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Snapkow I, Smith NM, Arnesdotter E, Beekmann K, Blanc EB, Braeuning A, Corsini E, Sollner Dolenc M, Duivenvoorde LPM, Sundstøl Eriksen G, Franko N, Galbiati V, Gostner JM, Grova N, Gutleb AC, Hargitai R, Janssen AWF, Krapf SA, Lindeman B, Lumniczky K, Maddalon A, Mollerup S, Parráková L, Pierzchalski A, Pieters RHH, Silva MJ, Solhaug A, Staal YCM, Straumfors A, Szatmári T, Turner JD, Vandebriel RJ, Zenclussen AC, Barouki R. New approach methodologies to enhance human health risk assessment of immunotoxic properties of chemicals - a PARC (Partnership for the Assessment of Risk from Chemicals) project. Front Toxicol 2024; 6:1339104. [PMID: 38654939 PMCID: PMC11035811 DOI: 10.3389/ftox.2024.1339104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
As a complex system governing and interconnecting numerous functions within the human body, the immune system is unsurprisingly susceptible to the impact of toxic chemicals. Toxicants can influence the immune system through a multitude of mechanisms, resulting in immunosuppression, hypersensitivity, increased risk of autoimmune diseases and cancer development. At present, the regulatory assessment of the immunotoxicity of chemicals relies heavily on rodent models and a limited number of Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) test guidelines, which only capture a fraction of potential toxic properties. Due to this limitation, various authorities, including the World Health Organization and the European Food Safety Authority have highlighted the need for the development of novel approaches without the use of animals for immunotoxicity testing of chemicals. In this paper, we present a concise overview of ongoing efforts dedicated to developing and standardizing methodologies for a comprehensive characterization of the immunotoxic effects of chemicals, which are performed under the EU-funded Partnership for the Assessment of Risk from Chemicals (PARC).
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Snapkow
- Department of Chemical Toxicology, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Nicola M. Smith
- Department of Chemical Toxicology, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Emma Arnesdotter
- Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Karsten Beekmann
- Wageningen Food Safety Research (WFSR), Part of Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | | | - Albert Braeuning
- Department of Food Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany
| | - Emanuela Corsini
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences “Rodolfo Paoletti”, Université degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Loes P. M. Duivenvoorde
- Wageningen Food Safety Research (WFSR), Part of Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | | | - Nina Franko
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Valentina Galbiati
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences “Rodolfo Paoletti”, Université degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Johanna M. Gostner
- Biochemical Immunotoxicology Group, Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Nathalie Grova
- Immune Endocrine Epigenetics Research Group, Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Arno C. Gutleb
- Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Rita Hargitai
- Unit of Radiation Medicine, Department of Radiobiology and Radiohygiene, National Centre for Public Health and Pharmacy, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Aafke W. F. Janssen
- Wageningen Food Safety Research (WFSR), Part of Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Solveig A. Krapf
- Section for Occupational Toxicology, National Institute of Occupational Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Birgitte Lindeman
- Department of Chemical Toxicology, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Katalin Lumniczky
- Unit of Radiation Medicine, Department of Radiobiology and Radiohygiene, National Centre for Public Health and Pharmacy, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ambra Maddalon
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences “Rodolfo Paoletti”, Université degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Steen Mollerup
- Section for Occupational Toxicology, National Institute of Occupational Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Lucia Parráková
- Biochemical Immunotoxicology Group, Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | - Raymond H. H. Pieters
- Innovative Testing in Life Sciences and Chemistry, Research Center for Healthy and Sustainable Living, University of Applied Sciences, Utrecht, Netherlands
- IRAS-Toxicology, Population Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Maria J. Silva
- Department of Human Genetics, National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Lisbon, Portugal
| | | | - Yvonne C. M. Staal
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute of Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, Netherlands
| | - Anne Straumfors
- Section for Occupational Toxicology, National Institute of Occupational Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Tünde Szatmári
- Unit of Radiation Medicine, Department of Radiobiology and Radiohygiene, National Centre for Public Health and Pharmacy, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Jonathan D. Turner
- Immune Endocrine Epigenetics Research Group, Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Rob J. Vandebriel
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute of Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, Netherlands
| | | | - Robert Barouki
- T3S, INSERM UMR-S 1124, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
