1
|
Turton MD, O'Shea D, Gunn I, Beak SA, Edwards CM, Meeran K, Choi SJ, Taylor GM, Heath MM, Lambert PD, Wilding JP, Smith DM, Ghatei MA, Herbert J, Bloom SR. A role for glucagon-like peptide-1 in the central regulation of feeding. Nature 1996; 379:69-72. [PMID: 8538742 DOI: 10.1038/379069a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1368] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The sequence of glucagon-like peptide-1 (7-36) amide (GLP-1) is completely conserved in all mammalian species studied, implying that it plays a critical physiological role. We have shown that GLP-1 and its specific receptors are present in the hypothalamus. No physiological role for central GLP-1 has been established. We report here that intracerebroventricular (ICV) GLP-1 powerfully inhibits feeding in fasted rats. ICV injection of the specific GLP-1-receptor antagonist, exendin (9-39), blocked the inhibitory effect of GLP-1 on food intake. Exendin (9-39) alone had no influence on fast-induced feeding but more than doubled food intake in satiated rats, and augmented the feeding response to the appetite stimulant, neuropeptide Y. Induction of c-fos is a marker of neuronal activation. Following ICV GLP-1 injection, c-fos appeared exclusively in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus and central nucleus of the amygdala, and this was inhibited by prior administration of exendin (9-39). Both of these regions of the brain are of primary importance in the regulation of feeding. These findings suggest that central GLP-1 is a new physiological mediator of satiety.
Collapse
|
|
29 |
1368 |
2
|
Koylu EO, Couceyro PR, Lambert PD, Ling NC, DeSouza EB, Kuhar MJ. Immunohistochemical localization of novel CART peptides in rat hypothalamus, pituitary and adrenal gland. J Neuroendocrinol 1997; 9:823-33. [PMID: 9419833 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2826.1997.00651.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 306] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
CART peptide specific polyclonal antisera were raised in rabbits. The antisera were raised to CART peptide fragments that span most of the predicted CART protein. The specificity of each antisera was demonstrated by blockade of immunostaining by the immunizing peptide but not by the other CART peptide fragments. In the hypothalamus and pituitary of colchicine and noncolchicine treated rats, immunostaining was observed in cell bodies, fibers and varicosities. Clusters of cells were also stained in the adrenal medulla. It is noteworthy that cellular immunostaining was only found in areas previously shown to express CART mRNA. These findings indicate the presence of CART peptide(s) in the hypothalamus, pituitary, and adrenal gland. Furthermore, we also present evidence for the possible processing of the CART pro-peptide into smaller peptide fragments. These neuroanatomical findings suggest a role of CART peptides in hypothalamic, pituitary and adrenal function.
Collapse
|
|
28 |
306 |
3
|
Lambert PD, Couceyro PR, McGirr KM, Dall Vechia SE, Smith Y, Kuhar MJ. CART peptides in the central control of feeding and interactions with neuropeptide Y. Synapse 1998; 29:293-8. [PMID: 9661247 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1098-2396(199808)29:4<293::aid-syn1>3.0.co;2-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 298] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
While CART peptides have been implicated as novel, putative peptide neurotransmitters/cotransmitters, behavioral effects of these peptides have not yet been demonstrated. In this study, we show the first behavioral effect of CART peptides. I.c.v. administration of CART peptide fragments inhibits feeding in rats. Moreover, injection of an antibody to CART peptide 82-103 stimulates feeding, suggesting that endogenous CART peptides exert an inhibitory tone on feeding. Injection of CART peptide 82-103 five min before NPY reduces the increase in feeding caused by injection of NPY alone. Also, in light microscopic immunohistochemical studies, NPY-positive varicosities were observed around CART peptide-positive cell bodies in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus. These data suggest functional interactions between CART peptides and NPY. These results indicate that CART peptides play a role in the control of food intake by the brain.
Collapse
|
|
27 |
298 |
4
|
Lambert PD, Anderson KD, Sleeman MW, Wong V, Tan J, Hijarunguru A, Corcoran TL, Murray JD, Thabet KE, Yancopoulos GD, Wiegand SJ. Ciliary neurotrophic factor activates leptin-like pathways and reduces body fat, without cachexia or rebound weight gain, even in leptin-resistant obesity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2001; 98:4652-7. [PMID: 11259650 PMCID: PMC31889 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.061034298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Ciliary Neurotrophic Factor (CNTF) was first characterized as a trophic factor for motor neurons in the ciliary ganglion and spinal cord, leading to its evaluation in humans suffering from motor neuron disease. In these trials, CNTF caused unexpected and substantial weight loss, raising concerns that it might produce cachectic-like effects. Countering this possibility was the suggestion that CNTF was working via a leptin-like mechanism to cause weight loss, based on the findings that CNTF acts via receptors that are not only related to leptin receptors, but also similarly distributed within hypothalamic nuclei involved in feeding. However, although CNTF mimics the ability of leptin to cause fat loss in mice that are obese because of genetic deficiency of leptin (ob/ob mice), CNTF is also effective in diet-induced obesity models that are more representative of human obesity, and which are resistant to leptin. This discordance again raised the possibility that CNTF might be acting via nonleptin pathways, perhaps more analogous to those activated by cachectic cytokines. Arguing strongly against this possibility, we now show that CNTF can activate hypothalamic leptin-like pathways in diet-induced obesity models unresponsive to leptin, that CNTF improves prediabetic parameters in these models, and that CNTF acts very differently than the prototypical cachectic cytokine, IL-1. Further analyses of hypothalamic signaling reveals that CNTF can suppress food intake without triggering hunger signals or associated stress responses that are otherwise associated with food deprivation; thus, unlike forced dieting, cessation of CNTF treatment does not result in binge overeating and immediate rebound weight gain.
