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Tunney MM, Patrick S, Curran MD, Ramage G, Hanna D, Nixon JR, Gorman SP, Davis RI, Anderson N. Detection of prosthetic hip infection at revision arthroplasty by immunofluorescence microscopy and PCR amplification of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene. J Clin Microbiol 1999; 37:3281-90. [PMID: 10488193 PMCID: PMC85548 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.37.10.3281-3290.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 341] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study the detection rates of bacterial infection of hip prostheses by culture and nonculture methods were compared for 120 patients with total hip revision surgery. By use of strict anaerobic bacteriological practice during the processing of samples and without enrichment, the incidence of infection by culture of material dislodged from retrieved prostheses after ultrasonication (sonicate) was 22%. Bacteria were observed by immunofluorescence microscopy in 63% of sonicate samples with a monoclonal antibody specific for Propionibacterium acnes and polyclonal antiserum specific for Staphylococcus spp. The bacteria were present either as single cells or in aggregates of up to 300 bacterial cells. These aggregates were not observed without sonication to dislodge the biofilm. Bacteria were observed in all of the culture-positive samples, and in some cases in which only one type of bacterium was identified by culture, both coccoid and coryneform bacteria were observed by immunofluorescence microscopy. Bacteria from skin-flake contamination were readily distinguishable from infecting bacteria by immunofluorescence microscopy. Examination of skin scrapings did not reveal large aggregates of bacteria but did reveal skin cells. These were not observed in the sonicates. Bacterial DNA was detected in 72% of sonicate samples by PCR amplification of a region of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene with universal primers. All of the culture-positive samples were also positive for bacterial DNA. Evidence of high-level infiltration either of neutrophils or of lymphocytes or macrophages into associated tissue was observed in 73% of patients. Our results indicate that the incidence of prosthetic joint infection is grossly underestimated by current culture detection methods. It is therefore imperative that current clinical practice with regard to the detection and subsequent treatment of prosthetic joint infection be reassessed in the light of these results.
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Lokich J, Anderson N. Carboplatin versus cisplatin in solid tumors: an analysis of the literature. Ann Oncol 1998; 9:13-21. [PMID: 9541678 DOI: 10.1023/a:1008215213739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Introduced into clinical usage in 1992 as a platinum analogue with a distinctively different toxicity profile from cisplatin, carboplatin has become a commonly preferred agent over cisplatin. The comparative therapeutic efficacy of the two agents remains controversial however, prompting an analysis of the phase III trials in ovarian cancer and other tumors in which the two were compared. METHODS Clinical trials comparing carboplatin with cisplatin, both as single agents and in combination with other agents, were analyzed within the tumors for which platinum has become a standard or commonly employed agent. A Medline search identifying the randomized trials and references from these reports were collated for analysis. RESULTS The original clinical comparative trials as well as literature reviews and commentaries were reviewed. Five solid tumors were identified within which comparative trials had been conducted: ovary, 10 trials; lung, 2 trials; head and neck, 2 trials; germ cell tumors, 3 trials and 1 trial in bladder cancer. Depending upon the end point selected, cisplatin was superior or equivalent to carboplatin in therapeutic efficacy in all five tumors but was associated with an increased toxicity profile for gastrointestinal, renal and neurologic effects. CONCLUSIONS For some tumors, cisplatin appears to be superior to carboplatin in terms of therapeutic effectiveness (germ cell tumors, bladder cancer, head and neck cancer), while for others, effectiveness is comparable (lung cancer, ovarian cancer). Toxicity profiles are distinctly different for the two analogues however, generally favoring carboplatin. The issue of potential carboplatin underdosing related to the lack of physiologic dose calculations (utilizing the AUC [area under the curve] method) in the comparative trials of cis- versus carboplatin is probably not clinically important since a dose response effect has not been established for carboplatin or for cisplatin. The selection of the optimal platinum analogue to be employed is dependent on the type of tumor, the treatment intention (palliative vs. curative) and the other component drugs being used in combination.