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Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) is a known endocrine disruptor found in many consumer products that humans come into contact with on a daily basis. Due to increasing concerns about the safety of BPA and the introduction of new legislation restricting its use, industry has responded by adopting new, less studied BPA analogues that have similar polymer-forming properties. Some BPA analogues have already been shown to exhibit effects similar to BPA, for example, contributing to endocrine disruption through agonistic or antagonistic behaviour at various nuclear receptors such as estrogen (ER), androgen (AR), glucocorticoid (GR), aryl hydrocarbon (AhR), and pregnane X receptor (PXR). Since the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) issued a draft re-evaluation of BPA and drastically reduced the temporary tolerable daily intake (t-TDI) of BPA from 4 mg/kg body weight/day to 0.2 ng/kg body weight/day due to increasing concern about the toxic properties of BPA, including its potential to disrupt immune system processes, we conducted a comprehensive review of the immunomodulatory activity of environmentally abundant BPA analogues. The results of the review suggest that BPA analogues may affect both the innate and acquired immune systems and can contribute to various immune-mediated conditions such as hypersensitivity reactions, allergies, and disruption of the human microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Kodila
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva cesta 7, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Nina Franko
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva cesta 7, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Marija Sollner Dolenc
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva cesta 7, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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Annunziato G, Spadini C, Marchetti M, Franko N, Pavone M, Iannarelli M, Bruno A, Pieroni M, Bettati S, Cabassi CS, Campanini B, Costantino G. Inhibitors of O-Acetylserine Sulfhydrylase with a Cyclopropane-Carboxylic Acid Scaffold Are Effective Colistin Adjuvants in Gram Negative Bacteria. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15060766. [PMID: 35745685 PMCID: PMC9227781 DOI: 10.3390/ph15060766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibacterial adjuvants are of great significance, since they allow one to downscale the therapeutic dose of conventional antibiotics and reduce the insurgence of antibacterial resistance. Herein, we report that O-acetylserine sulfhydrylase (OASS) inhibitors could be used as colistin adjuvants to treat infections caused by critical pathogens spreading worldwide, Escherichia coli, Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Starting from a hit compound endowed with a nanomolar dissociation constant, we have rationally designed and synthesized a series of derivatives to be tested against S. Typhimurium OASS isoenzymes, StOASS-A and StOASS-B. All acidic derivatives have shown good activities in the nanomolar range against both OASS isoforms in vitro. Minimal Inhibitory Concentrations (MICs) were then evaluated, as well as compounds’ toxicity. The compounds endowed with good activity in vitro and low cytotoxicity have been challenged as a potential colistin adjuvant against pathogenic bacteria in vitro and the fractional inhibitory concentration (FIC) index has been calculated to define additive or synergistic effects. Finally, the target engagement inside the S. Typhimurium cells was confirmed by using a mutant strain in which the OASS enzymes were inactivated. Our results provide a robust proof of principle supporting OASS as a potential nonessential antibacterial target to develop a new class of adjuvants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giannamaria Annunziato
- P4T Group, Food and Drug Department, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy; (M.P.); (A.B.); (M.P.); (G.C.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Costanza Spadini
- Operative Unit of Animals Infectious Diseases, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy; (C.S.); (M.I.); (C.S.C.)
| | - Marialaura Marchetti
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy; (M.M.); (S.B.)
| | - Nina Franko
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Food and Drug Department, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy; (N.F.); (B.C.)
| | - Marialaura Pavone
- P4T Group, Food and Drug Department, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy; (M.P.); (A.B.); (M.P.); (G.C.)
| | - Mattia Iannarelli
- Operative Unit of Animals Infectious Diseases, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy; (C.S.); (M.I.); (C.S.C.)
| | - Agostino Bruno
- P4T Group, Food and Drug Department, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy; (M.P.); (A.B.); (M.P.); (G.C.)
| | - Marco Pieroni
- P4T Group, Food and Drug Department, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy; (M.P.); (A.B.); (M.P.); (G.C.)
| | - Stefano Bettati
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy; (M.M.); (S.B.)
| | - Clotilde Silvia Cabassi
- Operative Unit of Animals Infectious Diseases, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy; (C.S.); (M.I.); (C.S.C.)
| | - Barbara Campanini
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Food and Drug Department, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy; (N.F.); (B.C.)
| | - Gabriele Costantino
- P4T Group, Food and Drug Department, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy; (M.P.); (A.B.); (M.P.); (G.C.)
