1
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The Need for Inspiration and Admiration. FUNCTION 2024; 5:zqae001. [PMID: 38229913 PMCID: PMC10790340 DOI: 10.1093/function/zqae001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024] Open
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2
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How Do We Clean Up the Scientific Record? FUNCTION 2023; 4:zqad055. [PMID: 37841522 PMCID: PMC10568198 DOI: 10.1093/function/zqad055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
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3
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What Does Physiological Mean? FUNCTION 2023; 4:zqad042. [PMID: 37601812 PMCID: PMC10433090 DOI: 10.1093/function/zqad042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
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4
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Are Scientists Sufficiently Ambitious? Season 2. FUNCTION 2023; 4:zqad032. [PMID: 37361193 PMCID: PMC10290528 DOI: 10.1093/function/zqad032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
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5
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Physiology and Pathophysiology 2023. FUNCTION (OXFORD, ENGLAND) 2023; 4:zqad005. [PMID: 36788946 PMCID: PMC9912100 DOI: 10.1093/function/zqad005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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6
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The 2022 George E Palade Medal Lecture: Toxic Ca 2+ signals in acinar, stellate and endogenous immune cells are important drivers of acute pancreatitis. Pancreatology 2023; 23:1-8. [PMID: 36539315 PMCID: PMC10809214 DOI: 10.1016/j.pan.2022.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
In this account of the 2022 Palade Medal Lecture, an attempt is made to explain, as simply as possible, the most essential features of normal physiological control of pancreatic enzyme secretion, as they have emerged from more than 50 years of experimental work. On that basis, further studies on the mechanism by which acute pancreatitis is initiated are then described. Calcium ion signaling is crucially important for both the normal physiology of secretion control as well as for the development of acute pancreatitis. Although acinar cell processes have, rightly, been central to our understanding of pancreatic physiology and pathophysiology, attention is here drawn to the additional critical influence of calcium signaling events in stellate and immune cells in the acinar environment. These signals contribute significantly to the crucially important inflammatory response in acute pancreatitis.
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7
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Watching Living Cells in Action in the Exocrine Pancreas: The Palade Prize Lecture. FUNCTION 2022; 4:zqac061. [PMID: 36606242 PMCID: PMC9809903 DOI: 10.1093/function/zqac061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
George Palade's pioneering electron microscopical studies of the pancreatic acinar cell revealed the intracellular secretory pathway from the rough endoplasmic reticulum at the base of the cell to the zymogen granules in the apical region. Palade also described for the first time the final stage of exocytotic enzyme secretion into the acinar lumen. The contemporary studies of the mechanism by which secretion is acutely controlled, and how the pancreas is destroyed in the disease acute pancreatitis, rely on monitoring molecular events in the various identified pancreatic cell types in the living pancreas. These studies have been carried out with the help of high-resolution fluorescence recordings, often in conjunction with patch clamp current measurements. In such studies we have gained much detailed information about the regulatory events in the exocrine pancreas in health as well as disease, and new therapeutic opportunities have been revealed.
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8
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The Song of the Earth. FUNCTION (OXFORD, ENGLAND) 2022; 3:zqac057. [PMID: 36415782 PMCID: PMC9677533 DOI: 10.1093/function/zqac057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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9
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An American Physiological Society cross-journal Call for Papers on "The Physiology of Obesity". Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2022; 323:L593-L602. [PMID: 36223636 PMCID: PMC9665636 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00335.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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10
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Are Scientists Sufficiently Ambitious? FUNCTION (OXFORD, ENGLAND) 2022; 3:zqac048. [PMID: 36186918 PMCID: PMC9516153 DOI: 10.1093/function/zqac048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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11
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Local Ca 2+ Signaling Domains: The Balancing Act between CRAC Channels and Plasma Membrane Ca 2+ Pumps. FUNCTION (OXFORD, ENGLAND) 2022; 3:zqac045. [PMID: 36159630 PMCID: PMC9496938 DOI: 10.1093/function/zqac045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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12
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Why Are Scientists Not Providing More Leadership in the World? FUNCTION (OXFORD, ENGLAND) 2022; 3:zqac035. [PMID: 36160319 PMCID: PMC9492242 DOI: 10.1093/function/zqac035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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13
