School of Psychological Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, Australia
| | - A Kunzelmann
- Department of Psychology, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - M Kho
- School of Psychological Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, Australia
| | - D F Gucciardi
- Curtin School of Allied Health, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
| | - T Rigotti
- Department of Psychology, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - R Kalisch
- Leibniz Institute for Resilience Research, Mainz, Germany
| | - E Karin
- School of Psychological Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, Australia
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Lizzio-Wilson M, Thomas EF, Louis WR, Crane MF, Kho M, Molenberghs P, Wibisono S, Minto K, Amiot CE, Decety J, Breen LJ, Noonan K, Forbat L, Allen F. Using Latent Profile Analysis to Understand Health Practitioners' Attitudes Toward Voluntary Assisted Dying. Omega (Westport) 2023:302228221149453. [PMID: 36826344 DOI: 10.1177/00302228221149453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
Prior work has documented considerable diversity among health practitioners regarding their support for voluntary assisted dying (VAD). We examined whether their attitudes are characterised by different combinations of personal support, normative support by other health practitioners, and whether they are predisposed to vicariously experience others' emotions (i.e., empathy). We also examined whether these profiles experienced different mental health outcomes (i.e., burnout and posttraumatic stress) in relation to VAD. To test this, 104 Australian health practitioners were surveyed after VAD was legalised in Victoria, Australia in 2019. Results indicated that practitioners' attitudes were characterised by three profiles: 1) strong personal and normative support (strong VAD supporters), 2) moderate personal and normative support (moderate VAD supporters), and 3) lower personal and normative support (apprehensive practitioners). However, each profile reported similar mental health outcomes. Findings suggest that the normative environments in which health practitioners operate may explain their diverse attitudes on VAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgana Lizzio-Wilson
- Department of Psychology, The University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
- College of Education, Psychology, and Social Work, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Emma F Thomas
- College of Education, Psychology, and Social Work, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Winnifred R Louis
- School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Monique F Crane
- Department of Psychology, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Madison Kho
- Department of Psychology, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Susilo Wibisono
- School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Kiara Minto
- School of Historical and Philosophical Inquiry, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Catherine E Amiot
- Département de Psychologie, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Jean Decety
- Department of Psychology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Lauren J Breen
- Curtin enAble Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
- School of Population Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Kerrie Noonan
- Death Literacy Institute, University of Western Sydney, Penrith South, NSW, Australia
| | - Liz Forbat
- Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK
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5
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Albertella L, Kirkham R, Adler AB, Crampton J, Drummond SPA, Fogarty GJ, Gross JJ, Zaichkowsky L, Andersen JP, Bartone PT, Boga D, Bond JW, Brunyé TT, Campbell MJ, Ciobanu LG, Clark SR, Crane MF, Dietrich A, Doty TJ, Driskell JE, Fahsing I, Fiore SM, Flin R, Funke J, Gatt JM, Hancock PA, Harper C, Heathcote A, Heatown KJ, Helsen WF, Hussey EK, Jackson RC, Khemlani S, Killgore WDS, Kleitman S, Lane AM, Loft S, MacMahon C, Marcora SM, McKenna FP, Meijen C, Moulton V, Moyle GM, Nalivaiko E, O'Connor D, O’Conor D, Patton D, Piccolo MD, Ruiz C, Schücker L, Smith RA, Smith SJR, Sobrino C, Stetz M, Stewart D, Taylor P, Tucker AJ, van Stralen H, Vickers JN, Visser TAW, Walker R, Wiggins MW, Williams AM, Wong L, Aidman E, Yücel M. Building a transdisciplinary expert consensus on the cognitive drivers of performance under pressure: An international multi-panel Delphi study. Front Psychol 2023; 13:1017675. [PMID: 36755983 PMCID: PMC9901503 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1017675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The ability to perform optimally under pressure is critical across many occupations, including the military, first responders, and competitive sport. Despite recognition that such performance depends on a range of cognitive factors, how common these factors are across performance domains remains unclear. The current study sought to integrate existing knowledge in the performance field in the form of a transdisciplinary expert consensus on the cognitive mechanisms that underlie performance under pressure. Methods International experts were recruited from four performance domains [(i) Defense; (ii) Competitive Sport; (iii) Civilian High-stakes; and (iv) Performance Neuroscience]. Experts rated constructs from the Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) framework (and several expert-suggested constructs) across successive rounds, until all constructs reached consensus for inclusion or were eliminated. Finally, included constructs were ranked for their relative importance. Results Sixty-eight experts completed the first Delphi round, with 94% of experts retained by the end of the Delphi process. The following 10 constructs reached consensus across all four panels (in order of overall ranking): (1) Attention; (2) Cognitive Control-Performance Monitoring; (3) Arousal and Regulatory Systems-Arousal; (4) Cognitive Control-Goal Selection, Updating, Representation, and Maintenance; (5) Cognitive Control-Response Selection and Inhibition/Suppression; (6) Working memory-Flexible Updating; (7) Working memory-Active Maintenance; (8) Perception and Understanding of Self-Self-knowledge; (9) Working memory-Interference Control, and (10) Expert-suggested-Shifting. Discussion Our results identify a set of transdisciplinary neuroscience-informed constructs, validated through expert consensus. This expert consensus is critical to standardizing cognitive assessment and informing mechanism-targeted interventions in the broader field of human performance optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy Albertella
