Deciphering molecular basis of pesticide-induced recurrent pregnancy loss: insights from transcriptomics analysis

Recent studies have revealed a notable connection between pesticide exposure and Recurrent Pregnancy Loss (RPL), yet the precise molecular underpinning of this toxicity remains elusive. Through the alignment of Differentially Expressed Genes (DEGs) of healthy and RPL patients with the target genes of 9 pesticide components, we identified a set of 12 genes responsible for RPL etiology. Interestingly, biological process showed that besides RPL, those 12 genes also associated with preeclampsia and cardiovascular disease. Enrichment analysis showed the engagement of these genes associated with essential roles in the molecular transport of small molecules, as well as the aldosterone-regulated sodium reabsorption, endocrine and other factor-regulated calcium reabsorption, mineral absorption, ion homeostasis, and ion transport by P-type ATPases. Notably, the crosstalk targets between pesticide components played crucial roles in influencing RPL results, suggesting a role in attenuating pesticide agents that contribute to RPL. It is important to note that non-significant concentration of the pesticide components observed in both control and RPL samples should not prematurely undermine the potential for pesticides to induce RPL in humans. This study emphasizes the complexity of pesticide induced RPL and highlights avenues for further research and precautionary measures.

Phytochemical, antioxidant, and antibacterial activity of Moringa oleifera nanosuspension against peri-implantitis bacteria: An in vitro study

Objective

the Moringa oleifera leaf (MO) has active compounds that may be beneficial for peri-implantitis therapy. This research aims to analyze the phytochemical, antioxidant, and antibacterial properties of Moringa oleifera L. nanosuspension (MON) extract in peri-implantitis-related bacteria.

Methods

MON extract phytochemical analysis was conducted to examine active compounds such as flavonoids, saponins, quinones, alkaloids, tannins, terpenoids, and steroids. The 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay for antioxidant capacity was evaluated, and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry for the detection of volatile active compounds in MON extract was performed. Turax was used to create MON extract at concentrations of 1% and 2%, and then a particle size analysis was carried out. Prevotella intermedia (Pi), Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg), Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (Aa), and Fusobacterium nucleatum (Fn) were tested for antibacterial activity of MON extract, comparing them with doxycycline as the reference drug and using the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC), and diffusion zone methods.

Results

MON extract has lower antioxidant capacity than vitamin C. Flavonoids, saponins, quinones, alkaloids, tannins, terpenoids, and steroids were found in MON extract. 1% and 2% of MON extract has 10-40 d nm particle size. MIC, MBC and diffusion examination of 1% and 2% MON extract on Aa, Pg, Pi, and Fn were seen at concentrations of 25% and 12.5% with significantly different (p < 0.05) in vitro.

Conclusion

MON extract has potential antioxidant activity, and 1% or 2% of MON extract has antibacterial properties toward Aa, Pg, Pi, and Fn at concentrations of 25% and 12.5%, with significant differences.

The Effect of Centella asiatica Methanolic Extract on Expression of IL-1β Proinflammatory Cytokines in Severe Early Childhood Caries

OBJECTIVE

 This article analyzes the role of C. asiatica extract in reducing the proinflammatory cytokine interleukin (IL)-1β produced by salivary neutrophils.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

 Selected kindergartens in the Surabaya area provided samples. The sample was initially checked for dental caries by measuring its def-t index, and then the participants who satisfied the requirements for severe caries with a def-t of greater than 6 were chosen. At the time of sampling, all of the individuals were between the ages of 4 and 6. The sampling was performed by researchers and certified persons using well-known methodologies. For 60 minutes before to sampling, respondents were not allowed to eat, drink, chew gum, or brush their teeth. For analysis, the samples were collected and then frozen at -80°C.

RESULTS

 The administration of methanolic extract C. asiatica decreased the expression of the proinflammatory cytokine IL-1β on the surface of salivary neutrophils on S-ECC; The administration of C. asiatica methanol extract resulted in a decrease in the expression of the proinflammatory cytokine IL-1β on the surface of salivary neutrophils in S-ECC.

CONCLUSION

 C. asiatica extract has the effect of reducing the proinflammatory cytokine IL-1β produced by salivary neutrophils on S-ECC via inhibiting nuclear factor kappa B and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway activation and suggest that C. asiatica is a possible candidate for treating S-ECC.

