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Willcocks AM, Pugh T, Cosham SD, Hamilton J, Sung SL, Heil T, Chalker PR, Williams PA, Kociok-Köhn G, Johnson AL. Tailoring Precursors for Deposition: Synthesis, Structure, and Thermal Studies of Cyclopentadienylcopper(I) Isocyanide Complexes. Inorg Chem 2015; 54:4869-81. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.5b00448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. M. Willcocks
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - T. Pugh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - S. D. Cosham
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - J. Hamilton
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - S. L. Sung
- Centre for Materials and Structures, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GH, United Kingdom
- SAFC-Hitech, Power Road, Bromborough, Wirral CH62 3QF, United Kingdom
| | - T. Heil
- NanoInvestigation Centre at Liverpool, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GL, United Kingdom
| | - P. R. Chalker
- Centre for Materials and Structures, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GH, United Kingdom
| | - P. A. Williams
- SAFC-Hitech, Power Road, Bromborough, Wirral CH62 3QF, United Kingdom
| | - G. Kociok-Köhn
- Chemical Crystallography Service, Department
of Chemistry, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - A. L. Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
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Ahmad M, Luo JK, Purnawali H, Huang WM, King PJ, Chalker PR, Mireftab M, Geng J. Making shape memory polymers reprocessable and reusable by a simple chemical method. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2jm30489a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Williams PA, Ireland CP, King PJ, Chater PA, Boldrin P, Palgrave RG, Claridge JB, Darwent JR, Chalker PR, Rosseinsky MJ. Atomic layer deposition of anatase TiO2 coating on silica particles: growth, characterization and evaluation as photocatalysts for methyl orange degradation and hydrogen production. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2jm33446a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Zhao CZ, Werner M, Taylor S, Chalker PR, Jones AC, Zhao C. Dielectric Relaxation of La-Doped Zirconia Caused by Annealing Ambient. Nanoscale Res Lett 2011; 6:48. [PMID: 27502670 PMCID: PMC3211993 DOI: 10.1007/s11671-010-9782-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2010] [Accepted: 09/09/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
La-doped zirconia films, deposited by ALD at 300°C, were found to be amorphous with dielectric constants (k-values) up to 19. A tetragonal or cubic phase was induced by post-deposition annealing (PDA) at 900°C in both nitrogen and air. Higher k-values (~32) were measured following PDA in air, but not after PDA in nitrogen. However, a significant dielectric relaxation was observed in the air-annealed film, and this is attributed to the formation of nano-crystallites. The relaxation behavior was modeled using the Curie-von Schweidler (CS) and Havriliak-Negami (HN) relationships. The k-value of the as-deposited films clearly shows a mixed CS and HN dependence on frequency. The CS dependence vanished after annealing in air, while the HN dependence disappeared after annealing in nitrogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Z Zhao
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong, Liverpool University, 215123, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China.
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Electronics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3GJ, UK.
