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Aubert T, Lecoge R, Bastelica P, Atlan M, Paques M, Hamard P, Baudouin C, Labbé A. [Techniques for imaging optic disc vasculature in glaucomatous optic neuropathy: A review of the literature]. J Fr Ophtalmol 2024; 48:104369. [PMID: 39662308 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfo.2024.104369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/18/2024] [Indexed: 12/13/2024]
Abstract
The anatomy and vasculature of the optic nerve head are complex and subject to numerous variations. The main risk factor for glaucomatous optic neuropathy is elevated intraocular pressure, but many other factors have been identified. A vascular component seems to play an important role in the pathogenesis and/or progression of glaucomatous optic neuropathy, either under the influence of ocular hypertension or as an independent risk factor, particularly as in normal tension glaucoma (NTG). Reduced ocular blood flow has been identified as a risk factor for glaucoma. Numerous instruments have therefore been developed to explore the vasculature of the optic nerve head and to try to better understand the changes in blood flow in the optic nerve in glaucomatous optic neuropathy. In this review, we provide an update on the various means of imaging the vasculature of the optic nerve head, from angiography to the most modern techniques with angiographic OCT and laser Doppler holography. Using the results found in glaucomatous optic neuropathies, we will explore the close link between reduced ocular blood flow and the development or progression of glaucoma. A better understanding of this pathophysiology opens the door to improved management of our glaucoma patients.
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Tatry M, Bastelica P, Brasnu E, Buffault J, Hamard P, Baudouin C, Labbé A. [Glaucoma surgeries: Long-term results - A review]. J Fr Ophtalmol 2024; 47:104098. [PMID: 39208602 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfo.2024.104098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
The surgical treatment of glaucoma has been and is still based on filtering surgeries, commonly used for about half a century. The safety and efficacy of these techniques have been well described, as it has also been done for cyclophotocoagulation and valves or tubes, indicated in France mostly for refractory glaucoma. Minimally invasive glaucoma surgeries have emerged in recent decades, increasing the number of therapeutic options, and allowing treatment decisions to be as patient-centered as possible. Most of these techniques have now been studied for more than five years. Since glaucoma is a chronic, progressive optic neuropathy, the sustainability of each surgery's results is essential. The amount of available data concerning long-term efficacy and safety of glaucoma surgeries is increasing, so we have decided to describe it through this review of the literature.
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Claudel H, Bastelica P, Hamard P, Labbé A, Baudouin C. [Biomechanics of the lamina cribrosa: A determining factor in glaucomatous neuropathy. A review of the literature]. J Fr Ophtalmol 2023; 46:1087-1098. [PMID: 37827943 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfo.2023.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
Glaucoma is a chronic optic neuropathy characterized by progressive sclero-laminar remodeling. The main factor at the origin of these deformations is the intraocular pressure (IOP), the effect of which varies according to the biomechanical properties of the individual lamina cribrosa (LC). In this environment, the LC represents a malleable zone of weakness within a rigid corneoscleral shell. It is a dynamic structure whose movements play a key role in the pathogenesis of glaucoma: displacing it posteriorly, in addition to contributing to the characteristic appearance of glaucomatous cupping, would increase constriction on the nerve fibers and the laminar capillaries. Often incorrectly considered permanent in adults, these deformations have a certain degree of reversibility, which is currently better characterized thanks to progress in imaging techniques. The occurrence of anterior displacement and laminar thickening following a reduction in IOP could thus constitute a good prognostic factor by reducing mechanical stress on this region. These changes would tend to reduce laminar pore tortuosity and shear forces, which are probably key mechanisms of axonal loss in glaucoma.
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Cela D, Brasnu E, Hamard P, Baudouin C, Labbé A. Safety and efficacy of iStent Inject trabecular micro-bypass stents in combination with phacoemulsification for chronic open angle glaucoma associated with cataract. J Fr Ophtalmol 2023; 46:129-136. [PMID: 36642595 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfo.2022.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The goal of this study was to assess the efficacy and safety of phacoemulsification combined with iStent Inject® implantation for the treatment of chronic open-angle glaucoma controlled on topical anti-glaucoma medications and associated with cataract. METHODS This study was a retrospective analysis of patients who underwent phacoemulsification and implantation of an iStent Inject® for chronic open-angle glaucoma associated with cataract. For all patients, pre- and postoperative characteristics, including number of glaucoma medications and intraocular pressure (IOP), were compared using Paired-sample t-tests and Wilcoxon signed-rank tests, respectively. Postoperative visits were scheduled at 7 days and 1, 3, 6, and 12 months after surgery. RESULTS Forty-nine eyes of 39 patients were included in the study. Mean preoperative IOP at baseline was 16.3±4.3mmHg (range, 10-29mmHg) with a mean of 2.2±1.0mmHg antiglaucoma medications. At 1 month, the mean IOP reduction was 16% (P<0.05) along with an 18.7% reduction in the mean number of medications. At 6 months, the mean IOP was 12.8±2.6, with a mean of 1.1±0.9 antiglaucoma medications. The mean IOP reduction at 6 months was 22% (P<0.05) along with a 49% reduction in the mean number of medications. At 12 months, the mean IOP was 13.8±2.5 with a mean of 1.1±1.2 medications. The mean IOP reduction at 12 months was 15% (P<0.05) along with a 47% reduction in the mean number of medications. No severe device-related side effects were observed. CONCLUSIONS iStent Inject® implantation combined with phacoemulsification resulted in effective IOP reduction and medication burden in patients with mild to advanced chronic open-angle glaucoma and preoperative IOP well controlled with topical hypotensive medications.
