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Trott G, Scolari FL, Rover MM, da Silva MMD, de Souza D, dos Santos RDRM, Schardosim RFDC, Rech GS, de Mesquita J, Estivalete GP, Freitas HJM, Itaqui CR, Kozesinski-Nakatani AC, Biolo A, Marcolino MS, Barreto BB, Schvartzman PR, Antonio ACP, Robinson CC, Falavigna M, Polanczyk CA, Rosa RG. Long-term Health-Related Quality of Life and Outcomes after Hospitalization for COVID-19 in Brazil: Post-COVID Brazil 1 Study Protocol. Arq Bras Cardiol 2023; 120:e20230378. [PMID: 37991122 PMCID: PMC10697686 DOI: 10.36660/abc.20230378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The long-term impact of hospitalization for COVID-19 on patients' physical, mental, and cognitive health still needs further assessment. OBJECTIVES This study aims to evaluate factors associated with quality of life and cardiovascular and non-cardiovascular outcomes 12 months after hospitalization for COVID-19. METHODS This prospective multicenter study intends to enroll 611 patients hospitalized due to COVID-19 (NCT05165979). Centralized telephone interviews are scheduled to occur at three, six, nine, and 12 months after hospital discharge. The primary endpoint is defined as the health-related quality-of-life utility score assessed by the EuroQol-5D-3L (EQ-5D-3L) questionnaire at 12 months. Secondary endpoints are defined as the EQ-5D-3L at three, six and nine months, return to work or education, persistent symptoms, new disabilities in instrumental activities of daily living, cognitive impairment, anxiety, depression, and post-traumatic stress symptoms, major cardiovascular events, rehospitalization, as well as all-cause mortality at 3, 6, 9, and 12 months after SARS-CoV-2 infection. A p-value <0.05 will be assumed as statistically significant for all analyses. RESULTS The primary endpoint will be presented as the frequency of the EQ-5D-3L score 12 months after COVID-19 hospitalization. A sub-analysis to identify possible associations of independent variables with study outcomes will be presented. CONCLUSIONS This study will determine the impact of COVID-19 on the quality of life and cardiovascular and non-cardiovascular outcomes of hospitalized patients 12 months after discharge providing insights to the public health system in Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geraldine Trott
- Escritório de Projetos de PesquisaHospital Moinhos de VentoPorto AlegreRSBrasil Escritório de Projetos de Pesquisa – Hospital Moinhos de Vento , Porto Alegre , RS – Brasil
| | - Fernando Luis Scolari
- Escritório de Projetos de PesquisaHospital Moinhos de VentoPorto AlegreRSBrasil Escritório de Projetos de Pesquisa – Hospital Moinhos de Vento , Porto Alegre , RS – Brasil
- Divisão de CardiologiaHospital Moinhos de VentoPorto AlegreRSBrasil Divisão de Cardiologia do Hospital Moinhos de Vento , Porto Alegre , RS – Brasil
| | - Marciane Maria Rover
- Escritório de Projetos de PesquisaHospital Moinhos de VentoPorto AlegreRSBrasil Escritório de Projetos de Pesquisa – Hospital Moinhos de Vento , Porto Alegre , RS – Brasil
- Divisão de CardiologiaHospital Moinhos de VentoPorto AlegreRSBrasil Divisão de Cardiologia do Hospital Moinhos de Vento , Porto Alegre , RS – Brasil
| | - Mariana Motta Dias da Silva
- Escritório de Projetos de PesquisaHospital Moinhos de VentoPorto AlegreRSBrasil Escritório de Projetos de Pesquisa – Hospital Moinhos de Vento , Porto Alegre , RS – Brasil
| | - Denise de Souza
- Escritório de Projetos de PesquisaHospital Moinhos de VentoPorto AlegreRSBrasil Escritório de Projetos de Pesquisa – Hospital Moinhos de Vento , Porto Alegre , RS – Brasil