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia,*Correspondence: Lucy Albertella,
| | - Rebecca Kirkham
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Amy B. Adler
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - John Crampton
- APS College of Sport and Exercise Psychologists, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Sean P. A. Drummond
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Gerard J. Fogarty
- School of Psychology and Wellbeing, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD, Australia
| | | | - Leonard Zaichkowsky
- Wheelock College of Education and Human Development, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
| | | | | | - Danny Boga
- Australian Army Psychology Corps, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Jeffrey W. Bond
- APS College of Sport and Exercise Psychologists, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Tad T. Brunyé
- U.S. Army DEVCOM Analysis Center, Natick, MA, United States
| | - Mark J. Campbell
- Physical Education & Sport Sciences Department, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Liliana G. Ciobanu
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Scott R. Clark
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Monique F. Crane
- School of Psychological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Arne Dietrich
- Department of Psychology, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Tracy J. Doty
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | | | - Ivar Fahsing
- Norwegian Police University College, Oslo, Norway
| | - Stephen M. Fiore
- Department of Psychology, and Institute of Simulation and Training, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, United States
| | - Rhona Flin
- Aberdeen Business School, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Joachim Funke
- Department of Psychology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Justine M. Gatt
- School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW, Australia,Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - P. A. Hancock
- Department of Psychology, and Institute of Simulation and Training, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, United States
| | - Craig Harper
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Andrew Heathcote
- The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia,School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Kristin J. Heatown
- US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine (USARIEM), Natick, MA, United States
| | | | | | - Robin C. Jackson
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom
| | - Sangeet Khemlani
- United States Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC, United States
| | | | - Sabina Kleitman
- School of Psychology, The University of Sydney, Darlington, NSW, Australia
| | - Andrew M. Lane
- Sport, Physical Activity Research Centre (SPARC), School of Sport, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton, United Kingdom
| | - Shayne Loft
- School of Psychological Science, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Clare MacMahon
- School of Allied Health, Human Services, and Sport, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Samuele M. Marcora
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Frank P. McKenna
- Department of Psychology, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
| | - Carla Meijen
- Faculty of Sport, Allied Health and Performance Science, St Mary's University, Twickenham, United Kingdom
| | | | - Gene M. Moyle
- Faculty of Creative Industries, Education and Social Justice, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Eugene Nalivaiko
- The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia,School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Donna O'Connor
- Sydney School of Education and Social Work, The University of Sydney, Darlington, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Debra Patton
- United States Department of Defense, Washington DC, United States
| | | | - Coleman Ruiz
- Mission Critical Team Institute, Annapolis, MD, United States
| | - Linda Schücker
- Department of Sport Psychology, Institute of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | | | - Sarah J. R. Smith
- Defense Science and Technology Laboratory, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Chava Sobrino
- NSW Institute of Sport and Diving, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Melba Stetz
- Independent Practitioner, Grand Ledge, MI, United States
| | | | - Paul Taylor
- The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia,School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Andrew J. Tucker
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Joan N. Vickers
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Troy A. W Visser
- School of Psychological Science, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Rohan Walker
- The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia,School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Mark W. Wiggins
- School of Psychological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Leonard Wong
- United States Army War College, Carlisle, PA, United States
| | - Eugene Aidman