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Magalhães J, Franko N, Raboni S, Annunziato G, Tammela P, Bruno A, Bettati S, Armao S, Spadini C, Cabassi CS, Mozzarelli A, Pieroni M, Campanini B, Costantino G. Discovery of Substituted (2-Aminooxazol-4-yl)Isoxazole-3-carboxylic Acids as Inhibitors of Bacterial Serine Acetyltransferase in the Quest for Novel Potential Antibacterial Adjuvants. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14020174. [PMID: 33672408 PMCID: PMC7931047 DOI: 10.3390/ph14020174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Many bacteria and actinomycetales use L-cysteine biosynthesis to increase their tolerance to antibacterial treatment and establish a long-lasting infection. In turn, this might lead to the onset of antimicrobial resistance that currently represents one of the most menacing threats to public health worldwide. The biosynthetic machinery required to synthesise L-cysteine is absent in mammals; therefore, its exploitation as a drug target is particularly promising. In this article, we report a series of inhibitors of Salmonella thyphimurium serine acetyltransferase (SAT), the enzyme that catalyzes the rate-limiting step of L-cysteine biosynthesis. The development of such inhibitors started with the virtual screening of an in-house library of compounds that led to the selection of seven structurally unrelated hit derivatives. A set of molecules structurally related to hit compound 5, coming either from the original library or from medicinal chemistry efforts, were tested to determine a preliminary structure–activity relationship and, especially, to improve the inhibitory potency of the derivatives, that was indeed ameliorated by several folds compared to hit compound 5 Despite these progresses, at this stage, the most promising compound failed to interfere with bacterial growth when tested on a Gram-negative model organism, anticipating the need for further research efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Magalhães
- P4T Group, Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy; (J.M.); (G.A.); (A.B.); (G.C.)
| | - Nina Franko
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy; (N.F.); (S.R.); (S.A.); (A.M.); (B.C.)
| | - Samanta Raboni
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy; (N.F.); (S.R.); (S.A.); (A.M.); (B.C.)
- Institute of Biophysics, CNR, 56124 Pisa, Italy;
| | - Giannamaria Annunziato
- P4T Group, Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy; (J.M.); (G.A.); (A.B.); (G.C.)
- Centro Interdipartimentale Misure (CIM) ‘G. Casnati’, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Päivi Tammela
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56 (Viikinkaari 5 E), FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland;
| | - Agostino Bruno
- P4T Group, Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy; (J.M.); (G.A.); (A.B.); (G.C.)
| | - Stefano Bettati
- Institute of Biophysics, CNR, 56124 Pisa, Italy;
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Via Volturno, 39, 43125 Parma, Italy
- National Institute of Biostructures and Biosystems, 00136 Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Armao
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy; (N.F.); (S.R.); (S.A.); (A.M.); (B.C.)
| | - Costanza Spadini
- Operative Unit of Animals Infectious Diseases, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Via del Taglio 10, 43126 Parma, Italy; (C.S.); (C.S.C.)
| | - Clotilde Silvia Cabassi
- Operative Unit of Animals Infectious Diseases, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Via del Taglio 10, 43126 Parma, Italy; (C.S.); (C.S.C.)
| | - Andrea Mozzarelli
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy; (N.F.); (S.R.); (S.A.); (A.M.); (B.C.)
- Institute of Biophysics, CNR, 56124 Pisa, Italy;
- National Institute of Biostructures and Biosystems, 00136 Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Pieroni
- P4T Group, Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy; (J.M.); (G.A.); (A.B.); (G.C.)