Collapse
|
research-article |
24 |
224 |
5
|
Sleeman MW, Anderson KD, Lambert PD, Yancopoulos GD, Wiegand SJ. The ciliary neurotrophic factor and its receptor, CNTFR alpha. PHARMACEUTICA ACTA HELVETIAE 2000; 74:265-72. [PMID: 10812968 DOI: 10.1016/s0031-6865(99)00050-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) is expressed in glial cells within the central and peripheral nervous systems. CNTF stimulates gene expression, cell survival or differentiation in a variety of neuronal cell types such as sensory, sympathetic, ciliary and motor neurons. In addition, effects of CNTF on oligodendrocytes as well as denervated and intact skeletal muscle have been documented. CNTF itself lacks a classical signal peptide sequence of a secreted protein, but is thought to convey its cytoprotective effects after release from adult glial cells by some mechanism induced by injury. Interestingly, mice that are homozygous for an inactivated CNTF gene develop normally and initially thrive. Only later in adulthood do they exhibit a mild loss of motor neurons with resulting muscle weakness, leading to the suggestion that CNTF is not essential for neural development, but instead acts in response to injury or other stresses. The CNTF receptor complex is most closely related to, and shares subunits with the receptor complexes for interleukin-6 and leukemia inhibitory factor. The specificity conferring alpha subunit of the CNTF complex (CNTFR alpha), is extremely well conserved across species, and has a distribution localized predominantly to the nervous system and skeletal muscle. CNTFR alpha lacks a conventional transmembrane domain and is thought to be anchored to the cell membrane by a glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol linkage. Mice lacking CNTFR alpha die perinatally, perhaps indicating the existence of a second developmentally important CNTF-like ligand. Signal transduction by CNTF requires that it bind first to CNTFR alpha, permitting the recruitment of gp130 and LIFR beta, forming a tripartite receptor complex. CNTF-induced heterodimerization of the beta receptor subunits leads to tyrosine phosphorylation (through constitutively associated JAKs), and the activated receptor provides docking sites for SH2-containing signaling molecules, such as STAT proteins. Activated STATs dimerize and translocate to the nucleus to bind specific DNA sequences, resulting in enhanced transcription of responsive genes. The neuroprotective effects of CNTF have been demonstrated in a number of in vitro cell models as well as in vivo in mutant mouse strains which exhibit motor neuron degeneration. Intracerebral administration of CNTF and CNTF analogs has also been shown to protect striatal output neurons in rodent and primate models of Huntington's disease. Treatment of humans and animals with CNTF is also known to induce weight loss characterized by a preferential loss of body fat. When administered systemically, CNTF activates downstream signaling molecules such as STAT-3 in areas of the hypothalamus which regulate food intake. In addition to its neuronal actions, CNTF and analogs have been shown to act on non-neuronal cells such as glia, hepatocytes, skeletal muscle, embryonic stem cells and bone marrow stromal cells.
Collapse
|
Review |
25 |
154 |
6
|
Daubioul CA, Horsmans Y, Lambert P, Danse E, Delzenne NM. Effects of oligofructose on glucose and lipid metabolism in patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: results of a pilot study. Eur J Clin Nutr 2005; 59:723-6. [PMID: 15770222 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In experimental animals, recent results suggest that the addition of inulin-type fructans such as oligofructose (OFS) in the diet decreases triacylglycerol accumulation in the liver tissue. Therefore, we have investigated the effect of daily ingestion of OFS in seven patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), confirmed by liver biopsies. DESIGN They received 16 g/day OFS or maltodextrine (placebo) for 8 weeks in a randomized double-blind crossover design. Energy intake, body composition, liver steatosis and blood parameters were analysed after 4 and 8 weeks of dietary supplementation. RESULTS Compared to placebo, OFS decreased significantly serum aminotransferases, aspartate aminotransferase after 8 weeks, and insulin level after 4 weeks, but this could not be related to significant effect on plasma lipids. CONCLUSION This pilot study supports the putative interest of OFS in the management of liver diseases associated with abnormal lipid accumulation in humans.