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Indik Z, Yeh H, Ornstein-Goldstein N, Sheppard P, Anderson N, Rosenbloom JC, Peltonen L, Rosenbloom J. Alternative splicing of human elastin mRNA indicated by sequence analysis of cloned genomic and complementary DNA. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1987; 84:5680-4. [PMID: 3039501 PMCID: PMC298926 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.84.16.5680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Poly(A)+ RNA, isolated from a single 7-mo fetal human aorta, was used to synthesize cDNA by the RNase H method, and the cDNA was inserted into lambda gt10. Recombinant phage containing elastin sequences were identified by hybridization with cloned, exon-containing fragments of the human elastin gene. Three clones containing inserts of 3.3, 2.7, and 2.3 kilobases were selected for further analysis. Three overlapping clones containing 17.8 kilobases of the human elastin gene were also isolated from genomic libraries. Complete sequence analysis of the six clones demonstrated that: the cDNA encompassed the entire translated portion of the mRNA encoding 786 amino acids, including several unusual hydrophilic amino acid sequences not previously identified in porcine tropoelastin, exons encoding either hydrophobic or crosslinking domains in the protein alternated in the gene, and a great abundance of Alu repetitive sequences occurred throughout the introns. The data also indicated substantial alternative splicing of the mRNA. These results suggest the potential for significant variation in the precise molecular structure of the elastic fiber in the human population.
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Tunney MM, Patrick S, Gorman SP, Nixon JR, Anderson N, Davis RI, Hanna D, Ramage G. Improved detection of infection in hip replacements. A currently underestimated problem. THE JOURNAL OF BONE AND JOINT SURGERY. BRITISH VOLUME 1998; 80:568-72. [PMID: 9699813 DOI: 10.1302/0301-620x.80b4.8473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Our aim was to determine if the detection rate of infection of total hip replacements could be improved by examining the removed prostheses. Immediate transfer of prostheses to an anaerobic atmosphere, followed by mild ultrasonication to dislodge adherent bacteria, resulted in the culture of quantifiable numbers of bacteria, from 26 of the 120 implants examined. The same bacterial species were cultured by routine microbiological techniques from only five corresponding tissue samples. Tissue removed from 18 of the culture-positive implants was suitable for quantitative tissue pathology and inflammatory cells were present in all samples. Furthermore, inflammatory cells were present in 87% of tissue samples taken from patients whose implants were culture-negative. This suggests that these implants may have been infected by bacteria which were not isolated by the techniques of culture used. The increased detection of bacteria from prostheses by culture has improved postoperative antibiotic therapy and should reduce the need for further revision.
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Ginsberg HN, Kris-Etherton P, Dennis B, Elmer PJ, Ershow A, Lefevre M, Pearson T, Roheim P, Ramakrishnan R, Reed R, Stewart K, Stewart P, Phillips K, Anderson N. Effects of reducing dietary saturated fatty acids on plasma lipids and lipoproteins in healthy subjects: the DELTA Study, protocol 1. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1998; 18:441-9. [PMID: 9514413 DOI: 10.1161/01.atv.18.3.441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Few well-controlled diet studies have investigated the effects of reducing dietary saturated fatty acid (SFA) intake in premenopausal and postmenopausal women or in blacks. We conducted a multicenter, randomized, crossover-design trial of the effects of reducing dietary SFA on plasma lipids and lipoproteins in 103 healthy adults 22 to 67 years old. There were 46 men and 57 women, of whom 26 were black, 18 were postmenopausal women, and 16 were men > or =40 years old. All meals and snacks, except Saturday dinner, were prepared and served by the research centers. The study was designed to compare three diets: an average American diet (AAD), a Step 1 diet, and a low-SFA (Low-Sat) diet. Dietary cholesterol was constant. Diet composition was validated and monitored by a central laboratory. Each diet was consumed for 8 weeks, and blood samples were obtained during weeks 5 through 8. The compositions of the three diets were as follows: AAD, 34.3% kcal fat and 15.0% kcal SFA; Step 1, 28.6% kcal fat and 9.0% kcal SFA; and Low-Sat, 25.3% kcal fat and 6.1% kcal SFA. Each diet provided approximately 275 mg cholesterol/d. Compared with AAD, plasma total cholesterol in the whole group fell 5% on Step 1 and 9% on Low-Sat. LDL cholesterol was 7% lower on Step 1 and 11% lower on Low-Sat than on the AAD (both P<.01). Similar responses were seen in each subgroup. HDL cholesterol fell 7% on Step 1 and 11% on Low-Sat (both P<.01). Reductions in HDL cholesterol were seen in all subgroups except blacks and older men. Plasma triglyceride levels increased approximately 9% between AAD and Step 1 but did not increase further from Step 1 to Low-Sat. Changes in triglyceride levels were not significant in most subgroups. Surprisingly, plasma Lp(a) concentrations increased in a stepwise fashion as SFA was reduced. In a well-controlled feeding study, stepwise reductions in SFA resulted in parallel reductions in plasma total and LDL cholesterol levels. Diet effects were remarkably similar in several subgroups of men and women and in blacks. The reductions in total and LDL cholesterol achieved in these different subgroups indicate that diet can have a significant impact on risk for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease in the total population.