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The Responsibility of Scientists in a Time of War. FUNCTION (OXFORD, ENGLAND) 2022; 3:zqac023. [PMID: 36156893 PMCID: PMC9492156 DOI: 10.1093/function/zqac023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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14
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Editorial Statement. FUNCTION (OXFORD, ENGLAND) 2022; 3:zqac014. [PMID: 35399491 PMCID: PMC8991012 DOI: 10.1093/function/zqac014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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15
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Electrophysiology of Exocrine Gland Cells. Bioelectricity 2022. [DOI: 10.1089/bioe.2022.0011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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16
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SARS-CoV-2 S Protein Subunit 1 Elicits Ca 2+ Influx - Dependent Ca 2+ Signals in Pancreatic Stellate Cells and Macrophages In Situ. FUNCTION (OXFORD, ENGLAND) 2022; 3:zqac002. [PMID: 35284826 PMCID: PMC8903325 DOI: 10.1093/function/zqac002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The S protein subunit 1 (S1) of SARS-CoV-2 is known to be responsible for the binding of the virus to host cell receptors, but the initial intracellular signalling steps following receptor activation of cells in the exocrine pancreas are unknown. Using an intact live mouse pancreatic lobule preparation, we observed that S1 elicited Ca2+ signals in stellate cells and macrophages, but not in the dominant acinar cells. The Ca2+ signals occurred mostly in the form of repetitive Ca2+ spikes. The probability of observing Ca2+ signals depended on the S1 concentration. The threshold was close to 70 nM, whereas at 600 nM, all cells responded. The SARS-Cov-2 nucleocapsid protein did not elicit any Ca2+ signals in any of the three cell types tested. The S1-induced Ca2+ signals in stellate cells started much faster (122 ± 37s) than those in macrophages (468 ± 68s). Furthermore, the interleukin-18 binding protein (IL-18BP) abolished the responses in macrophages without affecting the Ca2+ signals in stellate cells. The S1-elicited Ca2+ signals were completely dependent on the presence of external Ca2+ and were abolished by a selective inhibitor (CM4620) of Orai1 Ca2+ Release Activated Ca2+ channels. SARS-CoV-2 may contribute to acute pancreatitis, an often fatal inflammatory human disease. The S1-elicited Ca2+ signals we have observed in the pancreatic stellate cells and endogenous macrophages may play an important part in the development of the inflammatory process.
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Recurrent acute pancreatitis prevention by the elimination of alcohol and ciga rette smoking (REAPPEAR): protocol of a randomised controlled trial and a cohort study. BMJ Open 2022; 12:e050821. [PMID: 34983758 PMCID: PMC8728419 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-050821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Acute recurrent pancreatitis (ARP) due to alcohol and/or tobacco abuse is a preventable disease which lowers quality of life and can lead to chronic pancreatitis. The REAPPEAR study aims to investigate whether a combined patient education and cessation programme for smoking and alcohol prevents ARP. METHODS AND ANALYSIS The REAPPEAR study consists of an international multicentre randomised controlled trial (REAPPEAR-T) testing the efficacy of a cessation programme on alcohol and smoking and a prospective cohort study (REAPPEAR-C) assessing the effects of change in alcohol consumption and smoking (irrespective of intervention). Daily smoker patients hospitalised with alcohol-induced acute pancreatitis (AP) will be enrolled. All patients will receive a standard intervention priorly to encourage alcohol and smoking cessation. Participants will be subjected to laboratory testing, measurement of blood pressure and body mass index and will provide blood, hair and urine samples for later biomarker analysis. Addiction, motivation to change, socioeconomic status and quality of life will be evaluated with questionnaires. In the trial, patients will be randomised either to the cessation programme with 3-monthly visits or to the control group with annual visits. Participants of the cessation programme will receive a brief intervention at every visit with direct feedback on their alcohol consumption based on laboratory results. The primary endpoint will be the composite of 2-year all-cause recurrence rate of AP and/or 2-year all-cause mortality. The cost-effectiveness of the cessation programme will be evaluated. An estimated 182 participants will be enrolled per group to the REAPPEAR-T with further enrolment to the cohort. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION The study was approved by the Scientific and Research Ethics Committee of the Hungarian Medical Research Council (40394-10/2020/EÜIG), all local ethical approvals are in place. Results will be disseminated at conferences and in peer-reviewed journals. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT04647097.
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Do We Need a Different Debate About How to Manage Pandemics? FUNCTION (OXFORD, ENGLAND) 2022; 3:zqab075. [PMID: 35402919 PMCID: PMC8991021 DOI: 10.1093/function/zqab075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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19
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Is CD38 involved in Ca 2+ signalling elicited by activation of T cell receptors? Cell Calcium 2021; 101:102524. [PMID: 34971841 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2021.102524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A recent publication proposes that T cell receptor activation elicits formation of the Ca2+ releasing messenger NAADP from NAADPH, catalysed by the NADPH oxidase DUOX. This is in contrast to the hitherto prevailing view that CD38 is critical for NAADP formation. Is it time to reassess the role of CD38?