Anti-Peri-implantitis Bacteria's Ability of Robusta Green Coffee Bean (Coffea Canephora) Ethanol Extract: An In Silico and In Vitro Study

OBJECTIVE

 This study was aimed to investigate RGCBE extract as antioxidant and anti-peri-implantitis bacteria through in vitro study and its potential as antioxidant, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antibone resorption, and proosteogenic through in silico study.

MATERIALS

AND METHODS:  Absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion and toxicity prediction, molecular docking simulation, and visualization of chlorogenic acid (CGA) and coumaric acid (CA) as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antibacterial were investigated in silico. Inhibition zone by diffusion method, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of RGCBE extract against Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (Aa), Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg), Fusobacterium nucleatum (Fn), and Prevotella intermedia (Pi) were done.

STATISTICAL ANALYSIS

the analysis of variance (ANOVA) difference test, and the post-hoc Tukey's Honest Significant Different (HSD) with a different significance value of p<0.05 RESULTS:  GCA and CA compounds are good drug molecules and it has low toxicity. Chlorogenic acid have higher binding activity than coumaric acid to tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, nuclear factor (NF)-κB, receptor activation NF-κB (RANK) and its ligand (RANKL), interleukin (IL)-6, IL-10, runt related transcription factor (RUNX2), receptor activator nuclear Kappa beta Ligand-osteoprotegrin osteocalcin (RANKL-OPG), osteocalcin, nuclear factor associated T-cell 1 (NFATc1), tartate resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP), peptidoglycan, flagellin, dectin, Hsp70, and Hsp10 protein. RGCB ethanol extract has high antioxidant ability and it has MIC, MBC, and inhibit the growth of Aa, Pg, Fn, and Pi at 50% concentration with significantly different (p=0.0001 and<0.05).

CONCLUSION

 RGCB ethanol extract has high antioxidant ability and 50% RGCB ethanol extract may act as strong anti-peri-implantitis bacteria in vitro. In addition, CGA in RGCB potential as antioxidant, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antibone resorption, and proosteogenic in silico.

The pattern of osteocyte in dental socket bone regenerative induced by hydroxyapatite bovine tooth graft

Background: Tooth extraction is a procedure with the highest prevalence of causing alveolar bone damage. After extraction, the dimension will change. This procedure needs a balance of bone formation and resorption. Osteocytes are the most common cells in bone and have an essential role in bone formation. This study explores the effect of bovine tooth grafts on the number of osteocytes in the socket preservation process post-dental extraction. Methods: A total of 28 Wistar rats, 14 control and 14 treatment groups, were extracted on the lower left incisor. Control group with PEG without induction and treatment group with bovine tooth graft and PEG induction. On the 14th and 28th days, the rats were euthanized. Then perform histological examination with HE staining and cell counting using a light microscope Results:  We found the treatment group had higher the average number of the osteocyte, which was 146.43±11.41 on 14th day and 288.14±161.91 on 28th day. There was a significant increase in osteocytes among the treatment group compared to the control (p=0.000). Conclusion: Bovine tooth graft application as dental socket preservation was proven to increase the number of osteocyte cells in the alveolar bone of Wistar rats after extraction. Bovine tooth grafts as dental socket preservation materials increased the number of osteocytes at a peak at 28 days.

The efficacy of okra fruit extract on the expression of transforming growth factor beta 1 in the tooth socket of diabetic Wistar rats

BACKGROUND

Patients with diabetes mellitus suffer from an additional macrophage dysfunction in the secretion of growth factor, which later decreases transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1). This condition disrupts proliferation and angiogenesis. Extract of okra fruit (Abelmoschus esculentus) contains flavonoid, an active substance which acts as antioxidant, anti-inflammation, and antidiabetes. The purpose of this study is to analyze the difference in TGF-β1 expression in wound-healing process after tooth extraction of diabetic Wistar rats.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

This is a laboratory experimental study using pretest and posttest on 24 Wistar rats which are divided into two groups: control group (treated with streptozotocin induction but without administration of okra fruit extract) and treatment group (treated with streptozotocin induction and oral administration of 250 mg/kg okra fruit extract once a day). Extractions of the rats' mandibular left incisors were performed using a pair of modified forceps and an elevator. The tooth sockets were then irrigated using saline solution. Four rats in each group were sacrificed on day 3 (KO1, PO1), 5 (KO2, PO2), and 7 (KO3, PO3). The socket tissues from the rats were then immunohistochemically analyzed. Data were analyzed at level significance of 0.05.