- The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia,Decision Sciences Division, Defense Science and Technology Group, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Murat Yücel
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Kho MC, Karin E, Gucciardi DF, Crane MF. Testing a
supervisor‐led
extension of self‐reflection resilience training: A controlled trial randomized by platoon at the Royal Military College. J Occupat & Organ Psyc 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/joop.12420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Madison C. Kho
- School of Psychological Sciences Macquarie University North Ryde New South Wales Australia
| | - Eyal Karin
- eCentre Clinic, School of Psychological Sciences Macquarie University North Ryde New South Wales Australia
| | - Daniel F. Gucciardi
- Curtin School of Allied Health and Curtin Enable Institute Curtin University Bentley Western Australia Australia
| | - Monique F. Crane
- School of Psychological Sciences Macquarie University North Ryde New South Wales Australia
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7
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Lizzio‐Wilson M, Thomas EF, Louis WR, Amiot CE, Bury SM, Molenberghs P, Decety J, Crane MF. Do the means affect the ends? Radical tactics influence motivation and action tendencies via the perceived legitimacy and efficacy of those actions. Euro J Social Psych 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.2847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Morgana Lizzio‐Wilson
- College of Education, Psychology, and Social Work Flinders University Adelaide Australia
| | - Emma F. Thomas
- College of Education, Psychology, and Social Work Flinders University Adelaide Australia
| | | | - Catherine E. Amiot
- Département de Psychologie Université du Québec à Montréal Montreal Canada
| | - Simon M. Bury
- School of Psychology and Public Health La Trobe University Melbourne Australia
| | | | - Jean Decety
- Department of Psychology The University of Chicago Chicago USA
| | - Monique F. Crane
- Department of Psychology Macquarie University North Ryde Australia
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8
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Crane MF, Forbes D, Lewis V, O’Donnell M, Dell L. The interplay between social interaction quality and wellbeing in military personnel during their initial two-years of service. Military Psychology 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/08995605.2021.2015937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Monique F. Crane
- School of Psychological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
| | - David Forbes
- Phoenix Australia- Centre for Post-Traumatic Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Virginia Lewis
- Australian Institute for Primary Care & Ageing, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Meaghan O’Donnell
- Phoenix Australia- Centre for Post-Traumatic Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Lisa Dell
- Phoenix Australia- Centre for Post-Traumatic Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
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Falon SL, Kangas M, Crane MF. The coping insights involved in strengthening resilience: The Self-Reflection and Coping Insight Framework. Anxiety Stress Coping 2021; 34:734-750. [PMID: 33834896 DOI: 10.1080/10615806.2021.1910676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent theoretical work suggests that self-reflection on daily stressors and the efficacy of coping strategies and resources is beneficial for the enhancement of resilient capacities. However, coping insights emerging from self-reflection, and their relationship to resilient capacities, is an existing gap in our understanding. OBJECTIVES Given that insights come in many forms, the objective of this paper is to delineate exemplar coping insights that strengthen the capacity for resilience. METHODS After providing an overview of self-reflection and insight, we extend the Systematic Self-Reflection model of resilience strengthening by introducing the Self-Reflection and Coping Insight Framework to articulate how the emergence of coping insights may mediate the relationship between five self-reflective practices and the enhancement of resilient capacities. RESULTS We explore the potential for coping insights to convey complex ideas about the self in the context of stressor exposure, an awareness of response patterns to stressors, and principles about the nature of stress and coping across time and contexts. CONCLUSIONS This framework adds to existing scholarship by providing a characterization of how coping insight may strengthen resilient capacities, allowing for a guided exploration of coping insight during future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha L Falon
- Department of Psychology, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW, Australia
| | - Maria Kangas
- Department of Psychology, Centre for Emotional Health, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
| | - Monique F Crane
- Department of Psychology, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW, Australia
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10