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20
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Inequality of Research Funding between Different Countries and Regions is a Serious Problem for Global Science. FUNCTION 2021; 2:zqab060. [PMID: 35330794 PMCID: PMC8788724 DOI: 10.1093/function/zqab060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023] Open
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21
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Bradykinin, COVID-19, and Pancreatitis, a Personal Perspective. FUNCTION (OXFORD, ENGLAND) 2021; 2:zqab046. [PMID: 34642664 PMCID: PMC8499886 DOI: 10.1093/function/zqab046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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22
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When a Discovery Is a Rediscovery: Do We Know the History of Our Own Subject? FUNCTION (OXFORD, ENGLAND) 2021; 2:zqab030. [PMID: 35330619 PMCID: PMC8788861 DOI: 10.1093/function/zqab030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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23
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Abstract
This review deals with the roles of calcium ions and ATP in the control of the normal functions of the different cell types in the exocrine pancreas as well as the roles of these molecules in the pathophysiology of acute pancreatitis. Repetitive rises in the local cytosolic calcium ion concentration in the apical part of the acinar cells not only activate exocytosis but also, via an increase in the intramitochondrial calcium ion concentration, stimulate the ATP formation that is needed to fuel the energy-requiring secretion process. However, intracellular calcium overload, resulting in a global sustained elevation of the cytosolic calcium ion concentration, has the opposite effect of decreasing mitochondrial ATP production, and this initiates processes that lead to necrosis. In the last few years it has become possible to image calcium signaling events simultaneously in acinar, stellate, and immune cells in intact lobules of the exocrine pancreas. This has disclosed processes by which these cells interact with each other, particularly in relation to the initiation and development of acute pancreatitis. By unraveling the molecular mechanisms underlying this disease, several promising therapeutic intervention sites have been identified. This provides hope that we may soon be able to effectively treat this often fatal disease.
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FUNCTION Is One Year Old: How Did We Do? FUNCTION 2021; 2:zqab023. [PMID: 35330680 PMCID: PMC8788875 DOI: 10.1093/function/zqab023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
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25
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Kafka and Asking the Right Question at the Right Time. FUNCTION (OXFORD, ENGLAND) 2021; 2:zqab013. [PMID: 35330819 PMCID: PMC8788746 DOI: 10.1093/function/zqab013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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26
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Different Effects of Alcohol on the Liver and the Pancreas. FUNCTION (OXFORD, ENGLAND) 2021; 2:zqab008. [PMID: 35330811 PMCID: PMC8788802 DOI: 10.1093/function/zqab008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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27
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Acid Tests and the Hope for Adequate Oxygen Intake in 2021. FUNCTION 2020; 2:zqaa035. [PMID: 35330973 PMCID: PMC8788873 DOI: 10.1093/function/zqaa035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
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Calcium Signaling in Pancreatic Immune Cells In situ. FUNCTION (OXFORD, ENGLAND) 2020; 2:zqaa026. [PMID: 35330972 PMCID: PMC8788766 DOI: 10.1093/function/zqaa026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Immune cells were identified in intact live mouse pancreatic lobules and their Ca2+ signals, evoked by various agents, characterized and compared with the simultaneously recorded Ca2+ signals in neighboring acinar and stellate cells. Immunochemistry in the live lobules indicated that the pancreatic immune cells most likely are macrophages. In the normal pancreas the density of these cells is very low, but induction of acute pancreatitis (AP), by a combination of ethanol and fatty acids, markedly increased the number of the immune cells. The principal agent eliciting Ca2+ signals in the pancreatic immune cells was ATP, but these cells also frequently produced Ca2+ signals in response to acetylcholine and to high concentrations of bradykinin. Pharmacological studies, using specific purinergic agonists and antagonists, indicated that the ATP-elicited Ca2+ signals were mediated by both P2Y1 and P2Y13 receptors. The pancreatic immune cells were not electrically excitable and the Ca2+ signals generated by ATP were primarily due to release of Ca2+ from internal stores followed by store-operated Ca2+ entry through Ca2+ release-activated Ca2+ channels. The ATP-induced intracellular Ca2+ liberation was dependent on both IP3 generation and IP3 receptors. We propose that the ATP-elicited Ca2+ signal generation in the pancreatic immune cells is likely to play an important role in the severe inflammatory response to the primary injury of the acinar cells that occurs in AP.