RESULTS

The average level of TGF-β1 expression in the treatment groups was higher compared to the control group: PO1 (11.59 ± 0.58), PO2 (15.15 ± 1.07), and PO3 (18.75 ± 2.73) as compared to KO1 (5.32 ± 1.69), KO2 (8.47 ± 0.60), and KO3 (9.28 ± 1.16) with P = 0.001.

CONCLUSION

The administration of okra fruit extract can increase the level of TGF-β1 in wounds after tooth extraction of diabetic Wistar rats.

CD89/CD35 Expression Ratio in Salivary Neutrophil as an Early Detection Marker for Severe Early Childhood Caries

Objectives  To analyze CD35/CD89 expression ratio on the surface of neutrophils as an early detection marker for S-ECC.

Materials and Methods  Saliva was collected from 4- to 6-year-old kindergarten students. Salivary neutrophils were obtained by instructing the subjects to rinse their mouth with 1 mL of sterile 1.5% NaCl for 30 seconds before expectorating it into a sterile glass. The expression of CFSE ⁺ CD35 ⁺ and CFSE ⁺ CD89 ⁺ was measured and analyzed using flow cytometry.

Results The expression of CFSE ⁺ CD89 ⁺ in the caries-free group (2.46 ± 0.39) was significantly lower than that in the S-ECC group (3.41 ± 1.11), with a p -value of 0.0001, while the expression of CFSE ⁺ CD35 ⁺ in the caries-free group was (2.35 ± 0.56) compared with (1.54 ± 0.35) ( p = 0.0001) in the S-ECC group.

Conclusions  The expression ratio of CFSE ⁺ CD89 ⁺ and CFSE ⁺ CD35 ⁺ constitutes a marker for S-ECC.

Expression of fibroblast cells after extraction of wistar rat teeth after topical application of okra fruit (Abelmoschus esculentus) gel

Background

Tooth extraction is a dental procedure for removing a teeth from the alveolar bone socket. The tooth extraction process causes damage to hard tissue and soft tissue, so the body will respond physiologically to heal the wound. The wound healing process is divided into several phases, one of which is the proliferation phase of fibroblasts, which is one of the most important phases in the process of wound healing. Okra fruit contains saponins, tannins, flavonoids and alkaloids that have antiinflammatory, antibacterial, antioxidant effects, and can stimulate angiogenesis so to accelerate the process of wound healing.

Objective

to prove that the administration of okra fruit extract can accelerate the process of wound healing after extraction in the teeth of Wistar rats through increased expression of fibroblast cells.

Methods

18 Wistar rats were divided into 2 groups; control group and treatment group. The treatment group received a 30% okra fruit extract. The number of fibroblasts was calculated statistically using One Way ANOVA and Tukey HSD.

Results

The results showed that the expression of control group fibroblast cells on day 3 (19.00±2.0), day 5 (21.67±2.08), day 7 (24.00±2.00), whereas in the treatment group on day 3 (24.00±1.00), day 5 (29.00±2.00), day 7 (30.00±1.53). Anova test between groups showed a significant difference with P-value 0.006.

Conclusion

30% okra fruit extract can increase fibroblast expression in wound healing process after extraction of Wistar rat teeth.

Analysis of lymphocyte T(CD4+) cells expression on severe early childhood caries and free caries

Early childhood caries (ECC) is still one of the many diseases found in children throughout the world. Cariogenic bacteria are a significant risk factor for ECC associated with early colonization and high levels of cariogenic microbes (Streptococcus mutans, S. mutans). Lymphocyte T (CD4⁺) cells known as helper T cells, are effector cells for mediated host immunity. Naive T cells (CD4⁺) must be activated to initiate effector function. This activation occurs through interaction with professional antigen- presenting cells (pro-APC), especially dendritic cells that lead to intracellular pathways that regulate T cell receptor (TCR) more specifically against antigen in T cells. Lymphocyte cells from samples were collected from severe early childhood caries (S-ECC) and Free caries aged 5 to 6 years. The subjects were instructed to gargle 10 mL of sterile NaCl 1.5% solution for 30 seconds, and expectorate it into a sterile glass then analyzing T lymphocyte cell (CD4⁺) expression using flow cytometry. Lymphocyte T (CD4⁺) cell expression at SECC (6.2525±64482) while in free caries (8.4138±1.10397) with P-value (P=0. 000). Conclusion of lymphocyte T (CD4⁺) cells expression at S-ECC is lower than that occurring in free caries.

