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Salvati KA, Souza GMPR, Lu AC, Ritger ML, Guyenet P, Abbott SB, Beenhakker MP. Respiratory alkalosis provokes spike-wave discharges in seizure-prone rats. eLife 2022; 11:72898. [PMID: 34982032 PMCID: PMC8860449 DOI: 10.7554/elife.72898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperventilation reliably provokes seizures in patients diagnosed with absence epilepsy. Despite this predictable patient response, the mechanisms that enable hyperventilation to powerfully activate absence seizure-generating circuits remain entirely unknown. By utilizing gas exchange manipulations and optogenetics in the WAG/Rij rat, an established rodent model of absence epilepsy, we demonstrate that absence seizures are highly sensitive to arterial carbon dioxide, suggesting that seizure-generating circuits are sensitive to pH. Moreover, hyperventilation consistently activated neurons within the intralaminar nuclei of the thalamus, a structure implicated in seizure generation. We show that intralaminar thalamus also contains pH-sensitive neurons. Collectively, these observations suggest that hyperventilation activates pH-sensitive neurons of the intralaminar nuclei to provoke absence seizures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn A Salvati
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, United States.,Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, United States
| | - George M P R Souza
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, United States
| | - Adam C Lu
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, United States.,Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, United States
| | - Matthew L Ritger
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, United States.,Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, United States
| | - Patrice Guyenet
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, United States
| | - Stephen B Abbott
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, United States
| | - Mark P Beenhakker
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, United States
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2
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Souza G, Stornetta R, Stornetta D, Guyenet P, Abbott S. The dynamic activity of C1 neurons determines the level of blood pressure during hemorrhage in freely behaving rats. FASEB J 2021. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.2021.35.s1.04061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- George Souza
- PharmacologyUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVA
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3
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Shi Y, Stornetta D, Reklow R, Sahu A, Wabara Y, Nguyen A, Li K, Zhang Y, Perez-Reyes E, Ross R, Lowell B, Stornetta R, Funk G, Guyenet P, Bayliss D. Activation of PACAP expression in mouse RTN neurons at birth protects postnatal breathing. FASEB J 2020. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.2020.34.s1.04392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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4
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Affiliation(s)
- George Souza
- PharmacologyUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVA
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5
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Holloway B, Abe C, Stornetta D, Stornetta R, Guyenet P. The neural control of arterial pressure by non‐catecholaminergic RVLM. FASEB J 2019. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.2019.33.1_supplement.562.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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6
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Holloway B, Stornetta D, Stornetta R, Guyenet P. Contribution of non‐catecholaminergic rostral ventrolateral medulla neurons to blood pressure control. FASEB J 2018. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.2018.32.1_supplement.714.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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7
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Souza G, Kanbar R, Stornetta D, Stornetta R, Guyenet P. Ablation of neuromedin B (NMB)‐expressing neurons located within retrotrapezoid nucleus (RTN) reduces the central respiratory chemoreflex (CRC) selectively in conscious rats. FASEB J 2018. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.2018.32.1_supplement.894.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- George Souza
- Department of PharmacologyUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVA
| | - Roy Kanbar
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesLebanese American UniversityCharlottesvilleVA
| | - Daniel Stornetta
- Department of PharmacologyUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVA
| | - Ruth Stornetta
- Department of PharmacologyUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVA
| | - Patrice Guyenet
- Department of PharmacologyUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVA
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8
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Basting T, Burke P, Stornetta D, Stornetta R, Guyenet P. Activation of Retrotrapezoid Nucleus (RTN) Maintains Normal Breathing in Hyperoxia Despite the Loss of Carotid Body (CB) Input. FASEB J 2015. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.29.1_supplement.1051.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tyler Basting
- PharmacologyUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVirginiaUnited States
| | - Peter Burke
- PharmacologyUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVirginiaUnited States
| | - Daniel Stornetta
- PharmacologyUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVirginiaUnited States
| | - Ruth Stornetta
- PharmacologyUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVirginiaUnited States
| | - Patrice Guyenet
- PharmacologyUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVirginiaUnited States
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9
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Burke P, Kanbar R, Basting T, Viar K, Stornetta R, Guyenet P. Breathing Frequency (fR) Is No Longer Under Chemoreflex Control During REM Sleep. FASEB J 2015. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.29.1_supplement.1012.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Burke
- PharmacologyUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVirginiaUnited States
| | - Roy Kanbar
- PharmacologyUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVirginiaUnited States
| | - Tyler Basting
- PharmacologyUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVirginiaUnited States
| | - Kenneth Viar
- PharmacologyUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVirginiaUnited States
| | - Ruth Stornetta
- PharmacologyUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVirginiaUnited States
| | - Patrice Guyenet
- PharmacologyUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVirginiaUnited States
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10
