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Chaiyabutr N, Chanhome L, Vasaruchapong T, Laoungbua P, Khow O, Rungsipipat A, Sitprija V. The pathophysiological effects of Russell's viper ( Daboia siamensis) venom and its fractions in the isolated perfused rabbit kidney model: A potential role for platelet activating factor. Toxicon X 2020; 7:100046. [PMID: 32875291 PMCID: PMC7452022 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxcx.2020.100046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathophysiological effects of Russell's viper venom (RVV) and its fractions, including phospholipase A2 (RvPLA2), metalloprotease (RvMP), L-amino acid oxidase (RvLAAO), and phosphodiesterase (RvPDE) on renal functions were investigated using the isolated perfused rabbit kidney (IPK) model. Moreover, whether their effects on renal alterations were promoted by platelet activating factor (PAF) was tested using the PAF receptor antagonist, WEB 2086. There was a marked reduction in the perfusion pressure (PP) and renal vascular resistance (RVR) 10 min after RVV administration (1.0 mg/100 ml of perfusate), thereafter both PP and RVR gradually increased and approached the control level within 90 min. These effects were abolished by pretreatment with WEB2086 (2 μg/μl). Administration with RvPLA2 (280 μg/ml), RvMP (280 μg/ml), or RvLAAO (135 μg/ml) alone increased both the PP and RVR, whereas RvPDE (100 μg/ml) reduced both the PP and RVR. Pretreatment with WEB 2086 completely abolished the effects induced by RvMP, but not the other fractions. The RVV also caused a marked decrease in the glomerular filtration rate (GFR), urinary flow rate (UF), and osmolar clearance (Cosm), and these effects were not inhibited by pretreatment with WEB2086. Each RVV fraction also increased, to varying extents, the GFR, UF, and Cosm, and these effects induced by RvPLA2 or RvMP, but not the other fractions, were completely blocked by WEB 2086. Changes in percent filtered Na+ and K+ excreted in the IPK by RVV, RvPDE, and RvMP were abolished by pretreatment with WEB 2086. Histological evaluation profiled mainly tubulonephrosis in the treated kidney. These results reveal that the alterations in renal functions induced by RVV and its fractions are due to the synergistic action of the different components of snake venom, instead of the action of a single component. The effects of RVV and its fractions in rabbit IPK are mediated at least in part by PAF.
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Sitprija S, Chanhome L, Reamtong O, Thiangtrongjit T, Vasaruchapong T, Khow O, Noiphrom J, Laoungbua P, Tubtimyoy A, Chaiyabutr N, Kumkate S. Proteomics and immunocharacterization of Asian mountain pit viper (Ovophis monticola) venom. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0260496. [PMID: 34851989 PMCID: PMC8635378 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0260496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The venomic profile of Asian mountain pit viper Ovophis monticola is clarified in the present study. Using mass spectrometry-based proteomics, 247 different proteins were identified in crude venom of O. monticola found in Thailand. The most abundant proteins were snake venom metalloproteases (SVMP) (36.8%), snake venom serine proteases (SVSP) (31.1%), and phospholipases A2 (PLA2) (12.1%). Less abundant proteins included L-amino acid oxidase (LAAO) (5.7%), venom nerve growth factor (3.6%), nucleic acid degrading enzymes (3.2%), C-type lectins (CTL) (1.6%), cysteine-rich secretory proteins (CRISP) (1.2%) and disintegrin (1.2%). The immunoreactivity of this viper's venom to a monovalent antivenom against green pit viper Trimeresurus albolabris, or to a polyvalent antivenom against hemotoxic venom was investigated by indirect ELISA and two-dimensional (2D) immunoblotting. Polyvalent antivenom showed substantially greater reactivity levels than monovalent antivenom. A titer for the monovalent antivenom was over 1:1.28x107 dilution while that of polyvalent antivenom was 1:5.12x107. Of a total of 89 spots comprising 173 proteins, 40 spots of predominantly SVMP, SVSP and PLA2 were specific antigens for antivenoms. The 49 unrecognized spots containing 72 proteins were characterized as non-reactive proteins, and included certain types of CTLs and CRISPs. These neglected venom constituents could limit the effectiveness of antivenom-based therapy currently available for victims of pit viper envenomation.