Collapse
|
Randomized Controlled Trial |
20 |
133 |
7
|
Deng L, de la Fuente C, Fu P, Wang L, Donnelly R, Wade JD, Lambert P, Li H, Lee CG, Kashanchi F. Acetylation of HIV-1 Tat by CBP/P300 increases transcription of integrated HIV-1 genome and enhances binding to core histones. Virology 2000; 277:278-95. [PMID: 11080476 DOI: 10.1006/viro.2000.0593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The HIV-1 Tat protein is required for viral replication and is a potent stimulator of viral transcription. Although Tat has been extensively studied in various reductive paradigms, to date there is little information as to how this activator mediates transcription from natural nucleosomally packaged long terminal repeats. Here we show that CREB-binding protein (CBP)/p300 interacts with the HIV-1 Tat protein and serves as a coactivator of Tat-dependent HIV-1 gene expression on an integrated HIV-1 provirus. The site of acetylation of Tat was mapped to the double-lysine motif in a highly conserved region, (49)RKKRRQ(54), of the basic RNA-binding motif of Tat. Using HLM1 cells (HIV-1(+)/Tat(-)), which contain a single copy of full-length HIV-1 provirus with a triple termination codon at the first AUG of the Tat gene, we find that only wild type, and not K50A, K51A, or K50A/K51A alone or in combination of ectopic CBP/p300, is able to produce full-length infectious virions, as measured by p24 gag ELISAs. Tat binds CBP/p300 in the minimal histone acetyltransferase domain (1253-1710) and the binding is stable up to 0.85 M salt wash conditions. Interestingly, wild-type peptide 41-54, and not other Tat peptides, changes the conformation of the CBP/p300 such that it can acquire and bind better to basal factors such as TBP and TFIIB, indicating that Tat may influence the transcription machinery by helping CBP/p300 to recruit new partners into the transcription machinery. Finally, using biotinylated wild-type or acetylated peptides, we find that acetylation decreases Tat's ability to bind the TAR RNA element, as well as to bind basal factors such as TBP, CBP, Core-Pol II, or cyclin T. However, the acetylated Tat peptide is able to bind to core histones on a nucleosome assembled HIV-1 proviral DNA.
Collapse
|
Comparative Study |
25 |
130 |
8
|
Abstract
Mortality and hospital admission rates for peptic ulcer in England and Wales have fallen in the past twenty years. Within this pattern there has been a wide range of variation. Perforated ulcers have become less common in young adults, and perforated gastric ulcers in young men now occur with between a quarter and a tenth of their previous frequency. Perforated duodenal ulcer has become more common in middle-aged and elderly women. The reasons for these changes are not understood, but they are likely to reflect the impact of environmental influences on people of different ages.
Collapse
|
|
44 |
122 |
9
|
Das I, Lambert P, Hill D, Noy M, Bion J, Elliott T. Carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter and role of curtains in an outbreak in intensive care units. J Hosp Infect 2002; 50:110-4. [PMID: 11846537 DOI: 10.1053/jhin.2001.1127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Multiple-antibiotic-resistant Acinetobacter baumanii, including meropenem resistance, was first isolated from a patient in the general intensive care unit of a tertiary-referral university teaching hospital in Birmingham in December 1998. Similar strains were subsequently isolated from 12 other patients, including those on another intensive care unit within the hospital. The outbreak followed an increase in the use of meropenem in both the units. Environmental screening revealed the presence of the multiple-resistant Acinetobacter species on fomite surfaces in the intensive care unit and bed linen. The major source appeared to be the curtains surrounding patients' beds. Typing by pulsed field gel electrophoresis demonstrated that the patients' isolates and those from the environment were indistinguishable. Rigorous infection control measures including increased frequency of cleaning of the environment with hypochlorite (1000 ppm) and twice-weekly changing of curtains were implemented, along with restriction of meropenem use in the units. Isolation of the multiple-resistant Acinetobacter spp. subsequently diminished and it was not detected over a follow-up period of 18 months. To our knowledge, this is the first reported outbreak of carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter spp. from the UK. This outbreak also highlights environmental sources, particularly dry fabrics such as curtains, as an important reservoir for dissemination of acinetobacters.
Collapse
|
|
23 |
104 |
10
|
Goodman MM, Kilts CD, Keil R, Shi B, Martarello L, Xing D, Votaw J, Ely TD, Lambert P, Owens MJ, Camp VM, Malveaux E, Hoffman JM. 18F-labeled FECNT: a selective radioligand for PET imaging of brain dopamine transporters. Nucl Med Biol 2000; 27:1-12. [PMID: 10755640 DOI: 10.1016/s0969-8051(99)00080-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Fluorine-18 labeled 2beta-carbomethoxy-3beta-(4-chlorophenyl)-8-(2-fluoroethyl)nort ropane (FECNT) was synthesized in the development of a dopamine transporter (DAT) imaging ligand for positron emission tomography (PET). The methods of radiolabeling and ligand synthesis of FECNT, and the results of the in vitro characterization and in vivo tissue distribution in rats and in vivo PET imaging in rhesus monkeys of [18F]FECNT are described. Fluorine-18 was introduced into 2beta-carbomethoxy-3beta-(4-chlorophenyl)-8-(2-fluoroethyl)nort ropane (4) by preparation of 1-[18F]fluoro-2-tosyloxyethane (2) followed by alkylation of 2beta-carbomethoxy-3beta-(4-chlorophenyl)nortropane (3) in 21% radiochemical yield (decay corrected to end of bombardment [EOB]). Competition binding in cells stably expressing the transfected human DAT serotonin transporter (SERT) and norepinephrine transporter (NET) labeled by [3H]WIN 35428, [3H]citalopram, and [3H]nisoxetine, respectively, indicated the following order of DAT affinity: GBR 12909 > CIT >> 2beta-carbomethoxy-3beta-(4-chlorophenyl)-8-(3-fluoropropyl) nortropane (FPCT) > FECNT. The affinity of FECNT for SERT and NET was 25- and 156-fold lower, respectively, than for DAT. Blocking studies were performed in rats with a series of transporter-specific agents and demonstrated that the brain uptake of [18F]FECNT was selective and specific for DAT-rich regions. PET brain imaging studies in monkeys demonstrated high [18F]FECNT uptake in the caudate and putamen that resulted in caudate-to-cerebellum and putamen-to-cerebellum ratios of 10.5 at 60 min. [18F]FECNT uptake in the caudate/putamen peaked in less than 75 min and exhibited higher caudate- and putamen-to-cerebellum ratios at transient equilibrium than reported for 11C-WIN 35,428, [11C]CIT/RTI-55, or [18F]beta-CIT-FP. Analysis of monkey arterial plasma samples using high performance liquid chromatography determined that there was no detectable formation of lipophilic radiolabeled metabolites capable of entering the brain. In equilibrium displacement experiments with CIT in rhesus monkeys, radioactivity in the putamen was displaced with an average half-time of 10.2 min. These results indicate that [18F]FECNT is a radioligand that is superior to 11C-WIN 35,428, [11C]CIT/RTI-55, [18F]beta-CIT-FP, and [18F]FPCT for mapping brain DAT in humans using PET.