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Carman S, van Dreumel T, Ridpath J, Hazlett M, Alves D, Dubovi E, Tremblay R, Bolin S, Godkin A, Anderson N. Severe acute bovine viral diarrhea in Ontario, 1993-1995. J Vet Diagn Invest 1998; 10:27-35. [PMID: 9526857 DOI: 10.1177/104063879801000106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In 1993, noncytopathic bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) strains with enhanced virulence caused unprecedented outbreaks of severe acute bovine viral diarrhea (BVD) in dairy, beef, and veal herds in Ontario (Canada). Fever, pneumonia, diarrhea, and sudden death occurred in all age groups of cattle. Abortions often occurred in pregnant animals. Gross lesions in the alimentary tract were similar to those associated with mucosal disease, especially in animals >6 months of age. Cattle of all age groups had microscopic lesions in the alimentary tract similar to those seen with mucosal disease. The epidemic peaked in the summer of 1993, with 15% of all bovine accessions from diseased cattle presented to the diagnostic laboratory being associated with BVDV. The virus strains involved in the outbreak were analyzed using monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies and the polymerase chain reaction. The virus isolates from these outbreaks of severe disease were determined to be type 2 BVDV. Type 2 BVDV has been present in Ontario at least since 1981 without causing widespread outbreaks of severe acute BVD, which suggests that type 2 designation in itself does not imply enhanced virulence. Cattle properly vaccinated with type 1 BVDV vaccines appear to be protected from clinical disease.
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Martin PJ, Anderson N, Jarrett RG. Detecting benzimidazole resistance with faecal egg count reduction tests and in vitro assays. Aust Vet J 1989; 66:236-40. [PMID: 2590136 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-0813.1989.tb13578.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Composite strains of Trichostrongylus colubriformis and Ostertagia spp consisting of 0, 1, 10, 25, 50, 75, 90, and 100% of known resistant strains were prepared and tested for benzimidazole resistance using faecal egg count reduction tests, in vitro egg hatch assays and tubulin binding assays. All tests detected resistance where the proportion of the resistant strain in the composite was 50% or more, whereas none of the tests unequivocally detected resistance below 25%. Egg count reduction tests were no less sensitive than the in vitro tests in detecting low levels of resistance but the egg hatch and tubulin binding assays provided a better quantitative estimate of moderate to high levels of resistance. Faecal egg count reduction therefore, provides a suitable means of detecting resistance in the field but tests, more sensitive to low levels of resistance are required. Results indicate that the use of post-treatment counts alone provides an adequate indication of anthelmintic efficiency.
