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Wang SY, Baker KC, Culbreth JL, Tracy O, Arora M, Liu T, Morris S, Collins MB, Wamsley EJ. 'Sleep-dependent' memory consolidation? Brief periods of post-training rest and sleep provide an equivalent benefit for both declarative and procedural memory. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 28:195-203. [PMID: 34011516 PMCID: PMC8139635 DOI: 10.1101/lm.053330.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Sleep following learning facilitates the consolidation of memories. This effect has often been attributed to sleep-specific factors, such as the presence of sleep spindles or slow waves in the electroencephalogram (EEG). However, recent studies suggest that simply resting quietly while awake could confer a similar memory benefit. In the current study, we examined the effects of sleep, quiet rest, and active wakefulness on the consolidation of declarative and procedural memory. We hypothesized that sleep and eyes-closed quiet rest would both benefit memory compared with a period of active wakefulness. After completing a declarative and a procedural memory task, participants began a 30-min retention period with PSG (polysomnographic) monitoring, in which they either slept (n = 24), quietly rested with their eyes closed (n = 22), or completed a distractor task (n = 29). Following the retention period, participants were again tested on their memory for the two learning tasks. As hypothesized, sleep and quiet rest both led to better performance on the declarative and procedural memory tasks than did the distractor task. Moreover, the performance advantages conferred by rest were indistinguishable from those of sleep. These data suggest that neurobiology specific to sleep might not be necessary to induce the consolidation of memory, at least across very short retention intervals. Instead, offline memory consolidation may function opportunistically, occurring during either sleep or stimulus-free rest, provided a favorable neurobiological milieu and sufficient reduction of new encoding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serene Y Wang
- Department of Psychology, Furman University, Greenville, South Carolina 29609, USA
| | - Kirsten C Baker
- Department of Psychology, Furman University, Greenville, South Carolina 29609, USA
| | - Jessica L Culbreth
- Department of Psychology, Furman University, Greenville, South Carolina 29609, USA
| | - Olivia Tracy
- Department of Psychology, Furman University, Greenville, South Carolina 29609, USA
| | - Madison Arora
- Department of Psychology, Furman University, Greenville, South Carolina 29609, USA
| | - Tingtong Liu
- Department of Psychology, Furman University, Greenville, South Carolina 29609, USA
| | - Sydney Morris
- Department of Psychology, Furman University, Greenville, South Carolina 29609, USA
| | - Megan B Collins
- Department of Psychology, Furman University, Greenville, South Carolina 29609, USA
| | - Erin J Wamsley
- Department of Psychology, Furman University, Greenville, South Carolina 29609, USA
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Rotolo RA, Presby RE, Tracy O, Asar S, Yang JH, Correa M, Murray F, Salamone JD. The novel atypical dopamine transport inhibitor CT-005404 has pro-motivational effects in neurochemical and inflammatory models of effort-based dysfunctions related to psychopathology. Neuropharmacology 2020; 183:108325. [PMID: 32956676 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2020.108325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Depressed individuals suffer from effort-related motivational symptoms such as anergia and fatigue, which are resistant to treatment with many common antidepressants. While drugs that block dopamine transport (DAT) reportedly have positive motivational effects, DAT inhibitors such as cocaine and amphetamines produce undesirable side effects. Thus, there is a need to develop and characterize novel atypical DAT inhibitors with unique and selective binding profiles. Rodent effort-based choice tasks provide useful models of motivational dysfunctions. With these tasks, animals choose between a high-effort instrumental action leading to highly valued reinforcement vs. a low effort/low reward option. The present studies focused on the initial characterization of a novel atypical DAT inhibitor, CT-005404, which binds to DAT with high selectivity relative to serotonin and norepinephrine transport, and produces long-term elevations of extracellular DA. CT-005404 was assessed for its ability to attenuate the effort-related motivational effects of the DA depleting agent tetrabenazine and the pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-1β (IL-1β) using a fixed ratio 5/chow feeding choice test. Tetrabenazine (1.0 mg/kg i.p.) shifted choice behavior, decreasing lever pressing and increasing chow intake. IL-1β (4.0 μg/kg i.p.) also decreased lever pressing. CT-005404 was co-administered (7.5-30.0 mg/kg p.o.) with either tetrabenazine or IL-1β, and the 15.0 and 30.0 mg/kg doses significantly reversed the effects of tetrabenazine and IL-1β. CT-005404 administered alone produced a dose-related increase in lever pressing in rats tested on a progressive ratio/chow feeding choice task. Atypical DAT inhibitors such as CT-005404 offer potential as a new avenue for drug treatment of motivational dysfunctions in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renee A Rotolo
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06261-1020, USA
| | - Rose E Presby
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06261-1020, USA
| | - Olivia Tracy
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06261-1020, USA
| | - Sokaina Asar
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06261-1020, USA
| | - Jen-Hau Yang
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06261-1020, USA
| | - Merce Correa
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06261-1020, USA; Àrea de Psicobiologia, Campus de Riu Sec, Universitat Jaume I, 12071, Castelló, Spain
| | - Fraser Murray
- Chronos Therapeutics, The Magdalen Centre, Oxford Science Park, Oxford, OX4 4GA, UK
| | - John D Salamone
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06261-1020, USA.
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Abstract
Lincomycin, or the closely related derivative clindamycin, was used to treat six patients with bacteroides infection. In five of the six there was a rapid clinical response to the treatment. Lincomycin and clindamycin seem to be the antibiotics of choice for such infections.
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Abstract
An assessment of three simple methods of typing Proteus strains is described. The methods chosen were biochemical typing, bacteriocine typing, and typing by means of the Dienes phenomenon. Dienes typing was deemed to be superior to biochemical typing and bacteriocine typing.A brief discussion on the relationship between the Dienes phenomenon and bacteriocine production is appended.
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