| | - Rosa da Rosa Minho dos Santos
- Escritório de Projetos de PesquisaHospital Moinhos de VentoPorto AlegreRSBrasil Escritório de Projetos de Pesquisa – Hospital Moinhos de Vento , Porto Alegre , RS – Brasil
| | - Raíne Fogliati de Carli Schardosim
- Escritório de Projetos de PesquisaHospital Moinhos de VentoPorto AlegreRSBrasil Escritório de Projetos de Pesquisa – Hospital Moinhos de Vento , Porto Alegre , RS – Brasil
| | - Gabriela Soares Rech
- Escritório de Projetos de PesquisaHospital Moinhos de VentoPorto AlegreRSBrasil Escritório de Projetos de Pesquisa – Hospital Moinhos de Vento , Porto Alegre , RS – Brasil
| | - Juliana de Mesquita
- Escritório de Projetos de PesquisaHospital Moinhos de VentoPorto AlegreRSBrasil Escritório de Projetos de Pesquisa – Hospital Moinhos de Vento , Porto Alegre , RS – Brasil
| | - Gabriel Pozza Estivalete
- Escritório de Projetos de PesquisaHospital Moinhos de VentoPorto AlegreRSBrasil Escritório de Projetos de Pesquisa – Hospital Moinhos de Vento , Porto Alegre , RS – Brasil
| | - Hellen Jordan Martins Freitas
- Escritório de Projetos de PesquisaHospital Moinhos de VentoPorto AlegreRSBrasil Escritório de Projetos de Pesquisa – Hospital Moinhos de Vento , Porto Alegre , RS – Brasil
| | - Carolina Rothmann Itaqui
- Escritório de Projetos de PesquisaHospital Moinhos de VentoPorto AlegreRSBrasil Escritório de Projetos de Pesquisa – Hospital Moinhos de Vento , Porto Alegre , RS – Brasil
| | - Amanda Christina Kozesinski-Nakatani
- Unidade de Terapia IntensivaHospital Santa Casa de CuritibaCuritibaPRBrasil Unidade de Terapia Intensiva – Hospital Santa Casa de Curitiba , Curitiba , PR – Brasil
| | - Andreia Biolo
- Escritório de Projetos de PesquisaHospital Moinhos de VentoPorto AlegreRSBrasil Escritório de Projetos de Pesquisa – Hospital Moinhos de Vento , Porto Alegre , RS – Brasil
- Divisão de CardiologiaHospital Moinhos de VentoPorto AlegreRSBrasil Divisão de Cardiologia do Hospital Moinhos de Vento , Porto Alegre , RS – Brasil
- Instituto Nacional de Avaliação de Tecnologias em SaúdeUniversidade Federal do Rio Grande do SulPorto AlegreRSBrasil Instituto Nacional de Avaliação de Tecnologias em Saúde – Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul , Porto Alegre , RS – Brasil
| | - Milena Soriano Marcolino
- Departamento de Medicina InternaFaculdade de MedicinaUniversidade Federal de Minas GeraisBelo HorizonteMGBrasil Departamento de Medicina Interna da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , MG – Brasil
| | - Bruna Brandão Barreto
- Departamento de Medicina Interna e Apoio DiagnósticoFaculdade de Medicina da BahiaUniversidade Federal da BahiaSalvadorBABrasil Departamento de Medicina Interna e Apoio Diagnóstico , Faculdade de Medicina da Bahia , Universidade Federal da Bahia , Salvador , BA – Brasil
- Unidade de Terapia IntensivaHospital da Mulher – Maria Luzia Costa dos SantosSalvadorBABrasil Unidade de Terapia Intensiva – Hospital da Mulher – Maria Luzia Costa dos Santos , Salvador , BA – Brasil
| | - Paulo Roberto Schvartzman
- Divisão de CardiologiaHospital Moinhos de VentoPorto AlegreRSBrasil Divisão de Cardiologia do Hospital Moinhos de Vento , Porto Alegre , RS – Brasil
| | - Ana Carolina Peçanha Antonio
- Unidade de Terapia IntensivaHospital de Clínicas de Porto AlegrePorto AlegreRSBrasil Unidade de Terapia Intensiva – Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre , Porto Alegre , RS – Brasil
| | - Caroline Cabral Robinson
- Escritório de Projetos de PesquisaHospital Moinhos de VentoPorto AlegreRSBrasil Escritório de Projetos de Pesquisa – Hospital Moinhos de Vento , Porto Alegre , RS – Brasil