Collapse
|
|
25 |
100 |
11
|
Abstract
Although models developed directly to describe marginal distributions have become widespread in the analysis of repeated measurements, some of their disadvantages are not well enough known. These include producing profile curves that correspond to no possible individual, possibly showing that a treatment is superior on average when it is poorer for each individual subject, implicitly generating complex and implausible physiological explanations, including underdispersion in subgroups, and sometimes corresponding to no possible probabilistic data generating mechanism. We conclude that such marginal models may sometimes be appropriate for descriptive observational studies, such as sample surveys in epidemiology, but should only be used with great care in causal experimental settings, such as clinical trials.
Collapse
|
|
27 |
87 |
12
|
Eleouet JF, Rasschaert D, Lambert P, Levy L, Vende P, Laude H. Complete sequence (20 kilobases) of the polyprotein-encoding gene 1 of transmissible gastroenteritis virus. Virology 1995; 206:817-22. [PMID: 7856095 PMCID: PMC7131172 DOI: 10.1006/viro.1995.1004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The entire nucleotide sequence of cloned cDNAs containing the 5'-untranslated region and gene 1 of Purdue-115 strain of transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) was determined. This completes the sequence of the TGEV genome, which is 28,579 nucleotides long. The gene 1 is composed of two large open reading frames, ORF1a and ORF1b, which contain 4017 and 2698 codons, respectively (stop excluded). A brief, three-codon-long ORF is present upstream of ORF1a. ORF1b overlaps ORF1a by 43 bases in the (-1) reading frame. In vitro experiments indicated that translation of the ORF1a/b polyprotein involves an efficient ribosomal frameshifting activity, as previously shown for other coronaviruses. Analysis of the predicted ORF1a and ORF1b translation products revealed that the putative functional domains identified in infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) and human coronavirus 229E (HCV 229E) are all present in TGEV. The amino-terminal half of the ORF1a product exhibits greater divergence than the carboxyl-terminal half, including within the TGEV/HCV229E pair. The ORF1b protein is overall highly conserved among the above four coronaviruses, except a divergent region situated near the carboxy terminus.
Collapse
|
research-article |
30 |
83 |
13
|
Kobayashi Y, Takashima H, Tamaoki H, Kyogoku Y, Lambert P, Kuroda H, Chino N, Watanabe TX, Kimura T, Sakakibara S. The cystine-stabilized alpha-helix: a common structural motif of ion-channel blocking neurotoxic peptides. Biopolymers 1991; 31:1213-20. [PMID: 1724185 DOI: 10.1002/bip.360311009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Neurotoxic peptides from venoms of scorpions and honey bees exhibit a consensus pattern in the two disulfide bridgings related to the sequence portions Cys-X-Cys and Cys-X-X-X-Cys. A revised three-dimensional structure of charybdotoxin, as determined by two-dimensional nmr spectroscopy, confirms that the consensus cystine dislocation generates in all these toxins a common structural element, i.e., the cystine-stabilized alpha-helical (CSH) motif, which may be correlated with their common ion channel blocking activity.
Collapse
|
|
34 |
79 |
14
|
Duarte M, Gelfi J, Lambert P, Rasschaert D, Laude H. Genome organization of porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1994; 342:55-60. [PMID: 8209771 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-2996-5_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
In order to study the organization of the genome of porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus (PEDV), we constructed a cDNA library in a phage expression vector by using poly(A) RNA from PEDV-infected Vero cells. An anti-PEDV hyperimmune serum was used to probe the library. The first isolated clone mapped within the N gene and was subsequently used for rescreening the library. The selected clones allowed us to establish the sequence of the 3'-most 7.4 kb of the PEDV genome. Analysis of the cDNA sequences revealed a 3'-coterminal nested structure, which is typical of Coronaviridae and the presence of a hexameric sequence XUA(A/G)AC upstream of each coding region. The amino acid sequences deduced from four of the five ORFs identified showed the characteristic features of the structural proteins S, M, sM and N. Only one ORF located between the S and M genes was found to potentially encode a non-structural polypeptide. Our data lead us to conclude that PEDV is a member of Coronaviridae and belongs to the same genetic subset as TGEV, FIPV and HCV 229E.