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Crane MF, Falon SL, Kho M, Moss A, Adler AB. Developing resilience in first responders: Strategies for enhancing psychoeducational service delivery. Psychol Serv 2021; 19:17-27. [PMID: 33818122 DOI: 10.1037/ser0000439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Large-scale potentially traumatic events (e.g., unprecedented fires and global pandemics) require the involvement of frontline staff critical to managing such crises. These personnel also carry the psychological burden associated with more direct exposure to potentially traumatic events. A critical role for resilience interventions is to support the psychological health of personnel during and after such events. However, there is a notable lack of a conceptual blueprint regarding how to approach the delivery of resilience interventions in the workplace. This article will draw from the current resilience training scholarship with the objective of providing a roadmap for both the enhancement and delivery of resilience training across sectors and future research into resilience interventions. Central to this article is the need for greater integration of organizational training theory into strategies for developing and implementing resilience training in the workplace. Following a brief review of the broad approaches to resilience training, we provide an account of how psychologists and other providers may maximize resilience training effectiveness, drawing on lessons learned from the military experience. Further, we give consideration to the intersection between resilience training and the organizational training scholarship and explore the factors that influence the effect of training on mental health outcomes, including pretraining conditions, training methods and instructional strategies, and posttraining conditions. An overarching challenge for this article is to support the development of a framework for best practice in resilience training that integrates organizational training theory. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Madison Kho
- Department of Psychology, Macquarie University
| | - Andrew Moss
- Joint Health Command, Australian Defence Force
| | - Amy B Adler
- Center for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research
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11
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Falon SL, Karin E, Boga D, Gucciardi DF, Griffin B, Crane MF. A clustered-randomized controlled trial of a self-reflection resilience-strengthening intervention and novel mediators. J Occup Health Psychol 2021; 26:1-19. [PMID: 33411545 DOI: 10.1037/ocp0000268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
This study tests the efficacy of a unique resilience-strengthening intervention using a clustered-randomized controlled trial. It was hypothesized that the training, which encourages adaptive self-reflection on stressor events and the effectiveness of coping strategies and resources, would exert a positive effect on mental health outcomes via increased reflection and decreased brooding. The trial was conducted during a significant stressor period with a final sample of 204 second-class Officer Cadets from the Royal Military College, Australia. Platoons of Cadets were randomly allocated to either Self-Reflection Resilience Training (SRT; n = 96) or an exposure-matched active control group that received training as usual (i.e., cognitive-behavioral skill development training) and communication skills seminars (n = 108). Compared to the active control group, SRT was more effective at preventing the onset of depression symptoms and promoting stable levels of perceived stress during a period of increased exposure to training stressors, consistent with a resilient trajectory. The Self-Reflection group unexpectedly demonstrated higher anxiety symptoms than the Control group at immediate follow-up, but these symptoms returned to baseline levels at longer term follow-up. In contrast, the Control group experienced increasing anxiety symptoms between immediate and longer term follow-up. Mediation analyses supported an indirect effect of SRT on all three outcome measures via brooding, but not via reflection. This study provides support for the capacity of a practical, sustainable, and scalable intervention based on self-reflection to strengthen resilience in the military training setting. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eyal Karin
- Department of Psychology, Macquarie University
| | - Danny Boga
- Department of Psychology, Macquarie University
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12
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Lim K, Crane MF, Kansakar D. Examining the role of constrained occupational mobility in the experience of entrapment cognitions. Australian Psychologist 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/ap.12401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Keith Lim
- Department of Psychology, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Monique F. Crane
- Department of Psychology, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - David Kansakar
- Department of Human Resource and General Management, Kathmandu University School of Management, Patan, Nepal
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Crane MF, Kho M, Kangas M, Griffin B, Karin E, Earl JK, Harris CB. Strengthening resilience in over 50’s: a nested clustered-randomized controlled trial of adaptive systematic self-reflection. Anxiety, Stress, & Coping 2020; 33:623-641. [DOI: 10.1080/10615806.2020.1768375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Monique F. Crane
- Department of Psychology, Macquarie University, North Ryde, Australia
| | - Madison Kho
- Department of Psychology, Macquarie University, North Ryde, Australia
| | - Maria Kangas
- Department of Psychology, Macquarie University, North Ryde, Australia
| | - Barbara Griffin
- Department of Psychology, Macquarie University, North Ryde, Australia
| | - Eyal Karin
- eCentre Clinic, Department of Psychology, Macquarie University, North Ryde, Australia
| | - Joanne K. Earl
- Department of Psychology, Macquarie University, North Ryde, Australia
| | - Celia B. Harris
- Department of Cognitive Science, Macquarie University, North Ryde, Australia
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Crane MF, Kangas M, Karin E, Searle B, Chen D. Leveraging the experience of stressors: the role of adaptive systematic self-reflection. Anxiety, Stress, & Coping 2020; 33:231-247. [DOI: 10.1080/10615806.2020.1732359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Monique F. Crane
- Department of Psychology, Macquarie University, North Ryde, Australia
| | - Maria Kangas
- Department of Psychology, Centre for Emotional HealthMacquarie University, North Ryde, Australia
