Executive impairments in Obsessive Compulsive Disorder: A systematic review with emotional and non-emotional paradigms

Precedent: Impairments in executive functioning may be associated with compulsive symptoms in Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD). The aim of this study was to conduct a systematic review of cognitive flexibility, inhibitory control and working memory in OCD patients, using emotional and non-emotional paradigms.

METHOD

we reviewed research published in PubMed, Web of Science, PsychInfo, Scopus, Scielo, and ProQuest Psychology databases, from January 2008 to April 2019. The review followed a two-stage process. In the first stage, we selected only studies using neutral stimuli paradigms, while in the second we selected executive-emotional paradigms.

RESULTS

The first stage of the review provided 16 final results, while the second stage, with emotional stimuli, provided 3 results.

CONCLUSIONS

There is some initial evidence for the existence of executive impairments in OCD, as expressed in the performance and/or processing of working memory inhibitory control and cognitive flexibility. There is also initial evidence that these latter two could be modulated by the presentation or mental representation of negative valence stimuli or images, as well as the presence of aversive contingencies.

Cerebral and cerebellar MRI volumes in Williams syndrome

Individuals with Williams syndrome (WS) present a set of cognitive, affective and motor symptoms that resemble those of patients with lesions to the cerebellum. Although there is some evidence for overall structural alterations in this brain region in WS, explorations on cerebellar white matter and cerebellar cortex volumes remain rather neglected. We aimed to compare absolute and relative cerebellar volumes, as well as patterns of white matter to cortex volumes in this brain region, between a group of individuals with WS and a group of healthy controls. T1-weighted magnetic resonance images were acquired in 17 individuals with WS and in 15 typically developing individuals. Our results showed that even though individuals from the clinical group had significantly smaller cerebrums (and cerebellums), cerebellar volumes relative to intracranial volumes were significantly enlarged. In addition, while gray matter was relatively spared and white matter disproportionately reduced in the cerebrum in WS, relative cerebellar cortex and white matter volumes were preserved. These findings support the hypothesis that volume alterations in the cerebellum are associated with the cognitive, affective and motor profiles in WS.

[C-reactive protein as a marker of mortality in intensive care unit]

OBJECTIVE

To determine C-reactive protein (CRP) prognostic value and in patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU).

DESIGN

Retrospective cohort study.

PATIENTS

A total of 879 patients admitted to the ICU for any cause over a 2-year period and who were hospitalized at least for 24 hours were studied.

METHOD

CRP levels were determined on admission and the value of the APACHE II score at 24 hours. The CRP values were correlated with APACHE II score along with other variables (gender, age, disease at onset, length of stay).

RESULTS

The highest CRP levels were those from subjects admitted for an infectious disease or shock-sepsis-multiple organ failure. Patients with CRP values greater than 10 mg/dl were older, had higher APACHE II score, remained hospitalized for more time and the mortality rate was higher in this group (p < 0.0001). CRP predictive value for mortality was higher as it increased in level with a specificity of 72.3% when these were over 10 mg/dl.

CONCLUSIONS

CRP is an early and specific indicator of outcome, qualities that make it useful as a routine test of patients at admission to the ICU.