- Centro Interdipartimentale Misure (CIM) ‘G. Casnati’, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0521-905054
| | - Barbara Campanini
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy; (N.F.); (S.R.); (S.A.); (A.M.); (B.C.)
| | - Gabriele Costantino
- P4T Group, Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy; (J.M.); (G.A.); (A.B.); (G.C.)
- Centro Interdipartimentale Misure (CIM) ‘G. Casnati’, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy
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5
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Annunziato G, Spadini C, Franko N, Storici P, Demitri N, Pieroni M, Flisi S, Rosati L, Iannarelli M, Marchetti M, Magalhaes J, Bettati S, Mozzarelli A, Cabassi CS, Campanini B, Costantino G. Investigational Studies on a Hit Compound Cyclopropane-Carboxylic Acid Derivative Targeting O-Acetylserine Sulfhydrylase as a Colistin Adjuvant. ACS Infect Dis 2021; 7:281-292. [PMID: 33513010 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.0c00378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Antibacterial adjuvants are of great significance, since they allow the therapeutic dose of conventional antibiotics to be lowered and reduce the insurgence of antibiotic resistance. Herein, we report that an O-acetylserine sulfhydrylase (OASS) inhibitor can be used as a colistin adjuvant to treat infections caused by Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogens. A compound that binds OASS with a nM dissociation constant was tested as an adjuvant of colistin against six critical pathogens responsible for infections spreading worldwide, Escherichia coli, Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, Klebisiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, and Staphylococcus pseudintermedius. The compound showed promising synergistic or additive activities against all of them. Knockout experiments confirmed the intracellular target engagement supporting the proposed mechanism of action. Moreover, compound toxicity was evaluated by means of its hemolytic activity against sheep defibrinated blood cells, showing a good safety profile. The 3D structure of the compound in complex with OASS was determined at 1.2 Å resolution by macromolecular crystallography, providing for the first time structural insights about the nature of the interaction between the enzyme and this class of competitive inhibitors. Our results provide a robust proof of principle supporting OASS as a potential nonessential antibacterial target to develop a new class of adjuvants and the structural basis for further structure-activity relationship studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giannamaria Annunziato
- P4T Group, Department of Food and Drugs, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Costanza Spadini
- Operative Unit of Animals Infectious Diseases, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, via del Taglio, 8, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Nina Franko
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Food and Drugs, University of Parma, via Parco Area delle Scienze 23/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Paola Storici
- Elettra - Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., SS 14
- km 163,5 in AREA Science Park, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - Nicola Demitri
- Elettra - Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., SS 14
- km 163,5 in AREA Science Park, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - Marco Pieroni
- P4T Group, Department of Food and Drugs, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Sara Flisi
- Operative Unit of Animals Infectious Diseases, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, via del Taglio, 8, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Lucrezia Rosati
- Operative Unit of Animals Infectious Diseases, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, via del Taglio, 8, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Mattia Iannarelli
- Operative Unit of Animals Infectious Diseases, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, via del Taglio, 8, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Marialaura Marchetti
- Biopharmanet-TEC Interdepartmental Center, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Joana Magalhaes
- P4T Group, Department of Food and Drugs, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Stefano Bettati
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, via Volturno, 39, 43125 Parma, Italy
- Biopharmanet-TEC Interdepartmental Center, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy
- Institute of Biophysics, CNR, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Andrea Mozzarelli
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Food and Drugs, University of Parma, via Parco Area delle Scienze 23/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
- Biopharmanet-TEC Interdepartmental Center, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy
- Institute of Biophysics, CNR, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Clotilde Silvia Cabassi