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Burke P, Stornetta R, Guyenet P. Arousal from Sleep by Optogenetic Stimulation of C1 Neurons is Reduced Following Sleep Deprivation or Hypoxia, but Restored with Systemic Adenosine 1A Antagonism. FASEB J 2015. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.29.1_supplement.859.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Burke
- PharmacologyUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVirginiaUnited States
| | - Ruth Stornetta
- PharmacologyUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVirginiaUnited States
| | - Patrice Guyenet
- PharmacologyUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVirginiaUnited States
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11
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Basting T, Burke P, Stornetta D, Stornetta R, Guyenet P. Hypocapnic Hypoxia Silences the Retrotrapezoid Nucleus (RTN). FASEB J 2015. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.29.1_supplement.1051.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tyler Basting
- PharmacologyUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVirginiaUnited States
| | - Peter Burke
- PharmacologyUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVirginiaUnited States
| | - Daniel Stornetta
- PharmacologyUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVirginiaUnited States
| | - Ruth Stornetta
- PharmacologyUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVirginiaUnited States
| | - Patrice Guyenet
- PharmacologyUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVirginiaUnited States
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12
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Abe C, Inoue T, Okusa M, Guyenet P. Electrical stimulation of the cervical vagus nerve protects against renal ischemia/reperfusion injury. FASEB J 2015. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.29.1_supplement.1059.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chikara Abe
- PharmacologyUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVAUnited States
| | - Tsuyoshi Inoue
- Division of NephrologyDepartment of MedicineUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVAUnited States
| | - Mark Okusa
- Division of NephrologyDepartment of MedicineUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVAUnited States
| | - Patrice Guyenet
- PharmacologyUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVAUnited States
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13
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Wenker I, Inglis M, Guyenet P, Stornetta R. NPY is Co‐localized with TH in Ventrolateral Medullary Neurons Projecting to the Hypothalamus in Mice. FASEB J 2015. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.29.1_supplement.985.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ian Wenker
- PharmacologyUniv. of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVAUnited States
| | - M Inglis
- PharmacologyUniv. of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVAUnited States
| | | | - Ruth Stornetta
- PharmacologyUniv. of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVAUnited States
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14
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Burke P, Guyenet P. Arousal from sleep produced by optogenetic stimulation of C1 neurons is reduced following sleep deprivation or hypoxia, but restored with systemic adenosine 1A antagonism (1178.11). FASEB J 2014. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.28.1_supplement.1178.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Burke
- Pharmacology University of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVAUnited States
| | - Patrice Guyenet
- Pharmacology University of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVAUnited States
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15
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Burke P, Abbott S, Hodges W, Viar K, Coates M, Stornetta R, Guyenet P. Optogenetic stimulation of adrenergic C1 neurons in rat produces arousal from sleep, sighs and increases breathing frequency (1091.5). FASEB J 2014. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.28.1_supplement.1091.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Burke
- Pharmacology University of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVAUnited States
| | - Steven Abbott
- Pharmacology University of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVAUnited States
| | - Walter Hodges
- Pharmacology University of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVAUnited States
| | - Kenneth Viar
- Pharmacology University of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVAUnited States
| | - Melissa Coates
- Pharmacology University of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVAUnited States
| | - Ruth Stornetta
- Pharmacology University of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVAUnited States
| | - Patrice Guyenet
- Pharmacology University of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVAUnited States
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16
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Kumar N, Wang S, Benamer N, Zanella S, Shi Y, Bevengut M, Penton D, Guyenet P, Lesage F, Gestreau C, Barhanin J, Bayliss D. TASK‐2 channels contribute to pH sensitivity of retrotrapezoid nucleus chemoreceptor neurons (872.4). FASEB J 2014. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.28.1_supplement.872.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Natasha Kumar
- Pharmacology University of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVAUnited States
| | - Sheng Wang
- Pharmacology University of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVAUnited States
| | - Najate Benamer
- Centre National DE LA Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) Universite DE Nice‐Sophia AntipolisNICEFrance
| | | | - Yingtang Shi
- Pharmacology University of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVAUnited States
| | | | - David Penton
- Centre National DE LA Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) Universite DE Nice‐Sophia AntipolisNICEFrance
| | - Patrice Guyenet
- Pharmacology University of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVAUnited States
| | - Florian Lesage
- Laboratories of Excellence, Ion Channel Science and Therapeutics Universite DE Nice‐Sophia AntipolisNICEFrance
| | | | - Jacques Barhanin
- Centre National DE LA Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) Universite DE Nice‐Sophia AntipolisNICEFrance
| | - Douglas Bayliss
- Pharmacology University of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVAUnited States
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17
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Burke P, Kanbar R, Hodges W, Viar K, Coates M, Stornetta R, Guyenet P. State‐dependent regulation of breathing by the retrotrapezoid nucleus (872.10). FASEB J 2014. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.28.1_supplement.872.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Burke
- Pharmacology University of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVAUnited States
| | - Roy Kanbar
- Pharmacology University of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVAUnited States
| | - Walter Hodges
- Pharmacology University of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVAUnited States
