Subduction and collision processes in the Central Andes constrained by converted seismic phases

The Central Andes are the Earth's highest mountain belt formed by ocean-continent collision. Most of this uplift is thought to have occurred in the past 20 Myr, owing mainly to thickening of the continental crust, dominated by tectonic shortening. Here we use P-to-S (compressional-to-shear) converted teleseismic waves observed on several temporary networks in the Central Andes to image the deep structure associated with these tectonic processes. We find that the Moho (the Mohorovicić discontinuity--generally thought to separate crust from mantle) ranges from a depth of 75 km under the Altiplano plateau to 50 km beneath the 4-km-high Puna plateau. This relatively thin crust below such a high-elevation region indicates that thinning of the lithospheric mantle may have contributed to the uplift of the Puna plateau. We have also imaged the subducted crust of the Nazca oceanic plate down to 120 km depth, where it becomes invisible to converted teleseismic waves, probably owing to completion of the gabbro-eclogite transformation; this is direct evidence for the presence of kinetically delayed metamorphic reactions in subducting plates. Most of the intermediate-depth seismicity in the subducting plate stops at 120 km depth as well, suggesting a relation with this transformation. We see an intracrustal low-velocity zone, 10-20 km thick, below the entire Altiplano and Puna plateaux, which we interpret as a zone of continuing metamorphism and partial melting that decouples upper-crustal imbrication from lower-crustal thickening.

Characterization of Pax-6 and Hoxa-1 binding to the promoter region of the neural cell adhesion molecule L1

The neural cell adhesion molecule L1, a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily, mediates cell interactions in the developing and regenerating nervous system of mammals and is also detectable in the immune system and in the epithelia of intestine, skin, lung, and kidney. This diverse pattern of expression begs the question as to the regulatory mechanisms underlying transcription of the L1 gene. We demonstrate here that the paired domain and homeodomain containing Pax-6 protein binds to three different sites in the promoter region of the L1 gene. The promoter proximal binding site is also recognized by Hoxa-1 and lies approximately 60 bp upstream from the transcription start site only few base pairs upstream of a putative binding site for the TFII-I transcription initiation factor. On the basis of this sequence, we have characterized the binding of Pax-6 and explored two modes of its DNA binding activities.