- Operative Unit of Animals Infectious Diseases, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, via del Taglio, 8, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Barbara Campanini
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Food and Drugs, University of Parma, via Parco Area delle Scienze 23/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
- Biopharmanet-TEC Interdepartmental Center, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Gabriele Costantino
- P4T Group, Department of Food and Drugs, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
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6
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Magalhães J, Franko N, Raboni S, Annunziato G, Tammela P, Bruno A, Bettati S, Mozzarelli A, Pieroni M, Campanini B, Costantino G. Inhibition of Nonessential Bacterial Targets: Discovery of a Novel Serine O-Acetyltransferase Inhibitor. ACS Med Chem Lett 2020; 11:790-797. [PMID: 32435386 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.9b00627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In ϒ-proteobacteria and Actinomycetales, cysteine biosynthetic enzymes are indispensable during persistence and become dispensable during growth or acute infection. The biosynthetic machinery required to convert inorganic sulfur into cysteine is absent in mammals; therefore, it is a suitable drug target. We searched for inhibitors of Salmonella serine acetyltransferase (SAT), the enzyme that catalyzes the rate-limiting step of l-cysteine biosynthesis. The virtual screening of three ChemDiv focused libraries containing 91 243 compounds was performed to identify potential SAT inhibitors. Scaffold similarity and the analysis of the overall physicochemical properties allowed the selection of 73 compounds that were purchased and evaluated on the recombinant enzyme. Six compounds displaying an IC50 <100 μM were identified via an indirect assay using Ellman's reagent and then tested on a Gram-negative model organism, with one of them being able to interfere with bacterial growth via SAT inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Päivi Tammela
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56 (Viikinkaari 5 E), Helsinki FI-00014, Finland
| | | | - Stefano Bettati
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43125 Parma, Italy
- National Institute of Biostructures and Biosystems, 00136 Rome, Italy
- Institute of Biophysics, CNR, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Andrea Mozzarelli
- National Institute of Biostructures and Biosystems, 00136 Rome, Italy
- Institute of Biophysics, CNR, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Marco Pieroni
- Centro Interdipartimentale “Biopharmanet-tec”, Università degli Studi di Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | | | - Gabriele Costantino
- Centro Interdipartimentale “Biopharmanet-tec”, Università degli Studi di Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy
- Centro Interdipartimentale Misure (CIM) ‘G. Casnati’, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy
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7
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Magalhães J, Franko N, Annunziato G, Pieroni M, Benoni R, Nikitjuka A, Mozzarelli A, Bettati S, Karawajczyk A, Jirgensons A, Campanini B, Costantino G. Refining the structure-activity relationships of 2-phenylcyclopropane carboxylic acids as inhibitors of O-acetylserine sulfhydrylase isoforms. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2018; 34:31-43. [PMID: 30362368 PMCID: PMC6217552 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2018.1518959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The lack of efficacy of current antibacterials to treat multidrug resistant bacteria poses a life-threatening alarm. In order to develop enhancers of the antibacterial activity, we carried out a medicinal chemistry campaign aiming to develop inhibitors of enzymes that synthesise cysteine and belong to the reductive sulphur assimilation pathway, absent in mammals. Previous studies have provided a novel series of inhibitors for O-acetylsulfhydrylase – a key enzyme involved in cysteine biosynthesis. Despite displaying nanomolar affinity, the most active representative of the series was not able to interfere with bacterial growth, likely due to poor permeability. Therefore, we rationally modified the structure of the hit compound with the aim of promoting their passage through the outer cell membrane porins. The new series was evaluated on the recombinant enzyme from Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, with several compounds able to keep nanomolar binding affinity despite the extent of chemical manipulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Magalhães
- a P4T group, Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Nina Franko
- b Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Food and Drug , University of Parma , Parma , Italy
| | | | - Marco Pieroni
- a P4T group, Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Roberto Benoni
- b Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Food and Drug , University of Parma , Parma , Italy
| | - Anna Nikitjuka
- c Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis , Riga , Latvia