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Science and Scientific Advice in a Time of Crisis. FUNCTION (OXFORD, ENGLAND) 2020; 1:zqaa025. [PMID: 35330638 PMCID: PMC8788782 DOI: 10.1093/function/zqaa025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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The ARRIVE guidelines 2.0: Updated guidelines for reporting animal research. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2020; 40:1769-1777. [PMID: 32663096 PMCID: PMC7430098 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x20943823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 499] [Impact Index Per Article: 124.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Reproducible science requires transparent reporting. The ARRIVE guidelines (Animal Research: Reporting of In Vivo Experiments) were originally developed in 2010 to improve the reporting of animal research. They consist of a checklist of information to include in publications describing in vivo experiments to enable others to scrutinise the work adequately, evaluate its methodological rigour, and reproduce the methods and results. Despite considerable levels of endorsement by funders and journals over the years, adherence to the guidelines has been inconsistent, and the anticipated improvements in the quality of reporting in animal research publications have not been achieved. Here, we introduce ARRIVE 2.0. The guidelines have been updated and information reorganised to facilitate their use in practice. We used a Delphi exercise to prioritise and divide the items of the guidelines into 2 sets, the "ARRIVE Essential 10," which constitutes the minimum requirement, and the "Recommended Set," which describes the research context. This division facilitates improved reporting of animal research by supporting a stepwise approach to implementation. This helps journal editors and reviewers verify that the most important items are being reported in manuscripts. We have also developed the accompanying Explanation and Elaboration document, which serves (1) to explain the rationale behind each item in the guidelines, (2) to clarify key concepts, and (3) to provide illustrative examples. We aim, through these changes, to help ensure that researchers, reviewers, and journal editors are better equipped to improve the rigour and transparency of the scientific process and thus reproducibility.
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The ARRIVE guidelines 2.0: updated guidelines for reporting animal research. J Physiol 2020; 598:3793-3801. [PMID: 32666574 PMCID: PMC7610696 DOI: 10.1113/jp280389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Reproducible science requires transparent reporting. The ARRIVE guidelines (Animal Research: Reporting of In Vivo Experiments) were originally developed in 2010 to improve the reporting of animal research. They consist of a checklist of information to include in publications describing in vivo experiments to enable others to scrutinise the work adequately, evaluate its methodological rigour, and reproduce the methods and results. Despite considerable levels of endorsement by funders and journals over the years, adherence to the guidelines has been inconsistent, and the anticipated improvements in the quality of reporting in animal research publications have not been achieved. Here, we introduce ARRIVE 2.0. The guidelines have been updated and information reorganised to facilitate their use in practice. We used a Delphi exercise to prioritise and divide the items of the guidelines into 2 sets, the 'ARRIVE Essential 10,' which constitutes the minimum requirement, and the 'Recommended Set,' which describes the research context. This division facilitates improved reporting of animal research by supporting a stepwise approach to implementation. This helps journal editors and reviewers verify that the most important items are being reported in manuscripts. We have also developed the accompanying Explanation and Elaboration document, which serves (1) to explain the rationale behind each item in the guidelines, (2) to clarify key concepts, and (3) to provide illustrative examples. We aim, through these changes, to help ensure that researchers, reviewers, and journal editors are better equipped to improve the rigour and transparency of the scientific process and thus reproducibility.
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Abstract
Reproducible science requires transparent reporting. The ARRIVE guidelines (Animal Research: Reporting of In Vivo Experiments) were originally developed in 2010 to improve the reporting of animal research. They consist of a checklist of information to include in publications describing in vivo experiments to enable others to scrutinise the work adequately, evaluate its methodological rigour, and reproduce the methods and results. Despite considerable levels of endorsement by funders and journals over the years, adherence to the guidelines has been inconsistent, and the anticipated improvements in the quality of reporting in animal research publications have not been achieved. Here, we introduce ARRIVE 2.0. The guidelines have been updated and information reorganised to facilitate their use in practice. We used a Delphi exercise to prioritise and divide the items of the guidelines into 2 sets, the "ARRIVE Essential 10," which constitutes the minimum requirement, and the "Recommended Set," which describes the research context. This division facilitates improved reporting of animal research by supporting a stepwise approach to implementation. This helps journal editors and reviewers verify that the most important items are being reported in manuscripts. We have also developed the accompanying Explanation and Elaboration document, which serves (1) to explain the rationale behind each item in the guidelines, (2) to clarify key concepts, and (3) to provide illustrative examples. We aim, through these changes, to help ensure that researchers, reviewers, and journal editors are better equipped to improve the rigour and transparency of the scientific process and thus reproducibility.
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Editorial: Spotlight on the Background Actors - Physiology and Pathophysiology of Supporting, Accessory and Less Common Cell Types in the Gastrointestinal Tract. Front Physiol 2020; 11:766. [PMID: 32792968 PMCID: PMC7385371 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
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34
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Abstract
Reproducible science requires transparent reporting. The ARRIVE guidelines (Animal Research: Reporting of In Vivo Experiments) were originally developed in 2010 to improve the reporting of animal research. They consist of a checklist of information to include in publications describing in vivo experiments to enable others to scrutinise the work adequately, evaluate its methodological rigour, and reproduce the methods and results. Despite considerable levels of endorsement by funders and journals over the years, adherence to the guidelines has been inconsistent, and the anticipated improvements in the quality of reporting in animal research publications have not been achieved. Here, we introduce ARRIVE 2.0. The guidelines have been updated and information reorganised to facilitate their use in practice. We used a Delphi exercise to prioritise and divide the items of the guidelines into 2 sets, the "ARRIVE Essential 10," which constitutes the minimum requirement, and the "Recommended Set," which describes the research context. This division facilitates improved reporting of animal research by supporting a stepwise approach to implementation. This helps journal editors and reviewers verify that the most important items are being reported in manuscripts. We have also developed the accompanying Explanation and Elaboration (E&E) document, which serves (1) to explain the rationale behind each item in the guidelines, (2) to clarify key concepts, and (3) to provide illustrative examples. We aim, through these changes, to help ensure that researchers, reviewers, and journal editors are better equipped to improve the rigour and transparency of the scientific process and thus reproducibility.