| | - Kenneth Viar
- Pharmacology University of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVAUnited States
| | - Melissa Coates
- Pharmacology University of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVAUnited States
| | - Ruth Stornetta
- Pharmacology University of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVAUnited States
| | - Patrice Guyenet
- Pharmacology University of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVAUnited States
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18
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Holloway B, Abbott S, Viar K, Guyenet P. vGluT2 is necessary for rostroventrolateral medullary catecholaminergic neurons to drive respiration and parasympathetic activity (1091.4). FASEB J 2014. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.28.1_supplement.1091.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ben Holloway
- University of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVAUnited States
| | - Steve Abbott
- University of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVAUnited States
| | - Ken Viar
- University of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVAUnited States
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Abstract
The respiratory contribution to the activity of lumbar vasomotor pre- and postganglionic neurons was compared with previously reported respiratory patterns in the activity of neurons in the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM-SE). Two patterns of respiratory modulation were observed characterized by (1) a depression of activity during inspiration and a postinspiratory peak (n = 19), and (2) a peak of activity during inspiration (n = 3). These patterns were similar to those previously reported in RVLM-SE neurons. The latency from the phrenic burst to the onset of respiratory modulation was consistent with the conduction time from the RVLM to the sympathetic chain. This suggests that respiratory modulation observed in lumbar sympathetic activity originates, in part, in RVLM-SE neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Darnall
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville
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Abstract
A function shared by both respiratory and cardiovascular systems is the delivery of metabolic substrate (e.g., oxygen) and removal of metabolic waste products (e.g., carbon dioxide) from tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. E. Millhorn
- University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - P. Guyenet
- University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - J. P. Kiley
- University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
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Guyenet P, Euvrard C, Javoy F, Herbert A, Glowinski J. Regional differences in the sensitivity of cholinergic neurons to dopaminergic drugs and quipazine in the rat striatum. Brain Res 1977; 136:487-500. [PMID: 922497 DOI: 10.1016/0006-8993(77)90073-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Marked differences were found in the activity of choline acetylase (ChAc) in various discrete areas of the rat striatum. The richest cholinergic innervation was observed in the centrolateral part of the structure. A similar distribution was obtained by measuring acetycholine (ACh) levels in punches taken from frozen frontal serial slices. As revealed by the analysis of the topographical distributions of ChAc activity, ACh, 5-HT and DA, the regional cholinergic innervation differed markedly from that of aminergic terminals. Changes in ACh levels induced by drugs could be estimated in microdiscs of tissues punched from frozen slices. Apomorphine and haloperidol, which increased and decreased ACh levels respectively, induced similar effects in the various striatal areas examined. By contrast quipazine, a drug acting on 5-HT uptake and release and on serotoninergic receptors, selectively increased ACh levels in some areas of the striatum but not in others. The regional changes in ACh levels induced by quipazine were satisfactorily correlated with the regional distribution of 5-HT but not with that of DA. These results suggest that a limited population of striatal cholinergic neurons is under the inhibitory control of serotoninergic neurons. They also indicate that some striatal cholinergic neurons influenced by dopaminergic neurons are not controlled by serotoninergic neurons.
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Lefresne P, Guyenet P, Beaujouan JC, Glowinski J. The subcellular localization of ACh synthesis in rat striatal synaptosomes investigated with the use of triton X-100. J Neurochem 1975; 25:415-22. [PMID: 1151377 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1975.tb04339.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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25
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Agid Y, Guyenet P, Glowinski J, Beaujouan JC, Javoy F. Inhibitory influence of the nigrostriatal dopamine system on the striatal cholinergic neurons in the rat. Brain Res 1975; 86:488-92. [PMID: 1116013 DOI: 10.1016/0006-8993(75)90901-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Holden JT, Rossier J, Beaujouan JC, Guyenet P, Glowinski J. Inhibition of high-affinity choline transport in rat striatal synaptosomes by alkyl bisquaternary ammonium compounds. Mol Pharmacol 1975; 11:19-27. [PMID: 1117863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
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27
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Guyenet P, Agid Y, Javoy F, Beaujouan JC, Glowinski J. [Selective action of neuroleptics on the cholinergic neurons of the neostriatum in the rat: antagonism to apomorphine]. C R Acad Hebd Seances Acad Sci D 1974; 278:2679-82. [PMID: 4212805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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28
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Jones BE, Guyenet P, Chéramy A, Gauchy C, Glowinski J. The in vivo release of acetylcholine from cat caudate nucleus after pharmacological and surgical manipulations of dopaminergic nigrostriatal neurons. Brain Res 1973; 64:355-69. [PMID: 4781346 DOI: 10.1016/0006-8993(73)90189-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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29
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Guyenet P, Lefresne P, Rossier J, Beaujouan JC, Glowinski J. Effect of sodium, hemicholinium-3 and antiparkinson drugs on (14C)acetylcholine synthesis and (3H)choline uptake in rat striatal synaptosomes. Brain Res 1973; 62:523-9. [PMID: 4148552 DOI: 10.1016/0006-8993(73)90717-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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30
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Guyenet P, Lefresne P, Rossier J, Beaujouan JC, Glowinski J. Inhibition by hemicholinium-3 of (14C)acetylcholine synthesis and (3H)choline high-affinity uptake in rat striatal synaptosomes. Mol Pharmacol 1973; 9:630-9. [PMID: 4788157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
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31
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