| | - Andrea Mozzarelli
- b Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Food and Drug , University of Parma , Parma , Italy.,d National Institute of Biostructures and Biosystems , Rome , Italy.,e Institute of Biophysics , Pisa , Italy
| | - Stefano Bettati
- b Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Food and Drug , University of Parma , Parma , Italy.,f Department of Neurosciences , University of Parma , Parma , Italy
| | | | | | - Barbara Campanini
- b Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Food and Drug , University of Parma , Parma , Italy
| | - Gabriele Costantino
- a P4T group, Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parma, Italy.,h Centro Interdipartimentale Misure (CIM)'G. Casnati', University of Parma , Parma , Italy
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8
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Franko N, Grammatoglou K, Campanini B, Costantino G, Jirgensons A, Mozzarelli A. Inhibition of O-acetylserine sulfhydrylase by fluoroalanine derivatives. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2018; 33:1343-1351. [PMID: 30251899 PMCID: PMC6161599 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2018.1504040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
O-acetylserine sulfhydrylase (OASS) is the pyridoxal 5'-phosphate dependent enzyme that catalyses the formation of L-cysteine in bacteria and plants. Its inactivation is pursued as a strategy for the identification of novel antibiotics that, targeting dispensable proteins, holds a great promise for circumventing resistance development. In the present study, we have investigated the reactivity of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium OASS-A and OASS-B isozymes with fluoroalanine derivatives. Monofluoroalanine reacts with OASS-A and OASS-B forming either a stable or a metastable α-aminoacrylate Schiff's base, respectively, as proved by spectral changes. This finding indicates that monofluoroalanine is a substrate analogue, as previously found for other beta-halogenalanine derivatives. Trifluoroalanine caused different and time-dependent absorbance and fluorescence spectral changes for the two isozymes and is associated with irreversible inhibition. The time course of enzyme inactivation was found to be characterised by a biphasic behaviour. Partially distinct inactivation mechanisms for OASS-A and OASS-B are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Franko
- a Food and Drug Department , University of Parma , Parma , Italy
| | | | | | | | | | - Andrea Mozzarelli
- a Food and Drug Department , University of Parma , Parma , Italy.,c National Research Council , Institute of Biophysics , Pisa , Italy
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9
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Magalhães J, Franko N, Annunziato G, Welch M, Dolan SK, Bruno A, Mozzarelli A, Armao S, Jirgensons A, Pieroni M, Costantino G, Campanini B. Discovery of novel fragments inhibiting O-acetylserine sulphhydrylase by combining scaffold hopping and ligand-based drug design. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2018; 33:1444-1452. [PMID: 30221554 PMCID: PMC6147075 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2018.1512596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Several bacteria rely on the reductive sulphur assimilation pathway, absent in mammals, to synthesise cysteine. Reduction of virulence and decrease in antibiotic resistance have already been associated with mutations on the genes that codify cysteine biosynthetic enzymes. Therefore, inhibition of cysteine biosynthesis has emerged as a promising strategy to find new potential agents for the treatment of bacterial infection. Following our previous efforts to explore OASS inhibition and to expand and diversify our library, a scaffold hopping approach was carried out, with the aim of identifying a novel fragment for further development. This novel chemical tool, endowed with favourable pharmacological characteristics, was successfully developed, and a preliminary Structure–Activity Relationship investigation was carried out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Magalhães
- a P4T group, Department of Food and Drug , University of Parma , Parma , Italy
| | - Nina Franko
- b Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Food and Drug , University of Parma , Parma , Italy
| | | | - Martin Welch
- c Department of Biochemistry , Cambridge University , Cambridge , United Kingdom
| | - Stephen K Dolan
- c Department of Biochemistry , Cambridge University , Cambridge , United Kingdom
| | - Agostino Bruno
- d Experimental Therapeutics Program , IFOM - The FIRC Institute for Molecular Oncology Foundation , Milano , Italy
| | - Andrea Mozzarelli
- b Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Food and Drug , University of Parma , Parma , Italy.,e National Institute of Biostructures and Biosystems , Rome , Italy.,f Institute of Biophysics, CNR , Pisa , Italy
| | - Stefano Armao
- g Centro Interdipartimentale "Biopharmanet-tec", Università degli Studi di Parma , Parma , Italy
| | | | - Marco Pieroni