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Chanhome L, Khow O, Reamtong O, Vasaruchapong T, Laoungbua P, Tawan T, Suntrarachun S, Sitprija S, Kumkate S, Chaiyabutr N. Biochemical and proteomic analyses of venom from a new pit viper, Protobothrops kelomohy. J Venom Anim Toxins Incl Trop Dis 2022; 28:e20210080. [PMID: 35432492 PMCID: PMC9005077 DOI: 10.1590/1678-9199-jvatitd-2021-0080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: A new pit viper, Protobothrops kelomohy, has been recently discovered in northern and northwestern Thailand. Envenoming by the other Protobothrops species across several Asian countries has been a serious health problem since their venom is highly hematotoxic. However, the management of P. kelomohy bites is required as no specific antivenom is available. This study aimed to investigate the biochemical properties and proteomes of P. kelomohy venom (PKV), including the cross-neutralization to its lethality with antivenoms available in Thailand. Methods: PKV was evaluated for its neutralizing capacity (ER50), lethality (LD50), procoagulant and hemorrhagic effects with three monovalent antivenoms (TAAV, DSAV, and CRAV) and one polyvalent (HPAV) hematotoxic antivenom. The enzymatic activities were examined in comparison with venoms of Trimeresurus albolabris (TAV), Daboia siamensis (DSV), Calloselasma rhodostoma (CRV). Molecular mass was separated on SDS-PAGE, then the specific proteins were determined by western blotting. The venom protein classification was analyzed using mass spectrometry-based proteomics. Results: Intravenous LD50 of PKV was 0.67 µg/g. ER50 of HPAV, DSAV and TAAV neutralize PKV at 1.02, 0.36 and 0.12 mg/mL, respectively. PKV exhibited procoagulant effect with a minimal coagulation dose of 12.5 ± 0.016 µg/mL and hemorrhagic effect with a minimal hemorrhagic dose of 1.20 ± 0.71 µg/mouse. HPAV was significantly effective in neutralizing procoagulant and hemorrhagic effects of PKV than those of TAAV, DSAV and CRAV. All enzymatic activities among four venoms exhibited significant differences. PKV proteome revealed eleven classes of putative snake venom proteins, predominantly metalloproteinase (40.85%), serine protease (29.93%), and phospholipase A2 (15.49%). Conclusions: Enzymatic activities of PKV are similarly related to other viperid venoms in this study by quantitatively hematotoxic properties. Three major venom toxins were responsible for coagulopathy in PKV envenomation. The antivenom HPAV was considered effective in neutralizing the lethality, procoagulant and hemorrhagic effects of PKV.
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Chan AHE, Thaenkham U, Poodeepiyasawat A, Boonserm S, Namjad P, Laoungbua P, Tawan T, Bun NP, Ratnarathorn N, Charoennitiwat V. Discovery of Encyclometra bungara (Digenea: Encyclometridae) in a new host ( Enhydris enhydris) from Thailand and Cambodia through morphological and molecular identification. Parasitology 2024; 151:77-83. [PMID: 38229575 PMCID: PMC10941033 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182023001166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 11/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
The genus Encyclometra is one of the two genera in family Encyclometridae, known for parasitising the oesophagus, stomach and intestine of snakes. Among Encyclometra, the species present are: Encyclometra colubrimurorum, Encyclometra japonica, Encyclometra asymmetrica and Encyclometra bungara. Species discrimination within Encyclometra has predominantly relied on morphological differences, such as the length of the caeca and the position of the testes. Morphological overlaps exist among these species making species discrimination challenging. Additionally, the use of molecular information has been limited for Encyclometra. To determine the Encyclometra species infecting Enhydris enhydris from Thailand and Cambodia, morphological and molecular identification was conducted. Morphological characters and measurements were obtained from 30 Encyclometra adults, and they were compared with previous studies of other Encyclometra species. Novel sequences of E. bungara were generated using the nuclear 18S and 28S ribosomal RNA genes, and the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 gene. Our results revealed that the specimens could be morphologically identified as E. bungara, with support from molecular information obtained from the phylogenies of the 3 genetic markers employed. Molecular analysis showed that the Encyclometra specimens were distinct from E. colubrimurorum and E. japonica. Through morphological and molecular identification of the Encyclometra specimens found in E. enhydris from Thailand and Cambodia, we describe and provide a record of E. bungara in a new host and new locality. Additionally, novel molecular sequences were generated, revealing the phylogenetic position of E. bungara within the superfamily Gorgoderoidea.