| | - Maicon Falavigna
- Instituto Nacional de Avaliação de Tecnologias em SaúdeUniversidade Federal do Rio Grande do SulPorto AlegreRSBrasil Instituto Nacional de Avaliação de Tecnologias em Saúde – Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul , Porto Alegre , RS – Brasil
- Unidade de PesquisaInova MedicalPorto AlegreRSBrasil Unidade de Pesquisa – Inova Medical , Porto Alegre , RS – Brasil
| | - Carisi Anne Polanczyk
- Escritório de Projetos de PesquisaHospital Moinhos de VentoPorto AlegreRSBrasil Escritório de Projetos de Pesquisa – Hospital Moinhos de Vento , Porto Alegre , RS – Brasil
- Divisão de CardiologiaHospital Moinhos de VentoPorto AlegreRSBrasil Divisão de Cardiologia do Hospital Moinhos de Vento , Porto Alegre , RS – Brasil
- Instituto Nacional de Avaliação de Tecnologias em SaúdeUniversidade Federal do Rio Grande do SulPorto AlegreRSBrasil Instituto Nacional de Avaliação de Tecnologias em Saúde – Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul , Porto Alegre , RS – Brasil
| | - Regis Goulart Rosa
- Escritório de Projetos de PesquisaHospital Moinhos de VentoPorto AlegreRSBrasil Escritório de Projetos de Pesquisa – Hospital Moinhos de Vento , Porto Alegre , RS – Brasil
- Serviço de Medicina InternaHospital Moinhos de VentoPorto AlegreRSBrasil Serviço de Medicina Interna – Hospital Moinhos de Vento , Porto Alegre , RS – Brasil
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Rover MM, Trott G, Scolari FL, da Silva MMD, de Souza D, dos Santos RDRM, Dagnino APA, de Mesquita J, Estivalete GP, Kozesinski-Nakatani AC, Marcolino MS, Barreto BB, Schvartzman PR, Antonio ACP, Robinson CC, Falavigna M, Biolo A, Polanczyk CA, Rosa RG. Health-Related Quality of Life and Long-Term Outcomes after Mildly Symptomatic COVID-19: The Post-COVID Brazil Study 2 Protocol. Arq Bras Cardiol 2023; 120:e20220835. [PMID: 37851732 PMCID: PMC10547435 DOI: 10.36660/abc.20220835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The long-term effects of mild COVID-19 on physical, cognitive, and mental health are not yet well understood. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this paper is to describe the protocol for the ongoing "Post-COVID Brazil" study 2, which aims to evaluate the factors associated with health-related quality of life and long-term cardiovascular and non-cardiovascular outcomes one year after a mild episode of symptomatic COVID-19. METHODS The "Post-COVID Brazil" study 2 is a prospective multicenter study that plans to enroll 1047 patients (NCT05197647). Centralized, structured telephone interviews are conducted at 1, 3, 6, 9, and 12 months after COVID-19 diagnosis. The primary outcome is the health-related quality-of-life utility score, assessed using the EuroQol-5D-3L (EQ-5D-3L) questionnaire at 12 months. Secondary endpoints include the EQ-5D-3L at 3, 6, and 9 months, as well as all-cause mortality, major cardiovascular events, hospitalization, return to work or education, persistent symptoms, new disabilities in instrumental activities of daily living, cognitive impairment, anxiety, depression, and post-traumatic stress symptoms at 3, 6, 9, and 12 months after SARS-CoV-2 infection. A p-value < 0.05 will be considered statistically significant for all analyses. RESULTS The primary endpoint will be presented as the overall frequency of the EQ-5D-3L domains 12 months after SARS-CoV-2 infection. Main analysis will explore the association of independent variables with the study outcomes. CONCLUSION The "Post-COVID Brazil" study 2 aims to clarify the impact of long COVID on the quality of life and cardiovascular and non-cardiovascular outcomes of Brazilian patients who have had mild COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marciane Maria Rover
