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Toesca DAS, Hartsell WF, DeWees TA, Chang J, Laughlin B, Voss MM, Mohammed N, Keole SR, McGee LA, Gondi V, Sweeney PJ, Dorn PL, Sinesi CC, Jr LSD, Rich TA, Vargas CE. Final Analysis of a Phase III Controlled Randomized Study of Stereotactic Body Proton Therapy or Conventionally Fractionated Proton Therapy for Early Prostate Cancer: PCG GU002. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2023; 117:S24-S25. [PMID: 37784460 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2023.06.282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE/OBJECTIVE(S) To determine if stereotactic body proton therapy (SBPT) is non-inferior to conventionally fractionated proton therapy (CFPT) in patients with early prostate cancer. MATERIALS/METHODS Multicenter, randomized, controlled, open-label, non-inferiority phase 3 trial that included patients with histologically confirmed low-risk prostate adenocarcinoma defined by Gleason score ≤6, PSA <10 ng/mL, and clinical stage T1-2a N0 M0 by AJCC 7th Ed. Eligible participants were randomly assigned (initially 1:1 and later 2:1 ratio) to CFPT (79.2 Gy in 44 fractions for 9 weeks) or SBPT (38 Gy in 5 fractions for 1 week). Concurrent or adjuvant androgen deprivation therapy was not allowed. The primary endpoint was freedom from failure (FFF) at 2 years, defined as the first occurrence of local, regional, or distant recurrence, biochemical failure by the Phoenix definition (increase of PSA ≥2 ng/mL over the nadir PSA), or the start of salvage therapy including ADT. Secondary endpoints included GI and GU grade ≥2 toxicity according to CTCAE v4 criteria, as well as health-related quality of life (HRQoL) metrics assessed by AUASI and EPIC scores. Non-inferiority would be declared if the 1-sided 95% confidence interval limit for the difference in 2-year FFF rate was below 4.2% between both groups by Clopper-Pearson exact method. RESULTS Between November 2010 and September 2020, 133 patients were enrolled and randomly assigned to CFPT (n = 45) or SBPT (n = 88). Median follow-up was 5 years (IQ 3.9-5.2), with the last patient enrolled followed for at least 2 years. The 2-year FFF was 100% for both groups, fulfilling the pre-specified criteria for non-inferiority of SBPT compared to CFPT. By KM estimates, 5-year FFF was 97.4% and 100% (P = 0.1), and the 5-year OS was 97.1% and 95.5% (P = 0.46) for patients treated with CFPT and SBPT, respectively. The cumulative incidence of any grade ≥3 toxicities at 5 years was 0% and 5.7% (P = 0.14) for patients treated with CFPT and SBPT, respectively. The frequency of GI grade ≥2 toxicity at 6 months was of 0% and 2.3% (P = 0.55), and at 2 years was of 6.7% and 3.4% (P = 0.69) for patients treated with CFPT and SBPT, respectively. The frequency of GU grade ≥2 toxicity at 6 months was of 2.2% and 5.7% (P = 0.42), and at 2 years was of 8.9% and 5.7% (P = 0.54) for patients treated with CFPT and SBPT, respectively. Changes in HRQoL scores at 2 years were similar between groups (Table). CONCLUSION SBPT is non-inferior to CFPT regarding FFF and associated with similar long-term toxicity rates and HRQoL metric scores.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A S Toesca
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ
| | | | - T A DeWees
- Department of Qualitative Health Sciences, Section of Biostatistics, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ
| | - J Chang
- The Oklahoma Proton Center and University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Oklahoma City, OK
| | - B Laughlin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ
| | - M M Voss
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Arizona, Phoenix, AZ
| | - N Mohammed
- Northwestern Medicine Chicago Proton Center, Warrenville, IL
| | - S R Keole
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ
| | - L A McGee
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ
| | - V Gondi
- Northwestern Medicine Cancer Center Warrenville and Northwestern Medicine Chicago Proton Center, Warrenville, IL
| | - P J Sweeney
- Northwestern Medicine Chicago Proton Center, Warrenville, IL
| | - P L Dorn
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Rocky Mountain Hospital for Children, Denver, CO
| | - C C Sinesi
- Hampton University Proton Therapy Institute, Hampton, VA
| | - L S Doh Jr
- Radiation Medicine Associates, Oklahoma City, OK
