Nabihah-Fauzi N, Asikin-Mijan N, Ibrahim ML, Hashim H, Yusup S, Taufiq-Yap YH, Mastuli MS. Sulfonated SnO
2 nanocatalysts
via a self-propagating combustion method for esterification of palm fatty acid distillate.
RSC Adv 2020;
10:29187-29201. [PMID:
35521100 PMCID:
PMC9055933 DOI:
10.1039/d0ra05110a]
[Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Biodiesel derived from palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD) was produced via catalytic esterification using sulfonated tin oxide (HSO3−/SnO2) as the superacid solid catalyst. In this work, the SnO2 catalyst was synthesised by the self-propagating combustion (SPC) method, and activated using chlorosulfonic acid. The SPC method was able to produce nano-sized particles with homogenous size and shape that were anchored with many HSO3− ions, resulting in more exceptional acid properties that effectively esterified the PFAD feedstock into FAMEs (fatty acid methyl esters). Several studies based on metal oxide-based catalysts were also included for comparison. Under the optimised conditions of 9 : 1 (methanol-to-PFAD molar ratio), 4 wt% (catalyst loading), 100 °C (reaction temperature) and 3 h (reaction time), the FFA conversion and FAME yield were 98.9% and 93.8%, respectively. Besides, the sulfonated SnO2-spc catalyst can be reused in up to five consecutive cycles with an acceptable esterification performance and minimal sulfur leaching. It is worth mentioning that the SPC method is a greener and simpler technique to obtain the nanocatalysts. Overall, the production of FAME from low value, cheaper, abundant, and non-edible PFAD feedstock, assisted by a non-transition metal oxide of sulfonated SnO2 catalyst, could reduce the cost of biodiesel production.
A facile SPC method gave a superacid sulfonated tin oxide nanocatalyst for the esterification of low-cost palm fatty acid distillate into biodiesel.![]()
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