| | - M Werner
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Electronics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3GJ, UK
- Department of Engineering, Materials Science and Engineering, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3GH, UK
| | - S Taylor
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Electronics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3GJ, UK
| | - P R Chalker
- Department of Engineering, Materials Science and Engineering, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3GH, UK
| | - A C Jones
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3ZD, UK
| | - Chun Zhao
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong, Liverpool University, 215123, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Electronics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3GJ, UK
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Hindley S, Jones AC, Ashraf S, Bacsa J, Steiner A, Chalker PR, Beahan P, Williams PA, Odedra R. Metal organic chemical vapour deposition of vertically aligned ZnO nanowires using oxygen donor adducts. J Nanosci Nanotechnol 2011; 11:8294-8301. [PMID: 22097572 DOI: 10.1166/jnn.2011.5038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Vertically aligned zinc oxide (ZnO) nanowires (NWs) have been grown by liquid injection Metal Organic Chemical Vapour Deposition, using oxygen donor adducts of Me2Zn. The growth and characterisation of the nanowires grown using [Me2Zn(L)] where L = monodentate ethers, tetrahydrofuran (C4H8O) (1), tetrahydropyran (C5H10O) (2), furan (C4H4O) (3) and the bidentate ethers, 1,2-dimethoxyethane (C4H12O2,) (4) 1,4-dioxane (C4H8O2) (5) and 1,4-thioxane (C4H8SO) (6) is discussed. Single crystal X-ray structures of (4), (5), (6) have been established and are included here. The ZnO NWs were deposited in the absence of a seed catalyst on Si(111) and F-doped SnO2/glass substrates over the temperature range 350-600 degrees C. X-ray diffraction (XRD) data shows that the nanowires grown from all adduct precursors were deposited in the wurtzitic phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Hindley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Merseyside, L69 ZD, UK
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Yan L, Niu HJ, Duong GV, Suchomel MR, Bacsa J, Chalker PR, Hadermann J, van Tendeloo G, Rosseinsky MJ. Cation ordering within the perovskite block of a six-layer Ruddlesden-Popper oxide from layer-by-layer growth – artificial interfaces in complex unit cells. Chem Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c0sc00482k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Chalker PR, Romani S, Marshall PA, Rosseinsky MJ, Rushworth S, Williams PA. Liquid injection atomic layer deposition of silver nanoparticles. Nanotechnology 2010; 21:405602. [PMID: 20829564 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/21/40/405602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Silver nanoparticles are being developed for applications in plasmonics, catalysts and analytical methods, amongst others. Herein, we demonstrate the growth of silver nanoparticles using an atomic layer deposition (ALD) process for the first time. The silver was deposited from pulses of the organometallic precursor (hfac)Ag(1,5-COD) ((hexafluoroacetylacetonato)silver(I)(1,5-cyclooctadiene)) dissolved in a 0.1 M toluene solution. Catalytic oxidative dehydrogenation of the silver was achieved using intermittent pulses of propanol. The effect of substrate temperature on the size and distribution of nanoparticles has been investigated over the temperature range 110-150 degrees C. Transmission electron microscopy reveals that the nanoparticles consist of face centred cubic, facetted silver crystallites. The localized surface plasmon modes of the nanoparticles have been investigated using electron energy loss spectroscopy mapping. The distributions of plasmons within the ALD nanoparticles are comparable to those grown by solution methods. Both dipolar and quadrupolar resonant modes are observed, which is consistent with previous discrete dipole approximation models. Energy loss mapping of a loss feature at 8.1 eV reveals that it correlates with the bulk or volume region of the silver nanoparticles investigated here.
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Affiliation(s)
- P R Chalker
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.
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Black K, Jones AC, Alexandrou I, Heys PN, Chalker PR. The optical properties of vertically aligned ZnO nanowires deposited using a dimethylzinc adduct. Nanotechnology 2010; 21:045701. [PMID: 20009167 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/21/4/045701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The optical properties of zinc oxide nanowires are critically influenced by the growth process. Herein, we describe a metal-organic chemical vapour deposition (MOCVD) process for the growth of ZnO nanowires with improved optical properties. A tetrahydrofuran adduct is used to control the reactivity of dimethylzinc to enable this. Vertically aligned zinc oxide nanowires have been grown on Si(111) substrates by liquid injection MOCVD, using a solution of [Me(2)Zn(tetrahydrofuran)] in the presence of oxygen. The ZnO morphology becomes nanowire-like in a narrow temperature range centred about 500 degrees C. Above and below this temperature range, the ZnO is deposited in the form of polycrystalline films. The ZnO nanowires grow from a polycrystalline nucleation layer, with the (0002) c-axis parallel to the Si[111] substrate orientation. High-resolution electron microscopy reveals a highly crystalline nanowire microstructure. Resonance enhanced ultraviolet Raman spectroscopy shows that the ratio of first- and second-order longitudinal optic modes is commensurate with electron-phonon coupling effects observed previously in ZnO nanostructures. Photoluminescence exhibits intense near band-edge emission with a full width at half-maximum of 110 meV at room temperature and shows negligible defect-related visible emission.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Black
