A Qualitative Systematic Review of Risk Factors for Refeeding Syndrome

Objectives

Refeeding syndrome (RFS) is characterized by potentially fatal electrolyte shifts after resumption of feeding following a period of prolonged starvation. The lack of a standardized definition has made the study of RFS difficult. Early identification of patients at risk of RFS may prevent life-threatening complications and improve outcomes. However, the sensitivity of reported risk factors depends on the definition used, and many have never been validated. This study was designed to identify risks for RFS that have been identified in prior studies. It is preparatory for a larger analysis to better identify sensitive and specific risk factors for RFS.

Methods

This is a qualitative systematic review of observational studies following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Studies reporting the incidence of RFS were included. Risk factors were extracted whether identified in review or as a measured exposure. Risk factors were considered distinct if they were not described similarly (e.g., BMI, admit BMI, nadir BMI, BMI < 16, BMI < 18.5 were each treated as distinct).

Results

Risk factors were reviewed or studied in 43 of 49 studies that met inclusion criteria. A total of 129 distinct risk factor definitions were extracted. Of these, only 29 used definitions similar enough to other studies to be considered the same by the reviewers (range 2 to 8 studies per risk factor; median 3 studies). NICE guidelines were mentioned in 3 studies. No other published guidelines were found.

Conclusions

Creating a risk profile for patients may help tailor interventions to prevent RFS. There was a large heterogeneous number of risk factors and numerous discrepancies in description of risk factors among the studies. The low incidence of inclusion of poor intake (i.e., less than 100%) in the identified studies was of interest. Next steps will include prospective validation of identified risks, as well as AI analyses to identify and validate other risk factors and biomarkers, with the goal to develop sensitive and specific risk assessments, and effective preventive and treatment protocols.

Funding Sources

None.

Induction of midtrimester abortion with intraamniotic urea, intravenous oxytocin and laminaria

Midtrimester abortion was accomplished in 75 patients by the intraamniotic instillation of 80 g of urea and the intravenous administration of oxytocin. In 33 of the patients, laminaria tents were inserted into the cervix. No severe complication occurred; all fetuses were stillborn. A single urea instillation was effective in 94.6% of the patients. The mean instillation-abortion interval was significantly (p less than 0.02) shorter in patients with laminaria tents than in those without. The tents probably prevent cervical rupture in s-me patients. Significant but transient changes occurred in platelet count and blood urea nitrogen one hour after urea instillation. Surgical removal of the placenta was required in 18.7% of the 75 patients; infection occurred in 2.6%. The combined use of urea, oxytocin, and laminaria appears to be an effective and relatively safe method of inducing abortion during the second trimester.