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Abstract
Reproducible science requires transparent reporting. The ARRIVE guidelines (Animal Research: Reporting of In Vivo Experiments) were originally developed in 2010 to improve the reporting of animal research. They consist of a checklist of information to include in publications describing in vivo experiments to enable others to scrutinise the work adequately, evaluate its methodological rigour and reproduce the methods and results. Despite considerable levels of endorsement by funders and journals over the years, adherence to the guidelines has been inconsistent, and the anticipated improvements in the quality of reporting in animal research publications have not been achieved. Here, we introduce ARRIVE 2.0. The guidelines have been updated and information reorganised to facilitate their use in practice. We used a Delphi exercise to prioritise and divide the items of the guidelines into two sets, the 'ARRIVE Essential 10', which constitutes the minimum requirement, and the 'Recommended Set', which describes the research context. This division facilitates improved reporting of animal research by supporting a stepwise approach to implementation. This helps journal editors and reviewers verify that the most important items are being reported in manuscripts. We have also developed the accompanying Explanation and Elaboration document, which serves (1) to explain the rationale behind each item in the guidelines, (2) to clarify key concepts and (3) to provide illustrative examples. We aim, through these changes, to help ensure that researchers, reviewers and journal editors are better equipped to improve the rigour and transparency of the scientific process and thus reproducibility.
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Abstract
Reproducible science requires transparent reporting. The ARRIVE guidelines (Animal Research: Reporting of In Vivo Experiments) were originally developed in 2010 to improve the reporting of animal research. They consist of a checklist of information to include in publications describing in vivo experiments to enable others to scrutinise the work adequately, evaluate its methodological rigour, and reproduce the methods and results. Despite considerable levels of endorsement by funders and journals over the years, adherence to the guidelines has been inconsistent, and the anticipated improvements in the quality of reporting in animal research publications have not been achieved. Here, we introduce ARRIVE 2.0. The guidelines have been updated and information reorganised to facilitate their use in practice. We used a Delphi exercise to prioritise and divide the items of the guidelines into 2 sets, the "ARRIVE Essential 10," which constitutes the minimum requirement, and the "Recommended Set," which describes the research context. This division facilitates improved reporting of animal research by supporting a stepwise approach to implementation. This helps journal editors and reviewers verify that the most important items are being reported in manuscripts. We have also developed the accompanying Explanation and Elaboration document, which serves (1) to explain the rationale behind each item in the guidelines, (2) to clarify key concepts, and (3) to provide illustrative examples. We aim, through these changes, to help ensure that researchers, reviewers, and journal editors are better equipped to improve the rigour and transparency of the scientific process and thus reproducibility.
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Abstract
Improving the reproducibility of biomedical research is a major challenge. Transparent and accurate reporting is vital to this process; it allows readers to assess the reliability of the findings and repeat or build upon the work of other researchers. The ARRIVE guidelines (Animal Research: Reporting In Vivo Experiments) were developed in 2010 to help authors and journals identify the minimum information necessary to report in publications describing in vivo experiments. Despite widespread endorsement by the scientific community, the impact of ARRIVE on the transparency of reporting in animal research publications has been limited. We have revised the ARRIVE guidelines to update them and facilitate their use in practice. The revised guidelines are published alongside this paper. This explanation and elaboration document was developed as part of the revision. It provides further information about each of the 21 items in ARRIVE 2.0, including the rationale and supporting evidence for their inclusion in the guidelines, elaboration of details to report, and examples of good reporting from the published literature. This document also covers advice and best practice in the design and conduct of animal studies to support researchers in improving standards from the start of the experimental design process through to publication.