| | - Eyal Karin
- Department of Psychology, eCentre Clinic, Macquarie University, North Ryde, Australia
| | - Ben Searle
- Department of Psychology, Macquarie University, North Ryde, Australia
| | - Diana Chen
- Department of Psychology, Macquarie University, North Ryde, Australia
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Thomas EF, Bury SM, Louis WR, Amiot CE, Molenberghs P, Crane MF, Decety J. Vegetarian, vegan, activist, radical: Using latent profile analysis to examine different forms of support for animal welfare. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations 2019. [DOI: 10.1177/1368430218824407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
There are many different ways that people can express their support for the animals that exist in factory farms. This study draws on insights from the social identity approach, and adopts novel methods (latent profile analysis [LPA]) to examine the qualitatively different subgroups or profiles that comprise broader community positions on this issue. North American participants ( N = 578) completed measures of the frequency with which they engaged in 18 different animal welfare actions. LPA identified 3 meaningful profiles: ambivalent omnivores ( n = 410; people who occasionally limited their consumption of meat/animal products), a lifestyle activist group ( n = 134; limited their consumption of animal/meat products and engaged in political actions), and a vegetarian radical group ( n = 34; strictly limited their consumption of animal/meat products and engaged in both political and radical actions). Membership of the 3 populations was predicted by different balances of social identities (supporter of animal welfare, vegan/vegetarian, solidarity with animals), and markers of politicization and/or radicalization. Results reveal the utility of adopting person-centred methods to study political engagement and extremism generally, and highlight heterogeneity in the ways that people respond to the harms perpetrated against animals.
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Crane MF, Rapport F, Callen J, Boga D, Gucciardi DF, Sinclair L. Military police investigator perspectives of a new self-reflective approach to strengthening resilience: A qualitative study. Military Psychology 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/08995605.2019.1645537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Monique F. Crane
- Department of Psychology, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
| | - Frances Rapport
- Centre for Healthcare Resilience and Implementation Science, Australian Institute of Health Innovation, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
| | - Joanne Callen
- Centre for Health Systems and Safety Research, Australian Institute of Health Innovation, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
| | - Danny Boga
- Department of Psychology, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
- Directorate of Occupational Psychology, Commonwealth Department of Defence, Canberra, Australia
| | - Daniel F. Gucciardi
- School of Physiotherapy and Exercise Science, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
| | - Laura Sinclair
- Directorate of Strategic and Operational Mental Health, Commonwealth Department of Defence, Canberra, Australia
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Crane MF, Boga D, Karin E, Gucciardi DF, Rapport F, Callen J, Sinclair L. Strengthening resilience in military officer cadets: A group-randomized controlled trial of coping and emotion regulatory self-reflection training. J Consult Clin Psychol 2019; 87:125-140. [DOI: 10.1037/ccp0000356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Crane MF, Searle BJ, Kangas M, Nwiran Y. How resilience is strengthened by exposure to stressors: the systematic self-reflection model of resilience strengthening. Anxiety Stress Coping 2018; 32:1-17. [PMID: 30067067 DOI: 10.1080/10615806.2018.1506640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure to demands is normally considered to drain resources and threaten wellbeing. However, studies have indicated a resilience-strengthening role for stressors. OBJECTIVES This paper introduces a unifying model, including five testable hypotheses regarding how resilience can be strengthened progressively via exposure to life-stressors. METHODS We review and synthesize relevant scholarship that underpins the Systematic Self-Reflection model of resilience-strengthening. RESULTS The model highlights the importance of a specific meta-cognitive skill (self-reflection on one's initial stressor response) as a mechanism for strengthening resilience. The Systematic Self-Reflection model uniquely proposes five self-reflective practices critical in the on-going adaptation of three resilient capacities: (1) coping resources, (2) usage of coping and emotional regulatory repertoire, and (3) resilient beliefs. The self-reflective process is proposed to strengthen a person's resilience by developing insight into their already-present capacities, the limitations of these capacities, and by stimulating the search for person-driven alternative approaches. CONCLUSION This model extends the existing scholarship by proposing how the experience of stressors and adversity may have resilience-strengthening opportunities. The implication of this model is that engaging with stressors can have positive consequences for longer-term healthy emotional development if scaffolded in adaptive reflective practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- M F Crane
- a Department of Psychology , Macquarie University , North Ryde , Australia
| | - B J Searle
- a Department of Psychology , Macquarie University , North Ryde , Australia
| | - M Kangas
- a Department of Psychology , Macquarie University , North Ryde , Australia.,b Centre for Emotional Health , Macquarie University , North Ryde , Australia
| | - Y Nwiran
- a Department of Psychology , Macquarie University , North Ryde , Australia