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Chaiyabutr N, Noiprom J, Promruangreang K, Vasaruchapong T, Laoungbua P, Khow O, Chanhome L, Sitprija V. Acute phase reactions in Daboia siamensis venom and fraction-induced acute kidney injury: the role of oxidative stress and inflammatory pathways in in vivo rabbit and ex vivo rabbit kidney models. J Venom Anim Toxins Incl Trop Dis 2024; 30:e20230070. [PMID: 38808074 PMCID: PMC11131233 DOI: 10.1590/1678-9199-jvatitd-2023-0070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Background This study examines the direct nephrotoxic effects of Daboia siamensis venom (RVV) and venom fractions in in vivo and isolated perfused kidneys (IPK) to understand the role of inflammation pathways and susceptibility to oxidative stress in venom or fraction-induced acute renal failure. Methods We administered RVV and its venom fractions (PLA2, MP, LAAO, and PDE) to rabbits in vivo and in the IPK model. We measured oxidative stress biomarkers (SOD, CAT, GSH, and MDA) in kidney tissue, as well as inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, IFN-γ, IL-4, IL-5, and IL-10), MDA and GSH levels in plasma and urine. We also calculated fractional excretion (FE) for pro-/anti-inflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress biomarkers, including the ratios of pro-/anti-inflammatory cytokines in urine after envenomation. Results In both kidney models, significant increases in MDA, SOD, CAT, and GSH levels were observed in kidney tissues, along with elevated concentrations of MDA and GSH in plasma and urine after injecting RVV and venom fractions. Moreover, RVV injections led to progressive increases in FEMDA and decreases in FEGSH. The concentrations of IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, IFN-γ, and TNF-α in plasma increased in vivo, as well as in the urine of the IPK model, but not for IL-1β in both plasma and urine after RVV administrations. Urinary fractional excretion of TNF-α, IL-1β, IFN-γ, IL-4, IL-5, and IL-10 tended to decrease in vivo but showed elevated levels in the IPK model. A single RVV injection in vivo disrupted the balance of urinary cytokines, significantly reducing either the TNF-α/IL-10 ratio or the IFN-γ/IL-10 ratio. Conclusion RVV induces renal tubular toxicity by increasing oxidative stress production and elevating inflammatory cytokines in urine. During the acute phase of acute kidney injury, the balance of urine cytokines shifts toward anti-inflammatory dominance within the first two hours post-RVV and venom fractions.