| | - T A Rich
- University of Virginia Medical Center, Charlottesville, VA
| | - C E Vargas
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ
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Pita S, Lorite P, Cuadrado A, Panzera Y, De Oliveira J, Alevi KCC, Rosa JA, Freitas SPC, Gómez-Palacio A, Solari A, Monroy C, Dorn PL, Cabrera-Bravo M, Panzera F. High chromosomal mobility of rDNA clusters in holocentric chromosomes of Triatominae, vectors of Chagas disease (Hemiptera-Reduviidae). Med Vet Entomol 2022; 36:66-80. [PMID: 34730244 DOI: 10.1111/mve.12552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The subfamily Triatominae (Hemiptera-Reduviidae) includes more than 150 blood-sucking species, potential vectors of the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi, causative agent of Chagas disease. A distinctive cytogenetic characteristic of this group is the presence of extremely stable chromosome numbers. Unexpectedly, the analyses of the chromosomal location of ribosomal gene clusters and other repetitive sequences place Triatominae as a significantly diverse hemipteran subfamily. Here, we advance the understanding of Triatominae chromosomal evolution through the analysis of the 45S rDNA cluster chromosomal location in 92 Triatominae species. We found the 45S rDNA clusters in one to four loci per haploid genome with different chromosomal patterns: On one or two autosomes, on one, two or three sex chromosomes, on the X chromosome plus one to three autosomes. The movement of 45S rDNA clusters is discussed in an evolutionary context. Our results illustrate that rDNA mobility has been relatively common in the past and in recent evolutionary history of the group. The high frequency of rDNA patterns involving autosomes and sex chromosomes among closely related species could affect genetic recombination and the viability of hybrid populations, which suggests that the mobility of rDNA clusters could be a driver of species diversification.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Pita
- Sección Genética Evolutiva, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - P Lorite
- Department of Experimental Biology, Genetics, University of Jaén, Jaén, Spain
| | - A Cuadrado
- Department of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Alcalá, Madrid, Spain
| | - Y Panzera
- Sección Genética Evolutiva, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - J De Oliveira
- Laboratório de Entomologia em Saúde Pública, Departamento de Epidemiologia, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - K C C Alevi
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" (Unesp), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - J A Rosa
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" (Unesp), São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - A Gómez-Palacio
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Genética Evolutiva - LIGE, Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia, Tunja, Colombia
| | - A Solari
- Programa de Biología Celular y Molecular, ICBM, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - C Monroy
- Laboratorio de Entomología Aplicada y Parasitología, Escuela de Biología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala, Guatemala City, Guatemala
| | - P L Dorn
- Department of Biological Sciences, Loyola University New Orleans, New Orleans, Louisiana, U.S.A
| | - M Cabrera-Bravo
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - F Panzera
- Sección Genética Evolutiva, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
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Dorn PL, Flores J, Brahney B, Gutierrez A, Rosales R, Rodas A, Monroy C. Comparison of polymerase chain reaction on fresh tissue samples and fecal drops on filter paper for detection of Trypanosoma cruzi in Rhodnius prolixus. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2001; 96:503-5. [PMID: 11391422 DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762001000400010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
PCR detection of Trypanosoma cruzi in Rhodnius prolixus using fresh tissue or fecal drops on filter paper showed comparable results: 38.7% infection rate using the fresh tissue sample and 37.9% by dried fecal drop.
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Affiliation(s)
- P L Dorn
- Department of Biological Sciences, Loyola University, New Orleans, LA, USA.