Collapse
|
Comparative Study |
31 |
76 |
15
|
Adams D, Quayum M, Worthington T, Lambert P, Elliott T. Evaluation of a 2% chlorhexidine gluconate in 70% isopropyl alcohol skin disinfectant. J Hosp Infect 2005; 61:287-90. [PMID: 16221509 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2005.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2005] [Accepted: 05/17/2005] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The efficacy of a new skin disinfectant, 2% (w/v) chlorhexidine gluconate (CHG) in 70% (v/v) isopropyl alcohol (IPA) (ChloraPrep), was compared with five commonly used skin disinfectants against Staphylococcus epidermidis RP62A in the presence or absence of protein, utilizing quantitative time-kill suspension and carrier tests. All six disinfectants [70% (v/v) IPA, 0.5% (w/v) aqueous CHG, 2% (w/v) aqueous CHG, 0.5% (w/v) CHG in 70% (v/v) IPA and 10% (w/v) aqueous povidone iodine (PI)] achieved a log(10) reduction factor of 5, in colony-forming units/mL, in a suspension test (exposure time 30s) in the presence and absence of 10% human serum. Subsequent challenges of S. epidermidis RP62A in a biofilm (with and without human serum) demonstrated reduced bactericidal activity. Overall, the most effective skin disinfectants tested against S. epidermidis RP62A were 2% (w/v) CHG in 70% IPA and 10% (w/v) PI. These results suggest that enhanced skin antisepsis may be achieved with 2% (w/v) CHG in 70% (v/v) IPA compared with the three commonly used CHG preparations [0.5% (w/v) aqueous CHG, 2% (w/v) aqueous CHG and 0.5% (w/v) CHG in 70% (v/v) IPA].
Collapse
|
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't |
20 |
73 |
16
|
Decroocq V, Foulongne M, Lambert P, Gall OL, Mantin C, Pascal T, Schurdi-Levraud V, Kervella J. Analogues of virus resistance genes map to QTLs for resistance to sharka disease in Prunus davidiana. Mol Genet Genomics 2005; 272:680-9. [PMID: 15666162 DOI: 10.1007/s00438-004-1099-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2004] [Accepted: 11/26/2004] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Plum pox virus (PPV), the causative agent of sharka disease in Prunoideae, is one of the most serious problems affecting stone fruit production in Europe and America. Resistance to PPV was previously described in a Prunus davidiana clone, P1908, and introduced into peach (Prunus persica) genotypes. Genetic resistance to PPV displays a complex pattern of quantitative inheritance. An analysis of quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for resistance was performed on an F1 interspecific peach population obtained from a cross between the susceptible nectarine cultivar Summergrand and P. davidiana. The hybrids were graft-inoculated with PPV in duplicate following a classical procedure. The incidence of infection was evaluated four times, over two vegetative cycles, by symptom observation and enzyme-linked immunoadsorbent assays (ELISA). Restriction of systemic downward movement of the PPV virus was also evaluated by testing the susceptible rootstocks. Using both analysis of variance and non-parametric tests, six genomic regions involved in PPV resistance were detected. Depending on the scoring data considered, between 22 and 51% of the phenotypic variance could be explained by the quantitative model. One QTL, located in the distal region of linkage group 1, maps in a genomic region that is syntenic to the location of a resistance gene previously identified in the apricot cv. Goldrich. Some QTLs appeared to be temporally specific, reflecting the environmental dependence of PPV-resistance scoring. Candidate gene fragments were amplified by PCR, isolated and mapped on the peach interspecific linkage map. We report here the co-localization of three analogues of virus resistance genes with two distinct genomic regions linked to PPV resistance in P. davidiana.
Collapse
|
|
20 |
72 |
17
|
Arndt A, Marquez C, Lambert P, Smith MJ. Molecular phylogeny of eastern Pacific sea cucumbers (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea) based on mitochondrial DNA sequence. Mol Phylogenet Evol 1996; 6:425-37. [PMID: 8975697 DOI: 10.1006/mpev.1996.0091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
A molecular phylogenetic analysis of some Holothuroidea was undertaken in order to clarify the systematics and taxonomy of this class in the northeast Pacific. DNA sequence for portions of two mitochondrial genes, the large ribosomal subunit and cytochrome oxidase 1 was obtained from 16 species of sea cucumbers, including nine members of the family Cucumariidae. As reported for many mitochondrial genomes, a strong bias against G was noted in the coding strand at synonymous sites. In order to verify trees recovered in the presence of this bias, parsimony, maximum likelihood, distance, and log determinant methods were all employed. The resulting molecular phylogeny of the Cucumariidae, with a few exceptions, supported existing taxonomy which is based largely on the morphology of calcareous parts. In particular, evolutionary relationships among the brooding species were clarified. Our results confirm that C. pseudocurata Deichmann is distinct from C. curata Cowles and that these two species do not represent geographic variants of a single species. In fact C. pseudocurata appears to be conspecific with the more northerly distributed C. vegae Theel. We also clarify the identity of C. lubrica Clark and further suggest that C. fisheri astigmata (recently revised to Pseudocnus) should be considered a junior synonym of C. lubrica. The recent description of C. pallida Kirkendale and Lambert as a species, distinct from C. miniata (Brandt), is also supported. The resultant phylogenetic trees are consistent with multiple origins of direct development within the Cucumariidae. Finally, we suggest that an in-depth phylogenetic analysis of sea cucumber families will require examination of additional, more slowly evolving, regions of the genome(s).