- a P4T group, Department of Food and Drug , University of Parma , Parma , Italy
| | - Gabriele Costantino
- a P4T group, Department of Food and Drug , University of Parma , Parma , Italy.,i Centro Interdipartimentale Misure (CIM)'G. Casnati', University of Parma , Parma , Italy
| | - Barbara Campanini
- b Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Food and Drug , University of Parma , Parma , Italy
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10
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Magalhães J, Annunziato G, Franko N, Pieroni M, Campanini B, Bruno A, Costantino G. Integration of Enhanced Sampling Methods with Saturation Transfer Difference Experiments to Identify Protein Druggable Pockets. J Chem Inf Model 2018; 58:710-723. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.7b00733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Joana Magalhães
- Food and Drug Department, P4T group, Parco Area Delle Scienze 27/A−43124, Parma, Italy
| | | | - Nina Franko
- Food and Drug Department, Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Parco Area Delle Scienze 23/A−43124, Parma, Italy
| | - Marco Pieroni
- Food and Drug Department, P4T group, Parco Area Delle Scienze 27/A−43124, Parma, Italy
| | - Barbara Campanini
- Food and Drug Department, Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Parco Area Delle Scienze 23/A−43124, Parma, Italy
| | - Agostino Bruno
- Food and Drug Department, P4T group, Parco Area Delle Scienze 27/A−43124, Parma, Italy
- Experimental Therapeutics Program, IFOM−The FIRC Institute for Molecular Oncology Foundation, Via Adamello 16−20139, Milano, Italy
| | - Gabriele Costantino
- Food and Drug Department, P4T group, Parco Area Delle Scienze 27/A−43124, Parma, Italy
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11
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Benoni R, De Bei O, Paredi G, Hayes CS, Franko N, Mozzarelli A, Bettati S, Campanini B. Modulation of Escherichia coli serine acetyltransferase catalytic activity in the cysteine synthase complex. FEBS Lett 2017; 591:1212-1224. [PMID: 28337759 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Revised: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In bacteria and plants, serine acetyltransferase (CysE) and O-acetylserine sulfhydrylase-A sulfhydrylase (CysK) collaborate to synthesize l-Cys from l-Ser. CysE and CysK bind one another with high affinity to form the cysteine synthase complex (CSC). We demonstrate that bacterial CysE is activated when bound to CysK. CysE activation results from the release of substrate inhibition, with the Ki for l-Ser increasing from 4 mm for free CysE to 16 mm for the CSC. Feedback inhibition of CysE by l-Cys is also relieved in the bacterial CSC. These findings suggest that the CysE active site is allosterically altered by CysK to alleviate substrate and feedback inhibition in the context of the CSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Benoni
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università di Parma, Italy
| | - Omar De Bei
- Dipartimento di Scienze degli Alimenti e del Farmaco, Università di Parma, Italy
| | - Gianluca Paredi
- Centro Interdipartimentale SITEIA.PARMA, Università di Parma, Italy
| | - Christopher S Hayes
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA.,Biomolecular Science and Engineering Program, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Nina Franko
- Dipartimento di Scienze degli Alimenti e del Farmaco, Università di Parma, Italy
| | - Andrea Mozzarelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze degli Alimenti e del Farmaco, Università di Parma, Italy.,INBB (Istituto Nazionale Biostrutture e Biosistemi), Roma, Italy.,Istituto di Biofisica, CNR, Pisa, Italy
| | - Stefano Bettati
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università di Parma, Italy.,INBB (Istituto Nazionale Biostrutture e Biosistemi), Roma, Italy
| | - Barbara Campanini
- Dipartimento di Scienze degli Alimenti e del Farmaco, Università di Parma, Italy
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Annunziato G, Pieroni M, Benoni R, Campanini B, Pertinhez TA, Pecchini C, Bruno A, Magalhães J, Bettati S, Franko N, Mozzarelli A, Costantino G. Cyclopropane-1,2-dicarboxylic acids as new tools for the biophysical investigation of O-acetylserine sulfhydrylases by fluorimetric methods and saturation transfer difference (STD) NMR. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2016; 31:78-87. [DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2016.1218486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Roberto Benoni
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Parma, Parma, Italy,
| | | | - Thelma A. Pertinhez
- Department of Biochemical, Biotechnological and Translational Sciences, University of Parma, Parma, Italy,
- Transfusion Medicine Unit, ASMN-IRCCS, Reggio, Emilia, Italy,
| | | | | | | | - Stefano Bettati
- National Institute of Biostructures and Biosystems, Rome, Italy, and
| | | | - Andrea Mozzarelli
- Department of Pharmacy, and
- National Institute of Biostructures and Biosystems, Rome, Italy, and
- Institute of Biophysics, CNR, Pisa, Italy
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