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
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Wang P, Bleloch AL, Yan L, Niu HJ, Chalker PR, Rosseinsky MJ, Goodhew PJ. Aberration corrected STEM of defects in epitaxial n=4 Ruddlesden-Popper phase Can+1MnnO3n+1. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/126/1/012050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Potter RJ, Chalker PR, Manning TD, Aspinall HC, Loo YF, Jones AC, Smith LM, Critchlow GW, Schumacher M. Deposition of HfO2, Gd2O3 and PrOx by Liquid Injection ALD Techniques. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/cvde.200406348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Gass MH, Papworth AJ, Bullough TJ, Chalker PR. Elemental mapping using the Ga 3d and In 4d transitions in the ε2 absorption spectra derived from EELS. Ultramicroscopy 2004; 101:257-64. [PMID: 15450671 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2004.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2003] [Revised: 06/10/2004] [Accepted: 06/21/2004] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
It is proposed that by using the valence-band states in electron energy loss spectroscopy, high-spatial resolution maps of quantitative elemental composition may be acquired with high acquisition rates. Further, it is shown that by using the epsilon(2) spectrum instead of single scattering data, the noise in the observed transitions and associated maps is significantly reduced. The epsilon(2) spectra are derived through a Kramers-Kronig transformation from electron energy loss spectra obtained in a scanning transmission electron microscope. Using transitions that occur in the epsilon(2) absorption spectrum (<40eV), quantitative elemental maps for III-V device structures have been produced. An example is provided using the Ga 3d transition to map a GaInNAs/GaAs laser structure. Weaker transitions such as In 4d have also been used to verify the Ga elemental distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- M H Gass
- Department of Engineering, Materials Science and Engineering, The University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3GH, UK.
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Werner M, Job R, Zaitzev A, Fahrner WR, Seifert W, Johnston C, Chalker PR. The Relationship between Resistivity and Boron Doping Concentration of Single and Polycrystalline Diamond. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1002/pssa.2211540127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Candy JM, McArthur FK, Oakley AE, Taylor GA, Chen CP, Mountfort SA, Thompson JE, Chalker PR, Bishop HE, Beyreuther K. Aluminium accumulation in relation to senile plaque and neurofibrillary tangle formation in the brains of patients with renal failure. J Neurol Sci 1992; 107:210-8. [PMID: 1564520 DOI: 10.1016/0022-510x(92)90291-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The effects of long-term exposure to aluminium on the development of Alzheimer-type neuropathological changes have been studied post-mortem in patients with chronic renal failure who did not have dialysis encephalopathy. Administration of aluminium-containing phosphate binding compounds appears to be a major factor in the accumulation of aluminium in the brain of dialysis patients. The mean serum aluminium concentrations determined during life and brain aluminium concentrations determined post-mortem correlated with both the duration and total amount of aluminium hydroxide administered to these patients. No correlation was found between the presence of bone aluminium and either the mean serum or brain aluminium concentration. Longitudinal monitoring of serum aluminium concentrations may provide a more reliable index than bone biopsy of brain aluminium concentrations in dialysis patients. Dynamic secondary ion mass spectrometry revealed focal accumulations of aluminium associated with cortical pyramidal neurones. The majority of patients also showed immunostaining in pyramidal neurones with an antibody to the N-terminal region of the beta/A4 amyloid precursor protein, while staining was absent in age-matched control cases. One-third of the patients exhibited beta/A4-positive amorphous senile plaques in the cerebral cortex. However, there was no clear correlation between either the presence and intensity of beta/A4 amyloid precursor immunostaining or the presence of senile plaques and the concentration of aluminium in the cerebral cortex. Cortical neurofibrillary tangles were not observed in any of the dialysis patients. These data suggest that it is unlikely that aluminium plays any major role in neurofibrillary tangle formation and that its putative role in senile plaque formation is likely to be only part of a complex cascade of changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Candy
- MRC Neurochemical Pathology Unit, Newcastle General Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, U.K
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