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Abstract
Reproducible science requires transparent reporting. The ARRIVE guidelines (Animal Research: Reporting of In Vivo Experiments) were originally developed in 2010 to improve the reporting of animal research. They consist of a checklist of information to include in publications describing in vivo experiments to enable others to scrutinise the work adequately, evaluate its methodological rigour, and reproduce the methods and results. Despite considerable levels of endorsement by funders and journals over the years, adherence to the guidelines has been inconsistent, and the anticipated improvements in the quality of reporting in animal research publications have not been achieved. Here, we introduce ARRIVE 2.0. The guidelines have been updated and information reorganised to facilitate their use in practice. We used a Delphi exercise to prioritise and divide the items of the guidelines into 2 sets, the "ARRIVE Essential 10," which constitutes the minimum requirement, and the "Recommended Set," which describes the research context. This division facilitates improved reporting of animal research by supporting a stepwise approach to implementation. This helps journal editors and reviewers verify that the most important items are being reported in manuscripts. We have also developed the accompanying Explanation and Elaboration (E&E) document, which serves (1) to explain the rationale behind each item in the guidelines, (2) to clarify key concepts, and (3) to provide illustrative examples. We aim, through these changes, to help ensure that researchers, reviewers, and journal editors are better equipped to improve the rigour and transparency of the scientific process and thus reproducibility.
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Endocytic uptake of SARS-CoV-2: the critical roles of pH, Ca 2+, and NAADP. FUNCTION 2020; 1:zqaa003. [PMID: 38626245 PMCID: PMC7313979 DOI: 10.1093/function/zqaa003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
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Abstract
The article is an 'In Memoriam' article honouring the memory of Sir Michael Berridge.
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EarLy Elimination of Fatty Acids iN hypertriglyceridemia-induced acuTe pancreatitis (ELEFANT trial): Protocol of an open-label, multicenter, adaptive randomized clinical trial. Pancreatology 2020; 20:369-376. [PMID: 31959416 DOI: 10.1016/j.pan.2019.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Acute pancreatitis (AP) is a life-threatening inflammatory disease, with no specific pharmacological treatment. However, concerning some etiologies, early specific intervention (such as ERCP in biliary AP) has proven to be remarkably beneficial. Hypertriglyceridemia (HTG) induces severe pancreatic damage by several direct (cellular damage) and indirect (deterioration of microcirculation) mechanisms. Published data suggest that early removal of triglycerides (TGs) and toxic free fatty acids (FFAs) may be advantageous; however, high-quality evidence is still missing in the literature. METHODS Design: ELEFANT is a randomized controlled, multicenter, international trial testing the concept that early elimination of TGs and FFAs from the blood is beneficial in HTG-AP. The study will be performed with the adaptive "drop-the-loser" design, which supports the possibility of dropping the inferior treatment arm, based on the results of the interim analysis. Patients with HTG-AP defined by TG level over 11.3 mmol/l (1000 mg/dL) are randomized into three groups: (A) patients who undergo plasmapheresis and receive aggressive fluid resuscitation; (B) patients who receive insulin and heparin treatment with aggressive fluid resuscitation; and (C) patients with aggressive fluid resuscitation. Please note that all intervention must be started within 48 h from the onset of abdominal pain. Exclusion criteria are designed logically to decrease the possibility of any distorting effects of other diseases. The composite primary endpoint will include both severity and mortality. RESULTS Our null hypothesis is that early elimination of HTG and FFAs reduces the risk of mortality and severity of AP. Sample size calculation suggests that 495 patients will need to be enrolled in order to confirm or reject the hypothesis with a 10% dropout, 80% power and 95% significance level. The general safety and quality checks required for high-quality evidence will be adhered to. The study will be organized between February 2020 and December 2025. CONCLUSION Our study would provide the first direct evidence for or against early intervention in HTG-induced AP.
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LIFEStyle, Prevention and Risk of Acute PaNcreatitis (LIFESPAN): protocol of a multicentre and multinational observational case-control study. BMJ Open 2020; 10:e029660. [PMID: 31911510 PMCID: PMC6955557 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2019-029660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Acute pancreatitis (AP) is a life-threatening inflammatory disease of the exocrine pancreas which needs acute hospitalisation. Despite its importance, we have significant lack of knowledge whether the lifestyle factors elevate or decrease the risk of AP or influence the disease outcome. So far, no synthetising study has been carried out examining associations between socioeconomic factors, dietary habits, physical activity, chronic stress, sleep quality and AP. Accordingly, LIFESPAN identifies risk factors of acute pancreatitis and helps to prepare preventive recommendations for lifestyle elements. METHODS AND ANALYSIS LIFESPAN is an observational, multicentre international case-control study. Participating subjects will create case and control groups. The study protocol was designed according to the SPIRIT guideline. Patients in the case group (n=1700) have suffered from AP (alcohol-induced, n=500; biliary, n=500; hypertriglyceridemiainduced, n=200; other, n=500); the control group subjects have no AP in their medical history. Our study will have three major control groups (n=2200): hospital-based (n=500), population-based (n=500) and aetiology-based (alcohol, n=500; biliary, n=500 and hypertriglyceridemia, n=200). All of them will be matched to the case group individually by gender, age and location of residence. Aggregately, 3900 subjects will be enrolled into the study. The study participants will complete a complex questionnaire with the help of a clinical research administrator/study nurse. Analysis methods include analysis of the continuous and categorical values. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION The study has obtained the relevant ethical approval (54175-2/2018/EKU) and also internationally registered (ISRCTN25940508). After obtaining the final conclusions, we will publish the data to the medical community and will also disseminate our results via open access. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER ISRCTN25940508; Pre-results.
