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Iida T, Namegawa K, Nakane N, Iida K, Hofmann AF, Omura K. Chemical Synthesis of Uncommon Natural Bile Acids: The 9α-Hydroxy Derivatives of Chenodeoxycholic and Lithocholic Acids. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2016; 64:1397-402. [PMID: 27319285 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c16-00247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The chemical synthesis of the 9α-hydroxy derivatives of chenodeoxycholic and lithocholic acids is reported. For initiating the synthesis of the 9α-hydroxy derivative of chenodeoxycholic acid, cholic acid was used; for the synthesis of the 9α-hydroxy derivative of lithocholic acid, deoxycholic acid was used. The principal reactions involved were (1) decarbonylation of conjugated 12-oxo-Δ(9(11))-derivatives using in situ generated monochloroalane (AlH2Cl) prepared from LiAlH4 and AlCl3, (2) epoxidation of the deoxygenated Δ(9(11))-enes using m-chloroperbenzoic acid catalyzed by 4,4'-thiobis-(6-tert-butyl-3-methylphenol), (3) subsequent Markovnikov 9α-hydroxylation of the Δ(9(11))-enes with AlH2Cl, and (4) selective oxidation of the primary hydroxyl group at C-24 in the resulting 3α,9α,24-triol and 3α,7α,9α,24-tetrol to the corresponding C-24 carboxylic acids using sodium chlorite (NaClO2) in the presence of a catalytic amount of 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine 1-oxyl free radical (TEMPO) and sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl). The (1)H- and (13)C-NMR spectra are reported. The 3α,7α,9α-trihydroxy-5β-cholan-24-oic acid has been reported to be present in the bile of the Asian bear, and its 7-deoxy derivative is likely to be a bacterial metabolite. These bile acids are now available as authentic reference standards, permitting their identification in vertebrate bile acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Iida
- College of Humanities & Sciences, Nihon University
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Sato née Okihara R, Saito T, Ogata H, Nakane N, Namegawa K, Sekiguchi S, Omura K, Kurabuchi S, Mitamura K, Ikegawa S, Raines J, Hagey LR, Hofmann AF, Iida T. Novel, major 2α- and 2β-hydroxy bile alcohols and bile acids in the bile of Arapaima gigas, a large South American river fish. Steroids 2016; 107:112-20. [PMID: 26768415 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2016.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Revised: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Bile alcohols and bile acids from gallbladder bile of the Arapaima gigas, a large South American freshwater fish, were isolated by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. The structures of the major isolated compounds were determined by electrospray-tandem mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance using (1)H- and (13)C-NMR spectra. The novel bile salts identified were six variants of 2-hydroxy bile acids and bile alcohols in the 5α- and 5β-series, with 29% of all compounds having hydroxylation at C-2. Three C27 bile alcohols were present (as ester sulfates): (24ξ,25ξ)-5α-cholestan-2α,3α,7α,12α,24,26-hexol; (25ξ)-5β-cholestan-2β,3α,7α,12α,26,27-hexol, and (25ξ)-5α-cholestan-2α,3α,7α,12α,26,27-hexol. A single C27 bile acid was identified: (25ξ)-2α,3α,7α,12α-tetrahydroxy-5α-cholestan-26-oic acid, present as its taurine conjugate. Two novel C24 bile acids were identified: the 2α-hydroxy derivative of allochenodeoxycholic acid and the 2β-hydroxy derivative of cholic acid, both occurring as taurine conjugates. These studies extend previous work in establishing the natural occurrence of novel 2α- and 2β-hydroxy-C24 and C27 bile acids as well as C27 bile alcohols in both the normal (5β) as well as the (5α) "allo" A/B-ring juncture. The bile salt profile of A. gigas appears to be unique among vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rika Sato née Okihara
- Department of Chemistry, College of Humanities and Sciences, Nihon University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Saito
- Department of Chemistry, College of Humanities and Sciences, Nihon University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Ogata
- Department of Chemistry, College of Humanities and Sciences, Nihon University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoya Nakane
- Department of Chemistry, College of Humanities and Sciences, Nihon University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazunari Namegawa
- Department of Chemistry, College of Humanities and Sciences, Nihon University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shoutaro Sekiguchi
- Department of Chemistry, College of Humanities and Sciences, Nihon University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kaoru Omura
- Department of Chemistry, College of Humanities and Sciences, Nihon University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kurabuchi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kinki University, Higashi-Osaka, Japan
| | - Kuniko Mitamura
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kinki University, Higashi-Osaka, Japan
| | - Shigeo Ikegawa
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kinki University, Higashi-Osaka, Japan
| | | | - Lee R Hagey
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Alan F Hofmann
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Takashi Iida
- Department of Chemistry, College of Humanities and Sciences, Nihon University, Tokyo, Japan.