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Comparative Study |
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Arnott IDR, Nimmo ER, Drummond HE, Fennell J, Smith BRK, MacKinlay E, Morecroft J, Anderson N, Kelleher D, O'Sullivan M, McManus R, Satsangi J. NOD2/CARD15, TLR4 and CD14 mutations in Scottish and Irish Crohn's disease patients: evidence for genetic heterogeneity within Europe? Genes Immun 2004; 5:417-25. [PMID: 15190267 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gene.6364111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
NOD2/caspase recruitment domain (CARD)15 variants are identified in up to 50% of Crohn's disease (CD) patients. Functional variants of toll-like receptor-4 (TLR4) and CD14 genes may also be relevant to disease pathophysiology. We aimed to assess the contribution of NOD2/CARD15, TLR4 and CD14 variants in Scottish and Irish CD patients. In all, 612 patients with well-characterised inflammatory bowel disease (252 Scottish CD, 247 Scottish UC, 113 Irish CD) and 304 controls were genotyped for variants of NOD2/CARD15 (1007fsinsC, G908R, R702W, P268S), TLR4 (A299G) and CD14 (T-159C). Genotype-phenotype analyses were performed. Variant 1007fsinsC (P=0.003) and G908R (P=0.008) but not R702W (P=0.269) alleles were more prevalent in Scottish CD (4.7, 1.8 and 7.1%, respectively) than Scottish control (2.3, 0.3 and 5.4%). CD allelic frequencies were lower than the series from Europe (P<0.00001) and North America (P<0.00001) but not Scandinavia (P<0.7). Associations were identified with age at diagnosis (P=0.002), ileal disease (P<0.02), penetrating disease (P=0.04) and inflammatory joint disease (P<0.02). TLR4 and CD14 variants did not differ between CD and controls. In conclusion, we present compelling evidence for genetic heterogeneity within Europe. These NOD2/CARD15 variants have a minor contribution in Scottish and Irish CD patients, consistent with an emerging pattern from Northern Europe.
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Anderson N, Armour J, Jarrett W, Jennings F, Ritchie J, Urquhart G. A field study of parasitic gastritis in cattle. Vet Rec 1965. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.77.41.1196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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144 |
10
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Salcedo A, Rutter W, Wang S, Akhunova A, Bolus S, Chao S, Anderson N, De Soto MF, Rouse M, Szabo L, Bowden RL, Dubcovsky J, Akhunov E. Variation in the AvrSr35 gene determines Sr35 resistance against wheat stem rust race Ug99. Science 2017; 358:1604-1606. [PMID: 29269474 PMCID: PMC6518949 DOI: 10.1126/science.aao7294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici (Pgt) causes wheat stem rust, a devastating fungal disease. The Sr35 resistance gene confers immunity against this pathogen's most virulent races, including Ug99. We used comparative whole-genome sequencing of chemically mutagenized and natural Pgt isolates to identify a fungal gene named AvrSr35 that is required for Sr35 avirulence. The AvrSr35 gene encodes a secreted protein capable of interacting with Sr35 and triggering the immune response. We show that the origin of Pgt isolates virulent on Sr35 is associated with the nonfunctionalization of the AvrSr35 gene by the insertion of a mobile element. The discovery of AvrSr35 provides a new tool for Pgt surveillance, identification of host susceptibility targets, and characterization of the molecular determinants of immunity in wheat.
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research-article |
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137 |
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Zarras P, Anderson N, Webber C, Irvin D, Irvin J, Guenthner A, Stenger-Smith J. Progress in using conductive polymers as corrosion-inhibiting coatings. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0969-806x(03)00189-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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22 |
131 |
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Yeh H, Ornstein-Goldstein N, Indik Z, Sheppard P, Anderson N, Rosenbloom JC, Cicila G, Yoon K, Rosenbloom J. Sequence variation of bovine elastin mRNA due to alternative splicing. COLLAGEN AND RELATED RESEARCH 1987; 7:235-47. [PMID: 3665402 DOI: 10.1016/s0174-173x(87)80030-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Poly A+ RNA, isolated from a single 210 day fetal bovine nuchal ligament, was used to synthesize cDNA by the RNase H method, using AMV reverse transcriptase for first strand synthesis and DNA polymerase I for the second strand. The cDNA was inserted into lambda gt10 using EcoRI linkers, and recombinant phage containing elastin sequences were identified by hybridization with a 1.3 kb sheep elastin cDNA clone, pcSELI (Yoon, K. et al., Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. 118: 261-265, 1984). Three clones containing the largest inserts of 2.9, 2.8, and 2.6 kb were selected for further study. The complete sequence analysis of the 3 clones was correlated with the sequence of 10.2 kb of the bovine elastin gene. The analyses: (i) showed that the cDNA encompassed the great majority of the translated sequence, (ii) ordered the tryptic peptides of porcine tropoelastin, (iii) determined new amino acid sequences not previously found in the porcine peptides and (iv) demonstrated that alternative splicing of the primary transcript leads to significant variation in the sequence of the translated portion of the mRNA.