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Suntrarachun S, Laoungbua P, Khunsap S, Noiporm J, Suttisee R. Evaluation of cellular immune response in rabbits after exposure to cobra venom and purified toxin fraction. Environ Anal Health Toxicol 2024; 39:e2024029-0. [PMID: 39973075 PMCID: PMC11852295 DOI: 10.5620/eaht.2024029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2024] [Accepted: 11/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2025] Open
Abstract
Snakebite by a cobra is considered neurotoxic as the cause of neuromuscular paralysis mediated by low molecular weight toxins, which are major toxin components of cobra. However, these toxins represent a problem in generating antibodies owing to their low immunogenicity. Developing complementary strategies to improve the antibody response could be a useful approach to creating better therapeutic antivenoms with higher neutralizing potencies. To develop simple immunization strategies for more potent antivenoms by studying the effects of combining crude cobra venom and toxin fraction in a complementary way. The evaluation of specific cell immunology and cytokine mediators for relevant immune responses will be measured in a rabbit model using four simple immunization strategies. Flow cytometry will be used to quantify the number of B and T cells, and qRT-PCR will be used to ascertain the cytokine genes expressed. B cells with anti-CD20 were seen on D14, and a booster dose was insufficient to maximize the antibodies. Conversely, anti-CD5 for T cells decreased periodically but remained stable. Using a mixture of crude cobra venom and its <10 kDa fraction, peak expression of pro-inflammatory cytokine genes was seen in D42 or D58, with a rise of 4 and 6 folds. Similarly, gene expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines was greater than that of anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-4 and IL-10), which were up-regulated after D42. Thus, immunization with both the crude and its <10 kDa fraction of cobra venom seems to have synergistic effects that boost cytokines, activate the immune system, and cause lymphocyte differentiation.
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Vasaruchapong T, Laoungbua P, Tawan T, Chanhome L. The survey of internal parasites of consumed - Siamese cobra (Naja kaouthia) in Thailand. VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY- REGIONAL STUDIES AND REPORTS 2017; 9:88-92. [PMID: 31014849 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2017.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Revised: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In Asia and Africa, snake meat and organs are commonly prepared for consumption as traditional medicine or aphrodisiac regardless of the awareness of zoonotic diseases. Parasitic zoonosis can be contracted from the consumption of raw reptile and amphibian meat. Therefore to study this further, forty wild-caught Siamese cobras (Naja kaouthia) which were supplied to exotic restaurants in Thailand were randomized for fecal and blood examination as well as necropsy to dissect for the presence of parasites. Six groups of internal parasites and one blood parasite were found. The prevalence of rhabditids, Kalicephalus spp. and pentastomids were 82.5% (32/40), 60% (24/40) and 22.5% (9/40), respectively. Pentastomids are one of the potential zoonotic parasites reported in Thailand and other countries. But there is no report of pentastomids in Siamese cobra. Therefore, the further species identification of pentastome should be performed to raise community awareness on snake consumption.
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Ratnarathorn N, Nadolski B, Sumontha M, Hauser S, Suntrarachun S, Khunsap S, Laoungbua P, Radcliffe CA, Vasaruchapong T, Tawan T, Chanhome L. An expanded description, natural history, and genetic variation of the recently described cobra species Naja fuxi Shi et al., 2022. VERTEBRATE ZOOLOGY 2023. [DOI: 10.3897/vz.73.e89339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
The morphological variation, extended distribution, and sequence divergence of a recently described of cobra Naja fuxiShi et al., 2022 captured from mountainous areas in Thailand are evaluated by using molecular and morphological analyses. We investigated the genetic variation and affinities of 72 specimens in the genus Naja by using mitochondrial DNA (cytochrome b and control region) and the nuclear DNA gene, C-mos. Morphological examination was conducted for 33 cobra specimens obtained from the northern, western, and north-eastern regions, and data on their natural history were gathered during field surveys. A high degree of genetic differentiation was shown to exist between the cobras collected from lowlands and those from mountainous areas. N. fuxi occurs in uplands bordering Thailand’s Central Basin, whereas the similar looking N. kaouthia Lesson, 1831 is more or less restricted to the lowlands. All phylogenetic and network analyses supported a distinct clade of N. fuxi from north, west, and, north-east regions. In addition, N. fuxi seems to exhibit a split between the north-eastern population and those from the north and west. The range of N. fuxi probably extends far into the mountainous areas of the neighbouring countries Myanmar, Laos, and Vietnam. Morphologically, N. fuxi in Thailand can be distinguished from all other cobra species in the adjacent Oriental Region. The speciation of cobras in Thailand likely reflects key events in the region’s geographical, climate and environmental history.