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Greco CA, Maurer-Spurej E, Scott MD, Kalab M, Nakane N, Ramírez-Arcos SM. PEGylation prevents bacteria-induced platelet activation and biofilm formation in platelet concentrates. Vox Sang 2010; 100:336-9. [PMID: 21392023 DOI: 10.1111/j.1423-0410.2010.01419.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial contamination of platelet concentrates represents the greatest post-transfusion infectious risk. Biofilm formation in this environment resulting from platelet-bacteria interactions can lead to non-uniform contaminant distribution and thus missed detection. As formation of platelet-bacteria aggregates is largely based on receptor-ligand interactions, we examined whether shielding these events would result in reduced biofilm formation by contaminant bacteria. We introduced methoxypoly(ethylene glycol) to covalently modify the platelet surface using a process termed 'PEGylation'. In the first study of its kind, we demonstrate that PEGylated platelet concentrates inoculated with Staphylococcus epidermidis display a significant reduction in bacterial binding and biofilm formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Greco
- Canadian Blood Services, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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Sato M, Kubota Y, Ito C, Nakane N, Hayashida M, Koshino Y, Uchimura H, Tsutsumi T, Koyama T, Kusumi I, Akiyama K, Hamamura T, Saito H, Saijo T, Nishikawa T, Kuroda Y, Fujiwara Y, Higuchi T, Yamawaki S. Algorithm for the treatment of schizophrenia in Japan. Int J Psychiatry Clin Pract 1999; 3:271-6. [PMID: 24921231 DOI: 10.3109/13651509909068395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Evidence-based psychopharmacological algorithms for the treatment of patients with schizophrenia have been developed in many countries in the last decade. While it would be of interest to consider a common algorithm based on international consensus, algorithms and information on antipsychotics available in each country are limited. Inspired by the algorithm generated by the International Psychopharmacology Algorithm (IPA) Project, this algorithm for the treatment of schizophrenia has been developed by the Japan Psychophamacology Algorithm (JPA) Project. New antipsychotics, such as clozapine, olanzapine and quetiapine, are excluded from this algorithm, being currently unavailable in Japan. In the end there was no essential difference between the algorithms for the treatment of acute schizophrenic episodes. However, combined use of antipsychotics appears to be more common in Japan and the adjunctive use of L-DOPS or thyrotropin-releasing hormone is included in the JPA algorithm for the treatment of drug-refractory schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Sato
- Department of Psychiatry, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Japan
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Abstract
We report on the MR imaging of an anomalous medial meniscus with a tear in a 41-year-old man. Anomaly of the medial meniscus is rare and difficult to diagnose clinically. The MR images contributed to the pre-arthroscopic diagnosis and arthroscopy confirmed the lesion. The anomalous meniscus was not related to the symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Arjun
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kumamoto Kinou Hospital, Japan
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Arjun S, Takahashi S, Tang Y, Nakane N, Yonemitsu H. MR appearance of anomalous insertion of the medial meniscus. Acta Radiol 1998. [DOI: 10.3109/02841859809172224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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