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One or Two Ca 2+ Stores in the Neuronal Endoplasmic Reticulum? Trends Neurosci 2019; 42:755-757. [PMID: 31623868 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2019.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
It is generally accepted that the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) has one continuous lumen and operates as one unified Ca2+ store, but new data from Chen-Engerer et al. in hippocampal neurons now challenge this idea and indicate that receptors for inositol trisphosphate (IP3) and ryanodine may be located in two functionally distinct Ca2+ stores. Are both these stores in the ER?
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute pancreatitis (AP) is an inflammatory condition that can lead to late consequences. Recurrent AP (RAP) develops in 20% of patients and chronic pancreatitis (CP) occurs in 7%-12.8%. However, we do not have sufficient information to establish an evidence-based statement to define early CP, or how to prevent its development. AIM The aim of this study was to understand the influencing factors and to determine which parameters should be measured or used as a biomarker to detect the early phase of CP. METHODS/DESIGN This is an observational prospective follow-up study of the GOULASH-trial (ISRTCN 63827758) in which (1) all severity of pancreatitis are included; (2) patients receive only therapeutic modalities which are accepted by the evidence based medicine (EBM) guideline; (3) whole blood, serum and plasma samples are stored in our biobank; and (4) large amount of variables are collected and kept in our electronic database including anamnestic data, physical examination, laboratory parameters, imaging, therapy and complications. Therefore, this fully characterised patient cohort are well suitable for this longitudinal follow-up study. Patients' selection: patients enrolled in the GOULASH study will be offered to join to the longitudinal study. The follow-up will be at 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 years after the episode of AP. Anamnestic data will be collected by questionnaires: (1) diet history questionnaire, (2) 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey, (3) physical activity questionnaire and (4) stress questionnaire. Genetic tests will be performed for the genes associated with CP. The exocrine and endocrine pancreatic, liver and kidney functions will be determined by laboratory tests, stool sample analyses and imaging. Cost-effectiveness will be analysed to examine the relationship between events of interest and health-related quality of life or to explore subgroup differences. CONCLUSION This study will provide information about the risk and influencing factors leading to CP and identify the most useful measurable parameters. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER ISRCTN63396106.
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Endoscopic sphincterotoMy for delayIng choLecystectomy in mild acute biliarY pancreatitis (EMILY study): protocol of a multicentre randomised clinical trial. BMJ Open 2019; 9:e025551. [PMID: 31289058 PMCID: PMC6629406 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2018-025551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION According to the literature, early cholecystectomy is necessary to avoid complications related to gallstones after an initial episode of acute biliary pancreatitis (ABP). A randomised, controlled multicentre trial (the PONCHO trial) revealed that in the case of gallstone-induced pancreatitis, early cholecystectomy was safe in patients with mild gallstone pancreatitis and reduced the risk of recurrent gallstone-related complications, as compared with interval cholecystectomy. We hypothesise that carrying out a sphincterotomy (ES) allows us to delay cholecystectomy, thus making it logistically easier to perform and potentially increasing the efficacy and safety of the procedure. METHODS/DESIGN EMILY is a prospective, randomised, controlled multicentre trial. All patients with mild ABP, who underwent ES during the index admission or in the medical history will be informed to take part in EMILY study. The patients will be randomised into two groups: (1) early cholecystectomy (within 6 days after discharge) and (2) patients with delayed (interval) cholecystectomy (between 45 and 60 days after discharge). During a 12-month period, 93 patients will be enrolled from participating clinics. The primary endpoint is a composite endpoint of mortality and recurrent acute biliary events (that is, recurrent ABP, acute cholecystitis, uncomplicated biliary colic and cholangitis). The secondary endpoints are organ failure, biliary leakage, technical difficulty of the cholecystectomy, surgical and other complications. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION The trial has been registered internationally ISRCTN 10667869, and approved by the relevant organisation, the Scientific and Research Ethics Committee of the Hungarian Medical Research Council (EKU/2018/12176-5). TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER ISCRTN 10667869; Pre-results.