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Reamtong O, Pearngam P, Laoungbua P, Sitprija S, Thiangtrongjit T, Srisuk G, Vasaruchapong T, Khow O, Noiphrom J, Chaiyabutr N, Chanhome L, Kumkate S. Comparative in vitro immunoreactivity and protein analysis of Trimeresurus albolabris and Tropidolaemus wagleri venoms. Sci Rep 2025; 15:12693. [PMID: 40221593 PMCID: PMC11993613 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-025-97032-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2025] [Indexed: 04/14/2025] Open
Abstract
Snakebite envenomation remains a significant global health concern, with antivenoms being the primary treatment. However, variations in venom composition can affect antivenom efficacy, leading to differences in immunoreactivity. This study aimed to evaluate and compare the immunological reactivity of venom components in Trimeresurus albolabris and Tropidolaemus wagleri venoms and further investigate the differences in antigenic properties of a key protein between two species that may influence antivenom recognition. The levels of immunological reactivity of monovalent (homospecific) antivenom and hemato polyvalent antivenom to Trimeresurus albolabris and Tropidolaemus wagleri venoms were evaluated using indirect ELISA. The immunoreactive levels of both antivenoms to antigenic proteins in Trimeresurus albolabris venom were comparable. In addition, both antivenoms reacted immunologically with antigens in Tropidolaemus wagleri venom. However, the hemato polyvalent antivenom showed greater reactivity to Tropidolaemus wagleri venom than the monovalent antivenom. The overall reactivity of the antivenoms to Trimeresurus albolabris venom was higher than that to Tropidolaemus wagleri venom. Using two-dimensional (2DE) immunoblotting and liquid chromatography mass-spectrometry-based proteomic technology (LC-MS/MS), immunoreactive and non-reactive proteins in both pit viper venoms were characterized and identified. Trimeresurus albolabris venom comprised a total of 235 spots, while Tropidolaemus wagleri venom contained 72 spots. Immunorecognition between the polyvalent antivenom and specific proteins in both venoms was mostly detected in proteins with a size over 30 kDa. Among the nine protein families identified in both venoms, the most frequently reactive proteins found in Trimeresurus albolabris venom were snake venom metalloproteinases (SVMP) and snake venom serine proteases (SVSP), while in Tropidolaemus wagleri venom, the most frequent were members of the L-amino acid oxidase (LAAO) family. For the non-immunoreactive proteins, we detected the highest identity numbers of phospholipase A2 (PLA2) in Trimeresurus albolabris venom and SVSP in Tropidolaemus wagleri venom. The distinctive characteristics between the non-reactive SVSP in Tropidolaemus wagleri venom and the reactive SVSP in Trimeresurus albolabris venom were investigated. The antigenic properties and predicted B cell epitopes were further analyzed using a computational approach. Structural and physicochemical analyses indicated that Loop 2 (residues 100-110) in the immunoreactive SVSP from Trimeresurus albolabris venom exhibited higher hydrophilicity and surface accessibility compared to the non-immunoreactive SVSP from Tropidolaemus wagleri venom. These findings provide important insights into the differences in antivenom reactivity to specific proteins across different snake venoms and may contribute to future research aimed at optimizing antivenom formulations.