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Bastelica P, Labbé A, El Maftouhi A, Hamard P, Paques M, Baudouin C. Rôle de la lame criblée dans la pathogenèse du glaucome. Une revue de la littérature. J Fr Ophtalmol 2022; 45:952-966. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfo.2022.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Buffault J, Labbé A, Hamard P, Brignole-Baudouin F, Baudouin C. [The trabecular meshwork: Structure, function and clinical implications. A review of the littérature (French translation of the article)]. J Fr Ophtalmol 2020; 43:779-793. [PMID: 32807552 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfo.2020.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Glaucoma is a blinding optic neuropathy, the main risk factor for which is increased intraocular pressure (IOP). The trabecular meshwork, located within the iridocorneal angle, is the main pathway for drainage of aqueous humor (AH) out of the eye, and its dysfunction is responsible for the IOP elevation. The trabecular meshwork is a complex, fenestrated, three-dimensional structure composed of trabecular meshwork cells (TMC) interdigitated into a multilayered organization within the extracellular matrix (ECM). The purpose of this literature review is to provide an overview of current understanding of the trabecular meshwork and its pathophysiology in glaucoma. Thus, we will present the main anatomical and cellular bases for the regulation of aqueous humor outflow resistance, the pathophysiological mechanisms involved in trabecular dysfunction in the various types of glaucoma, as well as current and future therapeutic strategies targeting the trabecular meshwork.
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Chiche A, Martin G, Brasnu de Cenival E, Rousseau A, Giocanti A, Fel A, Kallel S, Lombardi M, Hamard P, Baudouin C, Labbe A. Perception du glaucome et observance thérapeutique : une étude observationnelle multicentrique. J Fr Ophtalmol 2017; 40:477-486. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfo.2017.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Revised: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Zenouda A, Lombardi M, Gutman E, Brasnu E, Hamard P, Sahel J, Baudouin C, Labbe A. Effect of different lightning conditions on daily living activities of glaucoma patients. Acta Ophthalmol 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-3768.2016.0554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Hamard P, El Maftouhi A, Baudouin C. [Molteno implant and the vicryl tie technique: role of Visante anterior segment OCT]. J Fr Ophtalmol 2013; 36:469-71. [PMID: 23433525 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfo.2012.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2012] [Accepted: 09/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Bouhéraoua N, Hamard P, Iordanidou V, Brasnu E, Dupond-Monod S, Baudouin C, Labbé A. Analyse de l’architecture du segment antérieur par OCT après sclérectomie profonde non perforante. J Fr Ophtalmol 2012; 35:760-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfo.2011.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2011] [Revised: 10/24/2011] [Accepted: 11/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Van Went C, Alalwani H, Brasnu E, Pham J, Hamard P, Baudouin C, Labbé A. [Corneal sensitivity in patients treated medically for glaucoma or ocular hypertension]. J Fr Ophtalmol 2011; 34:684-90. [PMID: 22093372 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfo.2011.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2011] [Revised: 06/23/2011] [Accepted: 07/19/2011] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the corneal sensitivity in patients treated with intraocular pressure (IOP)-lowering medications. INTRODUCTION Chronic administration of anti-glaucoma drops is associated with numerous tissue changes on the ocular surface. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of these medications and their preservative, benzalkonium chloride (BAK), on corneal sensitivity. PATIENTS AND METHODS Thirty-nine patients treated for glaucoma or ocular hypertension (OHT) and nine untreated patients were included in this study. Treated patients were divided into three groups according to the daily number of preserved eyedrops (0, 1 and ≥2). Corneal sensitivity was assessed using the Cochet-Bonnet esthesiometer. All patients underwent a complete examination of the ocular surface including Schirmer testing, tear film breakup time (BUT) and corneal and conjunctival fluorescein staining. The Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) questionnaire was used to evaluate symptoms. RESULTS Corneal sensitivity was 58.8±2.8mm, 56.2±5.2mm, 50.3±12.5mm and 44.3±13.6mm in untreated patients, in patients treated with none, one and two or more instillations of preserved eyedrops, respectively. Corneal sensitivity in patients treated with preserved eyedrops was significantly lower as compared to untreated patients (P<0.001) and patients treated with preservative-free eyedrops (P=0.012). Corneal sensitivity of patients treated with intraocular pressure-lowering medications was negatively correlated to the number of instillations of preserved eyedrops (r=-0.390 ; P<0.001) as well as to the duration of treatment (R=-0.357 ; P=0.001). BUT and fluorescein staining were significantly altered in treated patients compared to the untreated control group ; however, no significant difference was observed between the treated groups. There was no significant difference for OSDI or Schirmer testing between the various groups. CONCLUSION Chronic administration of BAK-containing anti-glaucoma eyedrops appears to alter corneal sensitivity. These results could explain the absence of correlation between clinical signs and symptoms sometimes observed in patients treated for glaucoma or OHT.