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Karin E, Dear BF, Heller GZ, Crane MF, Titov N. "Wish You Were Here": Examining Characteristics, Outcomes, and Statistical Solutions for Missing Cases in Web-Based Psychotherapeutic Trials. JMIR Ment Health 2018; 5:e22. [PMID: 29674311 PMCID: PMC5938693 DOI: 10.2196/mental.8363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Revised: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Missing cases following treatment are common in Web-based psychotherapy trials. Without the ability to directly measure and evaluate the outcomes for missing cases, the ability to measure and evaluate the effects of treatment is challenging. Although common, little is known about the characteristics of Web-based psychotherapy participants who present as missing cases, their likely clinical outcomes, or the suitability of different statistical assumptions that can characterize missing cases. OBJECTIVE Using a large sample of individuals who underwent Web-based psychotherapy for depressive symptoms (n=820), the aim of this study was to explore the characteristics of cases who present as missing cases at posttreatment (n=138), their likely treatment outcomes, and compare between statistical methods for replacing their missing data. METHODS First, common participant and treatment features were tested through binary logistic regression models, evaluating the ability to predict missing cases. Second, the same variables were screened for their ability to increase or impede the rate symptom change that was observed following treatment. Third, using recontacted cases at 3-month follow-up to proximally represent missing cases outcomes following treatment, various simulated replacement scores were compared and evaluated against observed clinical follow-up scores. RESULTS Missing cases were dominantly predicted by lower treatment adherence and increased symptoms at pretreatment. Statistical methods that ignored these characteristics can overlook an important clinical phenomenon and consequently produce inaccurate replacement outcomes, with symptoms estimates that can swing from -32% to 70% from the observed outcomes of recontacted cases. In contrast, longitudinal statistical methods that adjusted their estimates for missing cases outcomes by treatment adherence rates and baseline symptoms scores resulted in minimal measurement bias (<8%). CONCLUSIONS Certain variables can characterize and predict missing cases likelihood and jointly predict lesser clinical improvement. Under such circumstances, individuals with potentially worst off treatment outcomes can become concealed, and failure to adjust for this can lead to substantial clinical measurement bias. Together, this preliminary research suggests that missing cases in Web-based psychotherapeutic interventions may not occur as random events and can be systematically predicted. Critically, at the same time, missing cases may experience outcomes that are distinct and important for a complete understanding of the treatment effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eyal Karin
- eCentreClinic, Department of Psychology, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
| | - Blake F Dear
- eCentreClinic, Department of Psychology, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia.,Mindspot Clinic, Department of Psychology, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
| | - Gillian Z Heller
- Department of Statistics, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
| | - Monique F Crane
- Department of Psychology, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
| | - Nickolai Titov
- eCentreClinic, Department of Psychology, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia.,Mindspot Clinic, Department of Psychology, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
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Crane MF, Brouwers S, Forrest K, Tan S, Loveday T, Wiggins MW, Munday C, David L. Positive Affect Is Associated With Reduced Fixation in a Realistic Medical Simulation. Hum Factors 2017; 59:821-832. [PMID: 28704628 DOI: 10.1177/0018720817695191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study extends previous research by exploring the association between mood states (i.e., positive and negative affect) and fixation in practicing anesthetists using a realistic medical simulation. BACKGROUND The impact of practitioner emotional states on fixation is a neglected area of research. Emerging evidence is demonstrating the role of positive affect in facilitating problem solving and innovation, with demonstrated implications for practitioner fixation. METHOD Twelve practicing anesthetists (4 females; Mage= 39 years; SD = 6.71) were involved in a medical simulation. Prior to the simulation, practitioners rated the frequency they had experienced various positive and negative emotions in the previous three days. During the simulation, the patient deteriorated rapidly, and anesthetists were observed for their degree of fixation. After the simulation, practitioners indicated the frequency of these same emotions during the simulation. RESULTS Nonparametric correlations were used to explore the independent relationships between positive and negative affect and the behavioral measures. Only positive affect impacted the likelihood of fixation. Anesthetists who reported more frequent recent positive affect in the three days prior to the simulation and during the simulation tended to be less fixated as judged by independent raters, identified a decline in patient oxygen saturation more quickly, and more rapidly implemented the necessary intervention (surgical cricothyroidotomy). CONCLUSION These findings have some real-world implications for positive affect in patient safety. APPLICATION This research has broad implications for professions where fixation may impair practice. This research suggests that professional training should teach practitioners to identify their emotions and understand the role of these emotions in fixation.