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Charoennitiwat V, Thaenkham U, Tongpon S, Chaisiri K, Laoungbua P, Tawan T, Kanjanapruthipong T, Ampawong S, Chan AHE, Ratnarathorn N. A new nematode species, Tanqua siamensis sp. nov. (Nematoda: Gnathostomatidae) in the rainbow water snake, Enhydris enhydris, from Thailand. Parasitology 2024; 151:821-831. [PMID: 39311393 PMCID: PMC11579038 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182024000908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 11/16/2024]
Abstract
The genus Tanqua Blanchard, 1904, infests reptiles, particularly those inhabiting aquatic environments. This study examined a population of rainbow water snakes, Enhydris enhydris (Schneider, 1799), collected from southern Thailand. Adult nematodes consistent with Tanqua were found in the stomach. Various morphometric, meristic and qualitative morphological variables, including size, ratios, distances, cephalic appearance, the number of caudal papillae and other features, serve to distinguish the specimens from other species within the genus. In particular, Tanqua anomala and Tanqua diadema, which closely resemble our Tanqua specimens, can be differentiated by key diagnostic characteristics such as a retractable head, the distance from the anterior end to the cervical sac, the relative positions of caudal papillae and excretory pore, and the length of the uterus. Molecular analysis (COI and 18s rRNA genes) confirmed its status as a species of Tanqua, genetically distinct from Tanqua tiara, and matching the genetic sequence found in larvae of Tanqua sp. from a snakehead fish species from Bangladesh. Tanqua siamensis sp. nov. is described, supported by morphological traits, microscopic illustrations and genetic information. This study reports the first evidence of a caudal papillary pair in females. This species causes significant lesions on the stomach wall of the snake host, raising possible issues for snakes held in captivity regarding food hygiene and parasite protection.
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Charoennitiwat V, Tongpon S, Suksuwan P, Chaisiri K, Laoungbua P, Tawan T, Thaenkham U, Ratnarathorn N. Serpentirhabdias orientalis sp. nov. (nematoda: rhabdiasidae), a new lungworm species in naja kaouthia from Thailand: the first record of the genus from the oriental region and an elapid snake. Parasitology 2025:1-12. [PMID: 39957501 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182025000174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2025]
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Chaiyabutr N, Chanhome L, Vasaruchapong T, Laoungbua P, Khow O, Rungsipipat A, Reamtong O, Sitprija V. Comparative compositional and functional venomic profiles among venom specimens from juvenile, subadult and adult Russell’s viper ( Daboia siamensis ): correlation with renal pathophysiology in experimental rabbits. J Venom Anim Toxins Incl Trop Dis 2022; 28:20210111. [PMID: 35432494 PMCID: PMC8978910 DOI: 10.1590/1678-9199-jvatitd-2021-0111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Methods: Results: Conclusions:
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Charoennitiwat V, Chaisiri K, Ampawong S, Laoungbua P, Chanhome L, Vasaruchapong T, Tawan T, Thaenkham U, Ratnarathorn N. Redescription and new record of Paracapillaria ( Ophidiocapillaria) najae (Nematoda: Trichuroidea) in the monocled cobra Naja kaouthia from central Thailand: morphological and molecular insights. Parasitology 2023; 150:901-910. [PMID: 37519244 PMCID: PMC10577661 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182023000707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
The parasitic nematode Paracapillaria (Ophidiocapillaria) najae De, 1998, found in the Indian cobra Naja naja is redescribed and re-illustrated in the present study. The monocled cobra Naja kaouthia was discovered to be a new host for this parasite in central Thailand. A comprehensive description extending the morphological and molecular characteristics of the parasites is provided to aid species recognition in future studies. The morphometric characters of 41 parasites collected from 5 cobra specimens are compared with those described in the original studies. Phylogenetic analyses using mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 and nuclear 18S ribosomal RNA genes were performed to provide novel information on the systematics of P. najae. Similar characteristics were observed in the examined nematode samples, despite being found in different hosts, confirming their identity as P. najae. The molecular genetic results support the species status of P. najae, indicating P. najae is well defined and separated from other related nematode species in the family Capillariidae. Morphological descriptions, genetic sequences, evolutionary relationships among capillariids and new host and distribution records of P. najae are discussed. Paracapillaria najae specimens found in the Thai cobra had some morphological variation, and sexual size dimorphism was also indicated. Paracapillaria najae was found to infect various cobra host species and appeared to be common throughout the Oriental regions, consistent with its hosts' distribution.
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