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ABT-199 (Venetoclax), a BH3-mimetic Bcl-2 inhibitor, does not cause Ca 2+ -signalling dysregulation or toxicity in pancreatic acinar cells. Br J Pharmacol 2018; 176:4402-4415. [PMID: 30266036 PMCID: PMC6887725 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Revised: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Many cancer cells depend on anti-apoptotic B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) proteins for their survival. Bcl-2 antagonism through Bcl-2 homology 3 (BH3) mimetics has emerged as a novel anti-cancer therapy. ABT-199 (Venetoclax), a recently developed BH3 mimetic that selectively inhibits Bcl-2, was introduced into the clinic for treatment of relapsed chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Early generations of Bcl-2 inhibitors evoked sustained Ca2+ responses in pancreatic acinar cells (PACs) inducing cell death. Therefore, BH3 mimetics could potentially be toxic for the pancreas when used to treat cancer. Although ABT-199 was shown to kill Bcl-2-dependent cancer cells without affecting intracellular Ca2+ signalling, its effects on PACs have not yet been determined. Hence, it is essential and timely to assess whether this recently approved anti-leukaemic drug might potentially have pancreatotoxic effects. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Single-cell Ca2+ measurements and cell death analysis were performed on isolated mouse PACs. KEY RESULTS Inhibition of Bcl-2 via ABT-199 did not elicit intracellular Ca2+ signalling on its own or potentiate Ca2+ signalling induced by physiological/pathophysiological stimuli in PACs. Although ABT-199 did not affect cell death in PACs, under conditions that killed ABT-199-sensitive cancer cells, cytosolic Ca2+ extrusion was slightly enhanced in the presence of ABT-199. In contrast, inhibition of Bcl-xL potentiated pathophysiological Ca2+ responses in PACs, without exacerbating cell death. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS Our results demonstrate that apart from having a modest effect on cytosolic Ca2+ extrusion, ABT-199 does not substantially alter intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis in normal PACs and should be safe for the pancreas during cancer treatment. LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on Mitochondrial Pharmacology: Featured Mechanisms and Approaches for Therapy Translation. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v176.22/issuetoc.
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Galactose protects against cell damage in mouse models of acute pancreatitis. J Clin Invest 2018; 128:3769-3778. [PMID: 29893744 PMCID: PMC6118583 DOI: 10.1172/jci94714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute pancreatitis (AP), a human disease in which the pancreas digests itself, has substantial mortality with no specific therapy. The major causes of AP are alcohol abuse and gallstone complications, but it also occurs as an important side effect of the standard asparaginase-based therapy for childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Previous investigations into the mechanisms underlying pancreatic acinar cell death induced by alcohol metabolites, bile acids, or asparaginase indicated that loss of intracellular ATP generation is an important factor. We now report that, in isolated mouse pancreatic acinar cells or cell clusters, removal of extracellular glucose had little effect on this ATP loss, suggesting that glucose metabolism was severely inhibited under these conditions. Surprisingly, we show that replacing glucose with galactose prevented or markedly reduced the loss of ATP and any subsequent necrosis. Addition of pyruvate had a similar protective effect. We also studied the effect of galactose in vivo in mouse models of AP induced either by a combination of fatty acids and ethanol or asparaginase. In both cases, galactose markedly reduced acinar necrosis and inflammation. Based on these data, we suggest that galactose feeding may be used to protect against AP.
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BH4 domain peptides derived from Bcl-2/Bcl-XL as novel tools against acute pancreatitis. Cell Death Discov 2018; 4:58. [PMID: 29760956 PMCID: PMC5945673 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-018-0054-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Revised: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Biliary acute pancreatitis (AP) is a serious condition, which currently has no specific treatment. Taurolithocholic acid 3-sulfate (TLC-S) is one of the most potent bile acids causing cytosolic Ca2+ overload in pancreatic acinar cells (PACs), which results in premature activation of digestive enzymes and necrosis, hallmarks of AP. The inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor (IP3R) and the ryanodine receptor (RyR) play major roles in intracellular Ca2+ signaling. Inhibition of these endoplasmic reticulum-located channels suppresses TLC-S-induced Ca2+ release and necrosis, decreasing the severity of AP. Anti-apoptotic B-cell lymphoma (Bcl)-2-family members, such as Bcl-2 and Bcl-XL, have emerged as important modulators of IP3Rs and RyRs. These proteins contain four Bcl-2 homology (BH) domains of which the N-terminal BH4 domain exerts critical roles in regulating intracellular Ca2+ release channels. The BH4 domain of Bcl-2, but not of Bcl-XL, binds to and inhibits IP3Rs, whereas both BH4 domains inhibit RyRs. Although clear cytoprotective effects have been reported for these BH4 domains, it remains unclear whether they are capable of inhibiting pathological Ca2+-overload, associated with AP. Here we demonstrate in PACs that the BH4 domains of Bcl-2 and Bcl-XL inhibit RyR activity in response to the physiological agonist cholecystokinin. In addition, these BH4 domains inhibit pathophysiological TLC-S-induced Ca2+ overload in PACs via RyR inhibition, which in turn protects these cells from TLC-S-induced necrosis. This study shows for the first time the therapeutic potential of BH4 domain function by inhibiting pathological RyR-mediated Ca2+ release and necrosis, events that trigger AP.
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