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Crane MF, Phillips JK, Karin E. "I've Been a Long Time Leaving": The Role of Limited Skill Transferability in Increasing Suicide-Related Cognitions and Behavior in Veterinarians. Suicide Life Threat Behav 2017; 47:309-320. [PMID: 27404267 DOI: 10.1111/sltb.12279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Barriers to occupational mobility were investigated to determine whether they increased reported suicide-related cognitions and behavior over 12 months. This was explored in a two-wave longitudinal study. Intention to leave, depression, perceived skill transferability, and suicide-related cognitions and behavior was measured at both time points approximately 12 months apart. Results indicated that when there was a high intention to leave at T1, reported suicide-related cognitions and behavior increased over 12 months only when skill transferability to other professions was perceived to be limited. Findings support the role of limited occupational mobility in suicide-related cognitions and behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monique F Crane
- Department of Psychology, Macquarie University, North Ryde, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Eyal Karin
- Department of Psychology, eCentreClinic, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Abstract
This paper explores the potential for certain types of stressors to build resilience in the occupational setting. Using the challenge-hindrance stressor framework (Cavanaugh, Boswell, Roehling, & Boudreau, 2000), we propose that challenge stressors have the potential to promote the capacity for resilience, whereas hindrance stressors experienced in the workplace erode resilient functioning. Employing a 2-wave longitudinal design we examined the effects of challenge and hindrance stressors on psychological resilience and strain 3 months later. Two-hundred and 8 working adults (48.1% female) participated in both surveys. Findings indicated that Time 1 challenge stressors had a significant effect on psychological resilience 3 months later (Time 2). In contrast, Time 1 hindrance stressors positively predicted Time 2 strain and negatively predicted psychological resilience. Moreover, resilience mediated the relationship between Time 1 stressors and Time 2 strain. These results demonstrate the potential positive and negative impacts of workplace stressor types on psychological resilience, and provide an exploration of a mechanism through which challenge and hindrance stressors influence well-being. This analysis also investigated the role of resilience in moderating the relationship between hindrances and strain. Some evidence emerged for the moderating role of resilience in the hindrance-strain relationship. The implications of these findings and directions for future research are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Crane MF, Phillips JK, Karin E. Trait perfectionism strengthens the negative effects of moral stressors occurring in veterinary practice. Aust Vet J 2015; 93:354-60. [DOI: 10.1111/avj.12366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2014] [Revised: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- MF Crane
- Department of Psychology; Building C3A Rm 509, Macquarie University Sydney New South Wales 2109 Australia
| | - JK Phillips
- Australian School of Advanced Medicine; Sydney NSW Australia
| | - E Karin
- Department of Psychology; Building C3A Rm 509, Macquarie University Sydney New South Wales 2109 Australia
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Crane MF, Platow MJ. Deviance as adherence to injunctive group norms: The overlooked role of social identification in deviance. British Journal of Social Psychology 2010; 49:827-47. [DOI: 10.1348/014466609x481416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Abstract
A number of studies were conducted to determine whether motion-streaks assist motion extraction, and whether a purely motion-based model could account for any observed facilitation. A 3-frame global-motion stimulus was used. Signal dots were manipulated in order to control the strength of the motion-streak. In the long-streak condition, the same dots carried the global-motion signal over successive motion frames, while in the short-streak condition, different dots carried the signal over successive frames. Noise dots always moved in different directions over successive frames. While lower thresholds in the long-streak condition could be explain by motion-streak facilitation, it could also be explained in terms of interactions purely within the motion system. Specifically, by excitatory feed-forward connections between neighbouring local-motion units tuned to the same or similar directions of motion. In order to test these two models, speed and contrast were varied. If lower thresholds are due to motion streaks (form input to motion) then maximum facilitation should occur at high speeds (no streak at low speeds) and high contrast (due to reduced streak magnitude and the low contrast sensitivity of the form cells that extract the motion-streak). Lower thresholds were obtained for the long-streak condition but only at high speeds and this facilitation was lost, or at least greatly reduced, at low (5%) contrast. These results support the notion that detection thresholds were facilitated by a motion-streak system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Edwards
- School of Psychology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia.
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