Collapse
|
|
29 |
67 |
18
|
Wilding JP, Gilbey SG, Lambert PD, Ghatei MA, Bloom SR. Increases in neuropeptide Y content and gene expression in the hypothalamus of rats treated with dexamethasone are prevented by insulin. Neuroendocrinology 1993; 57:581-7. [PMID: 8367026 DOI: 10.1159/000126410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The neurotransmitter neuropeptide Y (NPY) is abundant in the hypothalamus where its actions include the potent stimulation of food intake. The peripheral metabolic and hormonal signals involved in its regulation are not clear. The aim of this study was to investigate possible actions of corticosteroids and insulin on hypothalamic NPY synthesis and content in vivo. We measured NPY content in individual hypothalamic nuclei, and hypothalamic NPY mRNA by Northern blotting in whole hypothalamus in rats treated with dexamethasone (0.4 mg/kg/day) and dexamethasone plus insulin (60 U/kg/day), compared to controls. The effect of stopping dexamethasone treatment was also studied. Dexamethasone treatment produced significant increases in NPY in the paraventricular (11.0 +/- 1.3 vs. 7.1 +/- 0.4 fmol/micrograms protein, p < 0.05) and arcuate (6.2 +/- 0.3 vs. 3.8 +/- 0.2 fmol/microgram protein, p < 0.001) nuclei of the hypothalamus, paralleled by a 38% increase in total hypothalamic NPY mRNA (p < 0.05). These changes were not seen in the group treated with dexamethasone plus insulin. In the group in whom dexamethasone was stopped, NPY mRNA was unchanged compared to controls, but peptide content remained increased in the arcuate but not the paraventricular nucleus (arcuate 7.7 +/- 0.7 vs. 5.5 +/- 0.7, PVN 4.9 +/- 1.0 vs. 4.7 +/- 0.9 fmol/microgram protein). Thus hypothalamic NPY and its mRNA were increased by corticosteroid administration, and this effect was prevented by systemic insulin treatment. This dual regulatory system for hypothalamic NPY may be important in the control of food intake by corticosteroids and insulin.
Collapse
|
|
32 |
55 |
19
|
Winsauer PJ, Lambert P, Moerschbaecher JM. Cannabinoid ligands and their effects on learning and performance in rhesus monkeys. Behav Pharmacol 1999; 10:497-511. [PMID: 10780256 DOI: 10.1097/00008877-199909000-00008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
To characterize the role of CB1 receptors in mediating the acquisition of new behavior or learning, delta 9-THC (delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol), WIN 55,212-2 (R-(+)-(2,3-dihydro-5-methyl-3-[(4-morpho-linyl)methyl]pyrol - (1,2,3-de]-1,4-benzoxazin-6-yl)(1-naphthalenyl)methanone monomethanesulfonate), SR141716A (N-(piperidin-1-yl)-5-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-(2,4-dichlor- phenyl)-4-methyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxamide hydrochloride) and cannabidiol were administered to monkeys responding under a multiple schedule of repeated acquisition and performance of conditional discriminations. SR141716A, a putative antagonist at CB1 receptors, was also administered in combination with delta 9-THC. In one component of the multiple schedule, subjects acquired a different complex discrimination each session (acquisition component), whereas in the other component the discrimination remained the same each session (performance component). Correct responding in each component was maintained by food presentation under a variable-ratio (VR) schedule, whereas incorrect responding (errors) produced a time-out. Administered prior to the start of the session, delta 9-THC and WIN 55,212-2 dose-dependently decreased overall response rate in both the acquisition and performance components. Both drugs also selectively increased the percentage errors in the acquisition component, but only at higher doses. SR141716A and cannabidiol also dose-dependently decreased overall response rate in both schedule components, but neither drug increased the percentage of errors. Decreases in response rate were also observed 24 hours after administration of SR141716A at doses greater than 1 mg/kg. When lower doses of SR141716A (0.1-1 mg/kg) were administered in combination with delta 9-THC, there was a dose-dependent antagonism of the rate-decreasing and error-increasing effects of delta 9-THC (i.e. the dose-effect curves for delta 9-THC-induced disruptions in responding were shifted rightward). In summary, CB1-receptor agonists such as delta 9-THC and WIN 55,212-2 were more disruptive to the rate and accuracy of learning in old-world monkeys than the CB1-receptor antagonist SR141716A or cannabidiol.