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Van Went C, Brasnu E, Hamard P, Baudouin C, Labbé A. [The influence of ocular surface diseases in the management of glaucoma]. J Fr Ophtalmol 2011; 34:230-7. [PMID: 21439676 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfo.2010.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2010] [Revised: 10/12/2010] [Accepted: 11/04/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The medical treatment of glaucoma is frequently used as a first-line treatment. Often effective, this treatment is administered over the long term. Chronic administration of eye drops is implicated in ocular surface disease. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of ocular surface diseases (OSDs) in patients treated for glaucoma or ocular hypertension (OHT) as well as their influence on therapeutic management. PATIENTS AND METHODS Eighty-eight patients followed at the Quinze-Vingts National Ophthalmology Hospital for glaucoma or OHT were evaluated. All patients had a complete ocular examination including an evaluation of the ocular surface. A questionnaire derived from the Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) was used to assess ocular surface symptoms and the related impairment of quality of life. According to the clinical evaluation of the ocular surface, patients were classified into three groups (A, no OSD; B, moderate OSD; C, severe OSD. The patients for whom ocular surface disease had modified the therapeutic management of glaucoma were identified. RESULTS In this study, 72 patients (82 %) showed significant symptoms of OSDs (OSDI score>22). A moderate or severe OSD was observed in 67 patients (76 %). For 33 patients (38 %), the OSD influenced the choice of glaucoma or OHT treatment. Among these patients, six had glaucoma surgery, one had laser trabeculoplasty, and 26 required one or several changes in eyedrops. CONCLUSION This study confirmed the high prevalence of OSDs in patients treated for glaucoma or OHT. For numerous patients, these pathologies influenced not only their quality of life but also their therapeutic management.
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Baudouin C, Labbé A, El Maftouhi A, Hamard P. [Application of anterior segment OCT to the study of glaucoma]. J Fr Ophtalmol 2008; 31:2S5-2S9. [PMID: 18957906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Anterior segment OCT is a noninvasive and simple imaging technique providing high-resolution images of the anterior segment of the eye. Glaucoma is a large domain of application for anterior segment OCT. In addition to the morphologic and morphometric analysis of anterior segment structures and of the iridocorneal angle in particular, numerous new applications such as the follow-up of filtering surgery have been developed.
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Baudouin C, Labbé A, El Maftouhi A, Hamard P. Application de l’OCT de segment antérieur dans l’étude des glaucomes. J Fr Ophtalmol 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/s0181-5512(08)73675-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Laplace O, Hamard P, Semoun O, Rodallec T, Nordmann J. 428 Prise en charge des glaucomes réfractaires par des systèmes de drainage intra-oculaire : à propos de 15 cas. J Fr Ophtalmol 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/s0181-5512(08)71026-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Hamard P, El Maftouhi A, Baudouin C. [Visante OCT and the Ahmed valve: from the anterior chamber to the posterior chamber]. J Fr Ophtalmol 2008; 30:1089-91. [PMID: 18268451 DOI: 10.1016/s0181-5512(07)79291-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Hamard P. [Pigmentary dispersion syndrome]. J Fr Ophtalmol 2007; 30:438-9. [PMID: 17486043 DOI: 10.1016/s0181-5512(07)89621-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Hamard P. [Clinical key points. Gonioscopy]. J Fr Ophtalmol 2007; 30:3S43-6. [PMID: 17646801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Gonioscopy should be performed in all patients with glaucoma or suspected of having glaucoma. Four points are systematically evaluated: the width of the angle, the degree of trabecular pigmentation, the iridotrabecular appositions or synechia, and the level of iris insertion and the shape of the peripheral iris profile.