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127 |
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115 |
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Abstract
Near-field Raman spectroscopy with a spatial resolution of 20 nm is demonstrated by raster scanning a sharp metal tip over the sample surface. The method is used to image vibrational modes of single-walled carbon nanotubes. By combining optical and topographical signals rendered by the single-walled carbon nanotubes, we can separate near-field and far-field contributions and quantify the observed Raman enhancement factors.
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Anderson N. Trichostrongylid infections of sheep in a winter rainfall region. I. Epizootiological studies in the Western District of Victoria, 1966-67. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1972. [DOI: 10.1071/ar9721113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Regular post-mortem counts from 'tracer' and flock sheep, together with faecal worm egg counts and plasma pepsinogen determinations, formed the basis of an epizootiological study of trichostrongylid infections of Merino sheep in the Western District of Victoria. Species from genera Trichostrongylus, Ostertagia and Nematodirus predominated in the worm counts; Haemonchus contortus was absent. Counts of Ostertagia and Trichostrongylus spp. from successive groups of 'tracer' sheep showed a pronounced seasonal distribution of available larvae in accordance with the temperature and humidity components of the prevailing weather. Mean worm counts ranging from 2000 to 32,000 per fortnight were recorded between May and October, whereas at other times the counts were consistently less than 500. When the availability of larvae was high, faecal worm egg counts of weaners and adult sheep were less than 150 epg. At this time the majority of the worms in the abomasum were early fourth stage larvae. Some weeks after availability had decreased to low levels, mean egg counts increased from 100 to values over 700 epg. It was concluded that the high levels of larval availability were derived from worm eggs deposited in the previous summer and autumn. Resistance to the establishment of worms was evident in both young and mature sheep. It was found that raised plasma pepsinogen levels, indicative of severe abomasal lesions, were closely related to the numbers of newly ingested larvae. Liveweights and fleece weights of weaners treated with 88 mg thiabendazole per kg every 14 days and those from untreated weaners did not differ significantly until the availability of larvae decreased to low levels, after which the treated sheep were heavier and produced 0.52 kg or 14.6% more wool per head.
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108 |
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Ross EA, Anderson N, Micklem HS. Serial depletion and regeneration of the murine hematopoietic system. Implications for hematopoietic organization and the study of cellular aging. J Exp Med 1982; 155:432-44. [PMID: 7035599 PMCID: PMC2186603 DOI: 10.1084/jem.155.2.432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The mouse hematopoietic system was subjected to repeated depletion and regeneration either by serial transfer of bone marrow cells through lethally irradiated recipients or by repeated treatment with the cycle-active drug hydroxyurea (HU). The capacity of surviving stem cells to proliferate and self-renew was assayed at intervals by two methods: (a) the spleen colony method; and (b) competitive repopulation of irradiated recipients using chromosome markers, with normal bone marrow cells as an internal control. The progressive decline in stem cell function that occurred during serial transfer of bone marrow and that had already begun after a single transfer was not seen during HU treatment; up to 25 pairs of HU injections given over more than 1 yr had no discernible effect on the number of stem cells present 3 wk after the final injection or on their capacity to self-renew. Within 2 d after exposure to HU, the average self-renewal capacity of surviving stem cells was enhanced. This implies that the drug selectively eliminates poorly self-renewing stem cells and hence that these enter cycle more readily than stem cells with a high self-replicative potential. However, the fact of being in cycle at the time of injection did not of itself affect self-renewal. The results show that serial transfer of bone marrow is not a valid method for studying clonal aging phenomena because it does not fulfill the assumptions on which such studies are based. No evidence was obtained for any intrinsic limitation in the capacity of bone marrow populations for repeated regeneration after HU-induced depletion. However, this does not necessarily imply that individual hematopoietic clones are capable of indefinite expansion because hematopoiesis may (as suggested by the relative resistance of highly self-replicative stem cells to mitogenic signals) proceed on the basis of clonal succession.
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43 |
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Bud'ko SL, Lapertot G, Petrovic C, Cunningham CE, Anderson N, Canfield PC. Boron isotope effect in superconducting MgB2. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2001; 86:1877-1880. [PMID: 11290271 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.86.1877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2001] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We report the preparation method of and boron isotope effect for MgB2, a new binary intermetallic superconductor with a remarkably high superconducting transition temperature T(c)(10B) = 40.2 K. Measurements of both temperature dependent magnetization and specific heat reveal a 1.0 K shift in T(c) between Mg11B2 and Mg10B2. Whereas such a high transition temperature might imply exotic coupling mechanisms, the boron isotope effect in MgB2 is consistent with the material being a phonon-mediated BCS superconductor.