Genetic Diversity of Mitochondrial DNA Cytochrome b in Indonesian Native and Local Cattle Populations

Information on the genetic diversity of native and local cattle in Indonesia is vital for the development of breeding and conservation strategies. This study was aimed to assess the genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationship of the Indonesian native (Bali) and local [(Donggala, Madura, Sragen, Galekan, Rambon, dan Peranakan Ongole Grade x Bali (POBA)] cattle populations. Genomic DNA was extracted from blood samples (n= 75). Partial sequences of mtDNA cyt<em> b</em>, 464 bp, were amplified using the polymerase chain reaction technique (forward primer: L14735 and reverse primer: H15149). Thirty-four reference sequences of <em>Bos taurus</em>, <em>Bos indicus</em>, and <em>Bos javanicus</em> were included in the phylogenetic analyses. A total of 55 polymorphic sites and 13 haplotypes were observed in the whole breeds. No variable sites of mtDNA cyt<em> b</em> were observed in Galekan (kept in BCRS) and Rambon cattle. Overall haplotype diversity and nucleotide diversity were 0.515 ± 0.070 and 0.0184 ± 0.0045, respectively. The highest (0.092) and the lowest (0.000) genetic distances were between Bali and Donggala cattle populations and among Galekan (kept in BCRS), Rambon, and POBA cattle populations, respectively. Both mtDNA network and phylogenetic analyses revealed two major maternal lineages (A and B) of the studied population. Most of the sampled individuals (69.33%, present in haplotype H8-H19) were linked to lineage B, which belonged to the same cluster with <em>Bos javanicus</em>. Overall, most of the Indonesian native and local cattle populations had a considerable genetic diversity and shared a common maternal origin with <em>Bos javanicus</em>.

Sleep Time Duration Does Not Affect Oral Inflammation and Periodontal Health Status in Night-Shift Workers: A Cross-Sectional Study

BACKGROUND

Night-shift workers experience circadian rhythm disruption, changes in sleep time duration, and effects on their eating habits. All these factors may be related to the release of inflammatory mediators and may affect oral inflammation and periodontal health status. The objective of this study was to analyze the effects of sleep time duration on oral inflammation and periodontal health status in night-shift workers and non-night-shift workers.

METHODS

This study involved two groups with 27 participants each: one group of night-shift workers and one group of non-night-shift workers. Examination of depth of pocket and bleeding on probing (BOP) was conducted with a periodontal probe. Non-stimulating saliva samples were collected to analyze the levels of melatonin, malondialdehyde (MDA), and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) using ELISA. Comparisons for each parameter were performed using independent t-tests, and the relationships between duration of sleep and depth of pocket, BOP, salivary melatonin, MDA, and TNF-α were calculated using linear regression.

RESULTS

The night-shift worker group had a short sleep time duration (p = 0.000). The salivary melatonin level of the night-shift workers was lower than that of the non-night-shift workers (p = 0.000). MDA, depth of pocket, and BOP were higher in the night-shift workers (p = 0.000). Only salivary melatonin showed a correlation with sleep time duration in the night-shift worker group (p < 0.05). Neither subject group showed an effect of sleep time duration on depth of pocket, BOP, salivary melatonin, MDA, or TNF-α (p > 0.05).

CONCLUSION

Night-shift workers showed higher rates of oral inflammation and periodontal health status, but there was no relationship between these factors and sleep time duration.

Antiplatelet Effectivity between Aspirin with Honey on Cardiovascular Disease Based on Bleeding Time Taken on Mice

BACKGROUND:

The prevalence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and its mortality continues to increase. Various studies have shown aspirin can reduce CVD mortality but has adverse side effects. Research on a comparison between aspirin and honey has not been done, but both have antiplatelet effects.