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Baudouin C, Hamard P, Labbé A. Les points-clés de la chirurgie. J Fr Ophtalmol 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/s0181-5512(07)89653-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Labbé A, Hamard P, Iordanidou V, Dupont-Monod S, Baudouin C. [Utility of the Visante OCT in the follow-up of glaucoma surgery]. J Fr Ophtalmol 2007; 30:225-31. [PMID: 17417146 DOI: 10.1016/s0181-5512(07)89582-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the utility of the Visante OCT in the follow-up of filtering surgery. MATERIAL and methods: In this study, we evaluated 38 filtering blebs in 31 patients following trabeculectomy (4) and nonpenetrating deep sclerectomy (NPDS). In 11 cases, mitomycin C was used during surgery. In patients who underwent NPDS, a collagen implant was placed within the scleral site in eight eyes and seven eyes had goniopuncture during follow-up. All patients had complete ophthalmologic examination with morphological evaluation of the bleb and intraocular pressure measurement as well as Visante OCT evaluation. RESULTS The trabeculectomy site as well as the trabeculodescemetic membrane (in NPDS), the scleral flap, the conjunctival flap, the iris, and the relationship between these structures were analyzed. Functioning blebs had a hyporeflective and irregular conjunctival tissue associated with a route for aqueous humor under the scleral flap from the anterior chamber toward the subconjunctival space. This filtration route was also observed within nonfunctioning encapsulated blebs. Flat and encapsulated nonfunctioning blebs had dense and hyperreflective conjunctival tissue. In the particular case of nonfunctioning flat blebs, there was no route for aqueous humor filtration under the scleral flap. CONCLUSION The Visante OCT is a simple and noninvasive imaging technique with good resolution, allowing the analysis of morphologic changes occurring in eyes after filtering surgery.
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Baudouin C, Hamard P, Labbé A. [Surgical key points. Nonpenetrating sclerectomy]. J Fr Ophtalmol 2007; 30:3S52-7. [PMID: 17646803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Deep sclerectomy is a true external sclerotrabeculectomy. By selectively increasing the aqueous humor outflow through the trabecula and Schlemm's canal without anterior chamber penetration, deep sclerectomy is the most physiological surgical technique in glaucoma. Nevertheless, this technique requires accurate knowledge of anterior chamber anatomy and accurate dissection.
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Iordanidou V, Hamard P, Labbe A, Dupont-Monod S, Baudouin C. 177 Tomographie par cohérence optique du segment antérieur : morphologie des bulles de filtration après sclérectomie profonde avec implant de collagène. J Fr Ophtalmol 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/s0181-5512(07)79989-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Liang H, Baudouin C, Hamard P, Creuzot-Garcher C, Warnet JM, Brignole-Baudouin F. [Activation of TH1/TH2 pathways detected through the expression of CCR4 and CCR5 on the ocular surface of glaucomatous patients treated over the long term]. J Fr Ophtalmol 2007; 29:121-6. [PMID: 16523152 DOI: 10.1016/s0181-5512(06)73759-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this work was to study, using flow cytometry, the expression of two chemokine receptors, CCR4 and CCR5, known to be related to the TH2 and TH1 systems, respectively, and the expression of HLA-DR, a hallmark of inflammation, on conjunctival impression cytology specimens (ICS) of glaucomatous patients treated over the long term. PATIENTS AND METHODS In this case-control study, ICS were taken in a series of 35 glaucomatous patients treated with topical antiglaucoma drugs for more than 1 year (seven with beta-blockers, ten with prostaglandins, and 18 receiving multiple treatments), and 20 normal subjects. Conjunctival cells were collected and incubated with specific monoclonal antibodies directed against CCR4, CCR5, and HLA-DR, in order to measure, in a masked manner using flow cytometry, the percentage of cells positive to each marker in the conjunctival epithelium. RESULTS Compared to normal subjects, HLA DR expression was significantly elevated in glaucomatous patients, with a tendency toward higher levels in the multitreatment group and lower levels in patients treated with prostaglandins, which did not differ significantly from control values. Both CCR4 and CCR5 significantly increased in glaucoma patients on multitreatment or monotherapy compared with normal subjects. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates the overexpression of these two chemokine receptors in the conjunctival epithelium of patients treated for more than 1 year. Our results showing the simultaneous overexpression of CCR4 and CCR5 thus suggest that the chronic use of topical treatments may concurrently stimulate the TH1 and TH2 systems. These results evoke inflammatory mechanisms, combining allergy and toxicity, and confirm the complexity of inflammatory reactions occurring in the ocular surface of glaucoma patients.
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Hamard P, El Maftouhi A, Labbé A, Baudouin C. Sclérectomie profonde non perforante avec drain Aqua Flow®. J Fr Ophtalmol 2007; 30:209-10. [PMID: 17318110 DOI: 10.1016/s0181-5512(07)89578-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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