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99 |
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Cunningham J, Graus F, Anderson N, Posner JB. Partial characterization of the Purkinje cell antigens in paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration. Neurology 1986; 36:1163-8. [PMID: 3528917 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.36.9.1163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Serum from seven patients with paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration contained anti-Purkinje cell antibodies. The samples were examined by immunoblotting to determine whether they recognized common antigens in isolated human Purkinje cell neurons. Two groups of antigens were detected by all seven sera with Mr 62/64 kd and 34 to 38 kd, both of which contributed to the Purkinje cell antigens detected immunohistochemically. These reactivities were absent from all controls tested. These antibodies may play a role in the pathogenesis of paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration.
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98 |
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Larsen JW, Anderson N, Vizard AL, Anderson GA, Hoste H. Diarrhoea in merino ewes during winter: association with trichostrongylid larvae. Aust Vet J 1994; 71:365-72. [PMID: 7726760 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-0813.1994.tb00930.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
A study on 3 farms, each having a preventive strategy for the control of nematode infections, determined the risk factors associated with diarrhoea among Merino ewes in winter. Comparisons were made among groups of mated and unmated ewes with and without treatment with controlled-release capsules containing albendazole. Diarrhoea was assessed from the accumulations of faeces around the breech (dag score) and related to worm egg counts, total worm counts and histopathological findings. The overall prevalence of severe dag in ewes not treated with a capsule was 26% (221/844). In comparison, only 2.7% of treated ewes had severe dag. The adjusted odds ratio on each farm indicated that untreated ewes were between 12 and 16 times more likely to be affected with severe dag than ewes treated with a capsule. The effect of lactation was significant on only one farm whereas initial body weight had no significant effect. There was no significant association between worm egg counts and the occurrence of severe dag. There were significantly more eosinophils in the small intestine of ewes affected with severe dag compared with unaffected ewes. There were no significant differences in mast cell and globule leucocyte numbers between affected and unaffected ewes. This study provides strong evidence that the main cause of diarrhoea among Merino ewes grazing winter and early spring pastures is the ingestion of trichostrongylid larvae even by sheep that have a well-developed protective immune response to these parasites. New strategies for the control of nematode infections are needed to prevent diarrhoea and dag formation in adult sheep.
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Tunney MM, Patrick S, Gorman SP, Nixon JR, Anderson N, Davis RI, Hanna D, Ramage G. Improved detection of infection in hip replacements. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1302/0301-620x.80b4.0800568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Our aim was to determine if the detection rate of infection of total hip replacements could be improved by examining the removed prostheses. Immediate transfer of prostheses to an anaerobic atmosphere, followed by mild ultrasonication to dislodge adherent bacteria, resulted in the culture of quantifiable numbers of bacteria, from 26 of the 120 implants examined. The same bacterial species were cultured by routine microbiological techniques from only five corresponding tissue samples. Tissue removed from 18 of the culture-positive implants was suitable for quantitative tissue pathology and inflammatory cells were present in all samples. Furthermore, inflammatory cells were present in 87% of tissue samples taken from patients whose implants were culture-negative. This suggests that these implants may have been infected by bacteria which were not isolated by the techniques of culture used. The increased detection of bacteria from prostheses by culture has improved postoperative antibiotic therapy and should reduce the need for further revision.