Collapse
|
Comparative Study |
26 |
53 |
20
|
Kaidi S, Bernard S, Lambert P, Massip A, Dessy F, Donnay I. Effect of conventional controlled-rate freezing and vitrification on morphology and metabolism of bovine blastocysts produced in vitro. Biol Reprod 2001; 65:1127-34. [PMID: 11566734 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod65.4.1127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
This study compares the effects of conventional controlled-rate freezing and vitrification on the morphology and metabolism of in vitro-produced bovine blastocysts. Day 7 expanded blastocysts cultured in synthetic oviduct fluid with 5% fetal calf serum were frozen in 1.36 M glycerol, 0.25 M sucrose or vitrified in 25% glycerol, 25% ethylene glycol. Cell alterations and in vitro development were evaluated immediately after thawing or after 72 h. The effect of cryopreservation on inner cell mass and trophectoderm (TE) cell number as well as glucose, pyruvate, and oxygen uptakes, and lactate release by blastocysts were evaluated. Immediately after thawing, blastocysts showed equivalent cell membrane permeabilization after both cryopreservation procedures, while alterations in nuclear staining were more frequent in vitrified embryos. After culture, similar survival and hatching rates were observed. Both procedures decreased cell number immediately after thawing and after 72 h. However, the number of TE cells was lower in frozen embryos than in vitrified ones. In relation to this, frozen blastocysts showed a decrease in glucose, pyruvate, and oxygen uptake, although those parameters were not altered in vitrified embryos. An increased glycolytic activity was also observed in frozen embryos, indicating a stress response to this procedure.
Collapse
|
|
24 |
53 |
21
|
Ochsner MG, Knudson MM, Pachter HL, Hoyt DB, Cogbill TH, McAuley CE, Davis FE, Rogers S, Guth A, Garcia J, Lambert P, Thomson N, Evans S, Balthazar EJ, Casola G, Nigogosyan MA, Barr R. Significance of minimal or no intraperitoneal fluid visible on CT scan associated with blunt liver and splenic injuries: a multicenter analysis. THE JOURNAL OF TRAUMA 2000; 49:505-10. [PMID: 11003330 DOI: 10.1097/00005373-200009000-00019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The use of ultrasound (U/S) for the evaluation of patients with blunt abdominal trauma is gaining increasing acceptance. Patients who would have undergone computed tomographic (CT) scan may now be evaluated solely with U/S. Solid organ injuries with minimal or no free fluid may be missed by surgeon sonographers. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to describe the incidence and clinical importance of liver and splenic injuries with minimal or no free intraperitoneal fluid visible on CT scan. We hypothesized that these solid organ injuries occur infrequently and are of minor clinical significance. METHODS Patient records and CT scans were reviewed for the presence of and outcome associated with blunt liver and splenic injuries with minimal (<250 mL) or no free fluid detected by an attending radiologist. Data were collected from six major trauma centers during a 4-year period before the introduction of U/S and included demographics, grade of injury (American Association for the Surgery of Trauma scale), need for operative intervention, and outcome. RESULTS A total of 938 patients with liver and splenic injuries were identified. In this group, 11% of liver injuries and 12% of splenic injuries had no free fluid visible on CT scan and could be missed by diagnostic peritoneal lavage or U/S. Of the 938 patients, 267 (28%) met the inclusion criteria; 161 had injury to the spleen and 125 had injury to the liver. In the 267 patients studied, 97% of the injuries were managed nonoperatively. However, 8 patients (3%) required operative intervention for bleeding. Compared with the liver, the spleen was significantly more likely to bleed (p = 0.01), but the grade of splenic injury was not related to the risk for hemorrhage (p = 0.051). CONCLUSION Data from this study suggest that injuries to the liver or spleen with minimal or no intraperitoneal fluid visible on CT scan occur more frequently than predicted but usually are of minimal clinical significance. However, patients with splenic injuries may be missed by abdominal U/S. We found a 5% associated risk of bleeding. Therefore, abdominal U/S should not be used as the sole diagnostic modality in all stable patients at risk for blunt abdominal injury.
Collapse
|
Multicenter Study |
25 |
51 |
22
|
Deng L, Wang D, de la Fuente C, Wang L, Li H, Lee CG, Donnelly R, Wade JD, Lambert P, Kashanchi F. Enhancement of the p300 HAT activity by HIV-1 Tat on chromatin DNA. Virology 2001; 289:312-26. [PMID: 11689053 DOI: 10.1006/viro.2001.1129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
HIV-1 Tat is able to form a ternary complex with P/CAF and p300 and increase the affinity for CDK9/P-TEFb CTD kinase complex. Our previous study demonstrated that Tat binds to p300/CBP in the minimal HAT domain (aa 1253-1790) and that the interaction results in a change of conformation on p300/CBP. Here, we show that the Tat-p300 interaction increases the HAT activity of p300 on histone H4 that is associated with nucleosomal DNA and not with free histones. Nucleosomal histone H4 was acetylated on lysines 8, 12, and 16. Acetylation of H4 was inhibited by Lys-coenzyme A (CoA), a selective inhibitor of p300 acetyltransferase activity. Unexpectedly, we also found that Tat could autoacetylate itself, which was specific to lysine residues 41 and 71. Peptides lacking these two lysines could not enhance the HAT activity of p300. Comparison of the sequences of Tat with other HIV-1 clades and HAT containing transcription factors indicated sequence identity in the acetyl-CoA binding motif A, KGXG. Furthermore, when utilizing an in vitro transcription assay, as well as a Tat mutant virus, we found that ectopic expression of only wild-type Tat in the presence of p300, and not a lysine 41 Tat mutant, could activate HIV-1 chromatin DNA, as evidenced by the absence of HIV-1 virion antigen. Therefore, transcription of integrated viral DNA in vivo requires the HAT activity of coactivators that are modulated by Tat to derepress the HIV-1 chromatin structure and aid in activated transcription.