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Dorn PL, Engelke D, Rodas A, Rosales R, Melgar S, Brahney B, Flores J, Monroy C. Utility of the polymerase chain reaction in detection of Trypanosoma cruzi in Guatemalan Chagas' disease vectors. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1999; 60:740-5. [PMID: 10344645 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.1999.60.740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
For effective control programs, accurate assessment of Trypanosoma cruzi infection in vectors is essential and has traditionally been performed by microscopic examination. For particular vectors and not others, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis of fecal samples recently has been shown to be an effective means of detection. The sensitivities of the PCR and microscopy for detection of T. cruzi in different anatomic sites were compared in the two major vectors of Guatemala, Triatoma dimidiata and Rhodnius prolixus. Preliminary studies established that T. cruzi can be detected by the PCR in the presence of 90% T. rangeli. One hundred thirty-five vectors were collected, and samples were obtained from the rectum, intestines, and stomach and analyzed by microscopy and the PCR. For Triatoma dimidiata rectal samples, the PCR sensitivity (39.1% T. cruzi positive) and the microscopic sensitivity (24.6% positive) was not significantly different. However, in R. prolixus, the PCR proved significantly more sensitive than microscopy: 57.6% positive by PCR compared with 22.7% by microscopy. Rectal samples showed the highest rates of infection followed by intestine and stomach samples. However, 10.5% of the Rhodnius infections would have been missed if only the rectal sample had been analyzed. Thus, the PCR is significantly more sensitive than microscopy for detection of T. cruzi in R. prolixus. Analysis of anatomic sites in addition to the rectal sample may be necessary for accurate assessment of infection in particular vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- P L Dorn
- Department of Biological Sciences, Loyola University, New Orleans, Louisiana 70118, USA
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Dorn PL, Selgean S, Guillot M. Simplified method for preservation and polymerase chain reaction-amplification of Trypanosoma cruzi DNA in human blood. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 1997; 92:253-5. [PMID: 9332587 DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02761997000200020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- P L Dorn
- Department of Biological Sciences, Loyola University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- J F Evermann
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman 99164
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Abstract
Procyclin is an abundant surface antigen found exclusively on the procyclic forms of African trypanosomes. We are interested in the induction of procyclin gene expression during differentiation from bloodstream forms. We find that increased levels of procyclin RNA are evident as early as 15 min after triggering differentiation. The increase in procyclin RNA levels requires the temperature shift from 37 degrees C to 27 degrees C and is aided by addition of the tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediate cis-aconitate. Maximal induction is observed with a combination of three triggers of differentiation: citrate, cis-aconitate and the temperature shift. Protein synthesis does not appear to be required for induction of procyclin RNA during differentiation. In fact, addition of protein synthesis inhibitors results in super-induction of procyclin RNA levels, even under conditions where no induction is normally observed (i.e., at 37 degrees C in the absence of citrate and cis-aconitate). This super-induction was observed with four different protein synthesis inhibitors that affect different stages of translation. Thus, the accumulation of procyclin transcripts may be under the control of a negative regulator whose effective levels are reduced during differentiation from bloodstream to procyclic forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- P L Dorn
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA 94305-5402
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Abstract
Deletion analysis of the equine infectious anemia virus long terminal repeat revealed that sequences responsive to virus-specific transactivation are located within the region spanning the transcriptional start site (-31 to +22). In addition, an active exon of a trans-acting factor (tat) was identified downstream of pol and overlapping env (nucleotides 5264 to 5461). Activation by tat is accompanied by an increase in the steady-state levels of mRNA directed by the equine infectious anemia virus long terminal repeat.
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Affiliation(s)
- P L Dorn
- Biological Carcinogenesis Development Program, National Cancer Institute Frederick Cancer Research Facility, Maryland 21701-1013
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Abstract
The long terminal repeats (LTRs) of equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV) were examined with respect to their ability to function as transcriptional promoters in various cellular environments. Nucleotide sequence analyses of the LTRs derived from two unique proviral clones revealed the requisite consensus transcription and processing signals. One of the proviruses possessed a duplication of a 16-base-pair sequence in the CCAAT box region of the LTR which was absent in the other provirus. To assess its functional activity, each LTR was coupled to the bacterial chloramphenicol acetyltransferase gene and transfected onto various cell lines, including matched cultures of EIAV-infected and uninfected cells. The levels of chloramphenicol acetyltransferase activity directed by the EIAV LTRs were between 250 and 900 times greater in EIAV-infected cells compared with their uninfected counterparts. Thus, EIAV expression appears to be activated by a virus-induced trans-activation phenomenon analogous to that recently shown to amplify expression of certain other lentiviruses.
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Abstract
To determine the proper approach to asymptomatic carotid bifurcation ulcerated plaque (UP), 79 patients with 91 asymptomatic UPs were identified angiographically, and a 96% follow-up was obtained with a mean duration of three years. The cumulative stroke rate by life-table analysis was 1% at seven years. Sixty-three UPs in 55 patients were classified as small, and of these patients, transient ischemic attacks (TIAs) that were appropriate to the lesion developed in three and stroke in one (7% cumulative symptom rate). Twenty-four UPs in 21 patients were classified as large, and a TIA developed in one patient (9%), but no strokes were observed in this group. The cumulative mortality was 17% at three years and 52% at seven years. Life-table curves of several subgroups were compared and showed no significant differences in either stroke rate or mortality between any of these groups. On the basis of these data, and particularly the seven-year stroke rate of 1%, prophylactic carotid endarterectomy is not justified for asymptomatic carotid bifurcation ulcerations.
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