[Changes in adipokines in the blood of patients with the first episode of schizophrenia during treatment with haloperidol and risperidone]

OBJECTIVE

To study plasma adipokines (adiponectin, leptin, adipsin) in patients with the first episode of schizophrenia treated with haloperidol and risperidone.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Two hundred and twelve patients with the first episode of paranoid schizophrenia (F20.09) were examined. Patients were divided into the haloperidol group (n=107) and the risperidone group (n=105). The control group included 132 healthy people. Body mass index was recorded at baseline and in 2, 4, 6, 8 week of treatment. Adiponectin, adipsin and leptin were determined by the multiplex analysis. Blood test was conducted prior to therapy and after 8 weeks of treatment.

RESULTS

An increase in body mass index is recorded in both clinical groups, with no statistically significant differences between groups. Before treatment with antipsychotics, the levels of adiponectin and adipsin increase in both clinical groups. In the course of therapy, the levels of adiponectin and adipsin significantly increase in the haloperidol group and the levels of adiponectin and leptin in the risperidone group.

CONCLUSION

The increase in body weight is not the only mechanism of changes in adipokines in blood during treatment with antipsychotics. Further studies on the relationship between the levels of adipokines and pharmacogenic metabolic disorders are required.

Association study indicates a protective role of phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate-5-kinase against tardive dyskinesia

BACKGROUND

Tardive dyskinesia is a disorder characterized by involuntary muscle movements that occur as a complication of long-term treatment with antipsychotic drugs. It has been suggested to be related to a malfunctioning of the indirect pathway of the motor part of the cortical-striatal-thalamic-cortical circuit, which may be caused by oxidative stress-induced neurotoxicity.

METHODS

The purpose of our study was to investigate the possible association between phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate-5-kinase type IIa (PIP5K2A) function and tardive dyskinesia in 491 Caucasian patients with schizophrenia from 3 different psychiatric institutes in West Siberia. The Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale was used to assess tardive dyskinesia. Individuals were genotyped for 3 single nucleotide polymorphisms in PIP5K2A gene: rs10828317, rs746203, and rs8341.

RESULTS

A significant association was established between the functional mutation N251S-polymorphism of the PIP5K2A gene (rs10828317) and tardive dyskinesia, while the other 2 examined nonfunctional single nucleotide polymorphisms were not related.

CONCLUSIONS

We conclude from this association that PIP5K2A is possibly involved in a mechanism protecting against tardive dyskinesia-inducing neurotoxicity. This corresponds to our hypothesis that tardive dyskinesia is related to neurotoxicity at striatal indirect pathway medium-sized spiny neurons.

NMDA receptor genotypes associated with the vulnerability to develop dyskinesia

Dyskinesias are involuntary muscle movements that occur spontaneously in Huntington's disease (HD) and after long-term treatments for Parkinson's disease (levodopa-induced dyskinesia; LID) or for schizophrenia (tardive dyskinesia, TD). Previous studies suggested that dyskinesias in these three conditions originate from different neuronal pathways that converge on overstimulation of the motor cortex. We hypothesized that the same variants of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor gene that were previously associated with the age of dyskinesia onset in HD were also associated with the vulnerability for TD and not LID. Genotyping patients with LID and TD revealed, however, that these two variants were dose-dependently associated with susceptibility to LID, but not TD. This suggested that LID, TD and HD might arise from the same neuronal pathways, but TD results from a different mechanism.

[Electroencephalographic correlates of transpersonal psychotherapy efficacy in neurotic depressions]

Based on the results of examination of 157 patients with neurotic depression (ICD-10 items F43.20, F43.21, F43.22), electroencephalographic criteria of transpersonal psychotherapy efficacy have been specified as following: the increase of alpha-3 activity in the frontotemporal region and the decrease of a spectral index of theta-activity in parietal, central, occipital and prefrontal regions; some changes in beta-band (the increase of spectral index of beta-1 in frontotemporal and prefrontal regions and the decrease of beta-2 in parietal and occipital regions). The direction of these changes is objectively supported by the clinical dynamics, data of correlation analysis of neurophysiological parameters and psychometric scales used for assessment of the presence and severity of emotional and personality disorders.

[Effect of haloperidol and risperidone on neuromarkers and indices of endothelial dysfunction in patients with acute schizophrenia]

Effect of haloperidol and risperidone on positive, negative, neurocognitive disorders, biological parameters and neurodestruction-neuroreparation processes have been studied in 23 patients with the first episode of paranoid schizophrenia. Risperidone, along with high therapeutic effect towards positive, negative, neurocognitive disorders, is able to reduce brain neurodestruction markers as well as to improve protective-compensatory processes directed to the neuroplasticity restoration. There were correlations between biological parameters studied: the higher were levels of GFAP and antibodies to NR2 subunit of NMDA receptors, the higher were BDNF and NO values. The association between parameters studied and psychopathological disorders measured with the PANSS has been found in patients treated with risperidone. The mentioned correlations were not observed in patients treated with haloperidol.

[The pathophysiological analysis of cerebrolysin therapy of children with mental developmental delay caused by ecological factors]

The treatment with cerebrolysin combined with psychological correction was conducted in 24 children, aged 4-6 years, with mental developmental delay. The effect of this drug was compared to placebo (20 patients with mental development delay) and control groups (35 healthy children). After cerebrolysin therapy effect of cerebrolysin (0,1 mg/1kg of body mass during 42 day) was assessed using neuropsychological data and a set of different pathophysiological indices which reflected the biochemical, immunological and neurophysiological status of patients. After cerebrolysin therapy significant improvement of the mental state, including preconditions of intellect, and motor functions specific for mental development delay was found. These changes were correlated with the positive dynamics of some indices - lipid peroxidation, immune status, hormonal shifts and parameters of neurodegeneration-neuroprotection processes.

[Neuroimmune parameters as markers of therapeutic and rehabilitation efficacy in children with organic mental retardation]

A complex of therapeutic and rehabilitation measures including neurometabolics (brain cytomedine cortexin, pantogam and glycine), antioxidants and vascular medications, massage, physiotherapeutic procedures and special psychological and educational correction was administered to 40 children, aged 5-8 years, with organic mental retardation. A control group consisted of age-matched healthy children. The efficacy of rehabilitation was assessed after 3 months basing on a special coefficient and correlations between this coefficient and some neuroimmune parameters. This approach makes it possible to specify favorable prognostic markers, i.e. the decrease of serum level of neuron-specific enolase, myelin-associated glycoprotein antibodies and increase of brain-derived neurotrophic factor.