AIM:

This study is aimed to prove the antiplatelet effects on honey and compare the antiplatelet effects of aspirin with honey based on the bleeding time in mice.

METHODS:

This study is a true experimental design with a post-test only control group using 32 male mice, Double Ditsch Webster, ± 3 months old, the weight of 20-30 g, divided into 4 groups. Consisting of a negative control group (placebo), aspirin and honey. The suspension has given orally for 12 days using the probe. The research was conducted at the Laboratory of Pharmacology Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics Faculty of Medicine, the University of North Sumatra in September until December 2015. The data collected was bleeding time in mice. Data analysed by Shapiro Wilk test, Kruskal Wallis and Mann Whitney.

RESULTS:

The mean bleeding time was a placebo (102.88 seconds), aspirin (369.38 seconds) and honey (304.63 seconds). Mann Whitney test showed significant results in the aspirin and honey groups against the control group (placebo) with p = 0.001. There were no significant differences in the aspirin group against honey (p = 0.172). Honey has an antiplatelet effect in mice. The mean bleeding time in mice given honey is longer or closer to the mean bleeding time in the aspirin group.

CONCLUSION:

The results could be used as a basis for further research to determine its use in humans with cardiovascular disease.

Complement Receptor 1 (CR1)/ CD35+ Expression Analysis of Salivary Neutrophils on Streptococcus mutans Phagocytosis

BACKGROUND

Severe early childhood caries (S-ECC) is a form of dental caries which is very destructive in early childhood since involving several teeth, include the maxillary anterior teeth. Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) play an etiological integral role of ECC so that S. mutans are considered as the predictor of dental caries. The neutrophil is a key component of the rst line of defense against microbial invasion. The essential function of neutrophil is to kill pathogenic microbes through a phagocytosis process which is mediated by Complement Receptor 1 (CR1)/ (CD35+).

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES

To analyze the phagocytosis process of the salivary neutrophil which is mediated by innate immunity component, i.e., Complement Receptor 1/CR1 (CD35) on S-ECC.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

his study was an observational analysis with cross-sectional approach using t-test analysis. This study employed the isolation steps of neutrophils saliva of caries-free children and the S-ECC and then conducted phagocytosis of salivary neutrophils test on S. mutans mediated by CD35 using ow cytometry.

RESULTS

Phagocytosis of salivary neutrophils on S. mutans mediated by CD35 on caries-free (2.35 ± 0.56) is higher than that on the S-ECC (1.54 ± 0.35).

CONCLUSIONS

It is concluded that there is a decrease of phagocytic on S. mutans mediated by Complement Receptor 1/CR1 (CD35+) on S-ECC.

Correlation between human neutrophil peptide 1-3 secretion and azurophilic granule (CD63) expression in early childhood caries

BACKGROUND

In saliva, neutrophil constitutes the most prominent first-line defense of immune cells against pathogenic microbes. The importance of neutrophils to the host immune systems of neutropenic or patients disabled with regard to their neutrophil function results in a tendency toward serious infections, such as early childhood caries (ECC). The cytoplasmic granules present in neutrophils play a major role in neutrophil-mediated inflammation. Azurophilic granules contain antimicrobial proteins, such as defensin, a human antimicrobial peptide (HNP 1-3). The aim of this study is to analyze the correlation of HNP 1-3 secretion with CD63 expression on the surface of salivary neutrophils.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

This study constituted a cross-sectional, analytical observational study. Saliva taken from preschoolchildren between the ages of 4-6 years who had been divided into two groups, i.e., early childhood caries group with decayed, extracted, filled teeth (def-t) index >6 and caries free with def-t = 0, was subjected to a HNP 1-3 secretion test using ELISA assay and an expression test for CD63 by means of a flow cytometry test. The results obtained were analyzed using independent t-test and Pearson correlation (P < 0.05).

RESULTS

The secretion of HNP 1-3 in the saliva of ECC was higher (172.6 ± 41.64) compared to that of caries-free cases (140.39 ± 31.91), whereas the level of CD63 salivary expression in ECC was lower (2.32 ± 0.57) than in the presence of caries (2.67 ± 0.46).

CONCLUSION

In ECC cases, saliva increases HNP 1-3 secretion but decreases CD63 expression on the surface of salivary neutrophils.