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Kushner MG, Mackenzie TB, Fiszdon J, Valentiner DP, Foa E, Anderson N, Wangensteen D. The effects of alcohol consumption on laboratory-induced panic and state anxiety. ARCHIVES OF GENERAL PSYCHIATRY 1996; 53:264-70. [PMID: 8611064 DOI: 10.1001/archpsyc.1996.01830030086013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study tested whether alcohol consumption reduces anxiety and panic associated with a panic-challenge procedure. METHODS Subjects with panic disorder were randomly assigned to consume either a moderate dose of alcohol or a nonalcoholic placebo. All subjects were told that they were drinking alcohol to control beverage expectancies. Following the beverage administration, subjects underwent a panic challenge (35% carbon dioxide) and a series of anxiety symptom assessments. RESULTS Subjects who consumed alcohol reported significantly less state anxiety both before and after the challenge. In response to the challenge, subjects who consumed alcohol experienced significantly fewer panic attacks when applying liberal panic criteria; however, this effect only approached significance when applying conservative panic criteria. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that alcohol acts acutely to reduce both panic and the anxiety surrounding panic, and they lend support to the view that drinking behavior among those with panic disorder is reinforced by this effect. We suggest that this process may contribute to the high rate at which alcohol-use disorders co-occur with panic disorder.
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74 |
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Anderson N, Clautice-Engle T, Allan R, Abbott G, Wells JE. Detection of obstructive uropathy in the fetus: predictive value of sonographic measurements of renal pelvic diameter at various gestational ages. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1995; 164:719-23. [PMID: 7863901 DOI: 10.2214/ajr.164.3.7863901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The goal of our study was to analyze the fetal renal pelvic diameters measured sonographically at several gestational intervals in live-born neonates subsequently found to have either obstructive uropathy or normal kidneys. This information will improve the efficacy of sonography in the diagnosis of obstructive uropathy. SUBJECTS AND METHODS From an ongoing prospective study assessing the significance of fetal renal pelvic diameters of 4 mm or more at obstetric sonography, the findings in 29 obstructed kidneys in 24 babies were compared with the findings in 380 kidneys from 233 infants who had no obstruction. Twenty-three infants had unilateral obstruction of the ureteropelvic junction, two had unilateral renal obstruction at the ureterovesical junction, one had posterior urethral valves and in addition had both kidneys obstructed because of obstruction at the ureterovesical junction, one kidney was obstructed because of megaloureter, and one kidney was obstructed because of obstruction in a duplex collecting system. Obstruction was identified on nephrostograms, excretory urograms, or radionuclide renograms. The sonographic findings were compared at three gestational age ranges: 16-23 weeks' gestation, 24-30 weeks' gestation, and 31-40 weeks' gestation. The progression of pelvic dilatation in both groups (12 obstructed and 86 unobstructed) was analyzed for the subset of kidneys examined in all three time periods. RESULTS At 16-23 weeks' gestation, the difference in mean pelvic diameter between obstructed and unobstructed kidneys was not statistically significant, but the difference between obstructed and unobstructed groups at 24-30 weeks' and 31-40 weeks' gestation was significant (p < .001). Renal pelvic diameter showed a much greater rise in diameter through pregnancy in the obstructed group than in the unobstructed group (p < .0003). The sensitivity of the cutoff point of 4-mm renal pelvic diameter for detecting obstruction was 76% before 23 weeks' gestation, including kidneys with a marked decrease in function postnatally; the sensitivity of a 10-mm cutoff point at 16-23 weeks' gestation was 12%. The likelihood that a fetus had renal obstruction increased with increasing diameter of the fetal renal pelvis in all three time periods. CONCLUSION Kidneys with significant obstruction postnatally may have no dilatation of the renal pelvis before 23 weeks' gestation. Most obstructed kidneys had pelvic diameters of less than 10 mm before 23 weeks' gestation. During pregnancy, renal pelvic diameter increases at a greater rate in kidneys that later are shown to be obstructed than in those that are not obstructed.