Collapse
|
Comparative Study |
24 |
49 |
23
|
Dall Vechia S, Lambert PD, Couceyro PC, Kuhar MJ, Smith Y. CART peptide immunoreactivity in the hypothalamus and pituitary in monkeys: analysis of ultrastructural features and synaptic connections in the paraventricular nucleus. J Comp Neurol 2000; 416:291-308. [PMID: 10602089 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1096-9861(20000117)416:3<291::aid-cne2>3.0.co;2-e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Cocaine and amphetamine regulated transcript (CART) has been identified as one of the most abundant mRNAs in the rat hypothalamus. The objective of the present study was to elucidate the distribution of CART peptide immunoreactive (CARTir) neurons in the monkey hypothalamus and characterize their ultrastructural features and synaptic connections in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN). CARTir neurons were particularly abundant in the PVN, supraoptic nucleus (SON), infundibular nucleus, and premammillary nucleus, whereas the anterior, lateral, and posterior hypothalamic areas as well as the posterior nucleus displayed moderate immunoreactivity. Dense bundles of CARTir fibers exited the PVN and SON and followed a trajectory to the infundibulum similar to that previously shown for vasopressin and oxytocin fibers. The posterior pituitary was densely packed with large CARTir varicosities which, in some cases, were apposed to labeled pituicytes. The external/palisade zone of the median eminence contained rich plexuses of small CARTir varicose fibers, and the internal/fibrous zone was enriched in large axon-like processes. Electron microscope analysis of the PVN revealed (1) that CART peptide immunoreactivity is found in neurosecretory and non-neurosecretory neurons contacted predominantly by unlabelled terminals forming asymmetric synapses, (2) that CARTir terminals resemble glutamatergic and/or noradrenergic boutons and form asymmetric synapses with non-neurosecretory dendrites, and (3) that neuropeptide Y (NPY)-containing terminals are apposed to CARTir neurons in the medial part of the nucleus. In conclusion, our findings demonstrate that CART peptide is abundant in neuronal perikarya and axon terminals throughout the monkey hypothalamus and along the hypothalamopituitary axis. This strengthens the idea that CART peptides may act as putative neurotansmitters/neuromodulators that mediate various neuroendocrine and autonomic functions in primates.
Collapse
|
|
25 |
48 |
24
|
Lambert P, Gibson JM, Nathanson P. The values history: an innovation in surrogate medical decision-making. LAW, MEDICINE & HEALTH CARE : A PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF LAW & MEDICINE 1990; 18:202-12. [PMID: 2232876 DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-720x.1990.tb00023.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
In the United States we prize our freedom as individuals to make our own decisions, however unwise they might seem to others. This devotion to the principle of autonomy (from the Greek “autos” meaning self and “nomos” meaning rule) is obvious in our legal system as well as in a variety of social rules and customs that govern our daily lives.Difficulties arise, however, when we lose, either temporarily or permanently, the capacity to make our own decisions. Ideally we would have planned ahead for possible incapacity in order to retain control over the future course of our lives. Unfortunately the ideal situation rarely exists. Most of us avoid anticipating the possibility of our own incapacity, and by implication, loss of control. Until recently attention has not been paid to developing and supplying accessible and understandable information about advance directives that could assist us in such planning. And most of us still prefer (or at least resort to) informal, often uninformed, family decision-making arrangements.
Collapse
|
|
35 |
48 |
25
|
Wang Z, Fingas M, Lambert P, Zeng G, Yang C, Hollebone B. Characterization and identification of the Detroit River mystery oil spill (2002). J Chromatogr A 2004; 1038:201-14. [PMID: 15233535 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2004.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, a case study of the Detroit River mystery oil spill (2002) is presented that demonstrates the utility of detailed and integrated oil fingerprinting in investigating unknown or suspected oil spills. The detailed diagnostic oil fingerprinting techniques include determination of hydrocarbon groups and semi-quantitative product screening, analysis of oil-characteristic biomarkers and the extended suite of parent and alkylated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and quantitative determination of a variety of diagnostic ratios of "source-specific marker" compounds. The detailed chemical fingerprinting data and results highlight the followings: (1) The spill samples were largely composed of used lube oil mixed with smaller portion of diesel fuel. (2) The diesel in the samples had been weathered and degraded. (3) Sample 3 collected from N. Boblo Island on 14 April was more weathered (most probably caused by more evaporation and water-washing) than samples 1 and 2. (4) All fingerprinting results clearly demonstrated oils in three samples were the same, and they came from the same source. (5) Most PAH compounds were from the diesel portion in the spill samples, while the biomarker compounds were largely from the lube oil. (6) Input of pyrogenic PAHs to the spill samples was clearly demonstrated. The pyrogenic PAHs were most probably produced from combustion and motor lubrication processes, and the lube oil in these spill samples was waste lube oil.
Collapse
|
|
21 |
48 |