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Hillis AE, Anderson N, Sampath P, Rigamonti D. Cognitive impairments after surgical repair of ruptured and unruptured aneurysms. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2000; 69:608-15. [PMID: 11032612 PMCID: PMC1763416 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp.69.5.608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine the frequency and severity of neuropsychological impairments associated with aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage, and associated with repair of intracerebral aneurysms. METHODS Two groups of patients who underwent repair of intracerebral aneurysms were studied: patients with unruptured aneurysms (n=20) and patients with ruptured aneurysms (n=27). All patients were administered a battery of standardised neuropsychological tests about 3 months after surgery. A subset of 12 patients with unruptured aneurysms were administered the battery both before and after elective repair of the aneurysm(s). A subset of six patients with ruptured aneurysms were given the test at both 3 months and 1 year after surgery. RESULTS As previously reported for patients with ruptured aneurysms, patients with both ruptured and unruptured aneurysms performed, as a group, significantly below published norms on many of the neuropsychological tests after surgery. However, there were significant differences between preoperative and postoperative performance in the unruptured aneurysm group only on a few tests: measures of word fluency, verbal recall, and frontal lobe function. Performance of patients with ruptured aneurysms was significantly below that of patients with unruptured aneurysms only on a few tests of verbal and visual memory. In addition, group differences compared with published norms reflected severely impaired performance by a minority of patients, rather than moderately impaired performance in a majority of patients. CONCLUSIONS Although patients who undergo repair of ruptured aneurysms perform, as a group, below published norms on many neuropsychological tests, significant impairments are seen in a minority of patients. Some of the impairments are associated with subarachnoid haemorrhage, whereas others (found in patients who underwent repair of unruptured aneurysms) are due to general effects of neurosurgery and perioperative management. Finally, some of the postoperative deficits are merely a reflection of premorbid weaknesses.
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Weston MC, Anderson N, Peachell PT. Effects of phosphodiesterase inhibitors on human lung mast cell and basophil function. Br J Pharmacol 1997; 121:287-95. [PMID: 9154339 PMCID: PMC1564674 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0701115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
1. The non-hydrolysable cyclic AMP analogue, dibutyryl (Bu2)-cyclic AMP, inhibited the stimulated release of histamine from both basophils and human lung mast cells (HLMC) in a dose-dependent manner. The concentrations required to inhibit histamine release by 50% (IC50) were 0.8 and 0.7 mM in basophils and HLMC, respectively. The cyclic GMP analogue, Bu2-cyclic GMP, was ineffective as an inhibitor of histamine release in basophils and HLMC. 2. The non-selective phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitors, theophylline and isobutyl-methylxanthine (IBMX) inhibited the IgE-mediated release of histamine from both human basophils and HLMC in a dose-dependent fashion. IBMX and theophylline were more potent inhibitors in basophils than HLMC. IC50 values for the inhibition of histamine release were, 0.05 and 0.2 mM for IBMX and theophylline, respectively, in basophils and 0.25 and 1.2 mM for IBMX and theophylline in HLMC. 3. The PDE 4 inhibitor, rolipram, attenuated the release of both histamine and the generation of sulphopeptidoleukotrienes (sLT) from activated basophils at sub-micromolar concentrations but was ineffective at inhibiting the release of histamine and the generation of both sLT and prostaglandin D2 (PGD2) in HLMC. Additional PDE 4 inhibitors, denbufylline, Ro 20-1724, RP 73401 and nitraquazone, were all found to be effective inhibitors of mediator release in basophils but were ineffective in HLMC unless high concentrations (1 mM) were employed. 4. Neither 8-methoxymethyl IBMX (PDE 1 inhibitor), zaprinast (PDE 5 inhibitor) nor a range of PDE 3 inhibitors (siguazodan, SKF 94120, SKF 95654) were effective inhibitors of mediator release from either basophils or HLMC. 5. In basophils, rolipram acted to potentiate the inhibitory effects of the adenylate cyclase activator, forskolin, whereas in HLMC, rolipram failed to potentiate the inhibitory effects of forskolin. 6. Extracts of purified HLMC and basophils hydrolysed cyclic AMP. IBMX (100 microM) inhibited the PDE activity in basophil extracts by 67 +/- 7% (P < 0.0001) and in HLMC extracts by 63 +/- 9% (P < 0.0005). The hydrolysis of cyclic AMP by basophil extracts was inhibited by the selective PDE inhibitors (all at 10 microM), rolipram (56 +/- 8%, P < 0.0001) and the mixed PDE 3/4 inhibitor, Org 30029 (47 +/- 9%, P < 0.01), whereas 8-methoxymethyl IBMX, siguazodan and zaprinast were ineffective. In HLMC, rolipram, Org 30029, 8-methoxymethyl IBMX, siguazodan and zaprinast all inhibited the hydrolysis of cyclic AMP by extracts to a significant (P < 0.05) and similar extent (approximately 25% inhibition at 10 microM). 7. In total, these data suggest that modulation of the PDE 4 isoform can regulate basophil responses whereas an association of the PDE 4 isoform with the regulation of HLMC function remains uncertain.
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