- Hospital Moinhos de VentoPorto AlegreRSBrasilProjetos de Pesquisa – Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre, RS – Brasil
- Divisão de CardiologiaHospital Moinhos de VentoPorto AlegreRSBrasilDivisão de Cardiologia – Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre, RS – Brasil
| | - Geraldine Trott
- Divisão de CardiologiaHospital Moinhos de VentoPorto AlegreRSBrasilDivisão de Cardiologia – Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre, RS – Brasil
| | - Fernando Luís Scolari
- Hospital Moinhos de VentoPorto AlegreRSBrasilProjetos de Pesquisa – Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre, RS – Brasil
- Divisão de CardiologiaHospital Moinhos de VentoPorto AlegreRSBrasilDivisão de Cardiologia – Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre, RS – Brasil
| | - Mariana Motta Dias da Silva
- Hospital Moinhos de VentoPorto AlegreRSBrasilProjetos de Pesquisa – Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre, RS – Brasil
| | - Denise de Souza
- Hospital Moinhos de VentoPorto AlegreRSBrasilProjetos de Pesquisa – Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre, RS – Brasil
| | - Rosa da Rosa Minho dos Santos
- Hospital Moinhos de VentoPorto AlegreRSBrasilProjetos de Pesquisa – Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre, RS – Brasil
| | - Ana Paula Aquistapase Dagnino
- Hospital Moinhos de VentoPorto AlegreRSBrasilProjetos de Pesquisa – Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre, RS – Brasil
| | - Juliana de Mesquita
- Hospital Moinhos de VentoPorto AlegreRSBrasilProjetos de Pesquisa – Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre, RS – Brasil
| | - Gabriel Pozza Estivalete
- Hospital Moinhos de VentoPorto AlegreRSBrasilProjetos de Pesquisa – Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre, RS – Brasil
| | - Amanda Christina Kozesinski-Nakatani
- Unidade de Terapia IntensivaHospital Santa Casa de CuritibaCuritibaPRBrasilUnidade de Terapia Intensiva – Hospital Santa Casa de Curitiba, Curitiba, PR – Brasil
| | - Milena Soriano Marcolino
- Universidade Federal de Minas GeraisBelo HorizonteMGBrasilMedicina Interna – Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG – Brasil
| | - Bruna Brandão Barreto
- Departamento de Medicina Interna e Apoio DiagnósticoFaculdade de Medicina da BahiaUniversidade Federal da BahiaSalvadorBABrasilDepartamento de Medicina Interna e Apoio Diagnóstico – Faculdade de Medicina da Bahia – Universidade Federal da Bahia Salvador, BA – Brasil
- Unidade de Terapia IntensivaHospital da Mulher – Maria Luzia Costa dos SantosSalvadorBABrasilUnidade de Terapia Intensiva – Hospital da Mulher – Maria Luzia Costa dos Santos, Salvador, BA – Brasil
| | - Paulo Roberto Schvartzman
- Divisão de CardiologiaHospital Moinhos de VentoPorto AlegreRSBrasilDivisão de Cardiologia – Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre, RS – Brasil
| | - Ana Carolina Peçanha Antonio
- Unidade de Terapia IntensivaHospital de Clínicas de Porto AlegrePorto AlegreRSBrasilUnidade de Terapia Intensiva – Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS – Brasil
| | - Caroline Cabral Robinson
- Hospital Moinhos de VentoPorto AlegreRSBrasilProjetos de Pesquisa – Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre, RS – Brasil
| | - Maicon Falavigna
- Unidade de PesquisaInova MedicalPorto AlegreRSBrasilUnidade de Pesquisa – Inova Medical, Porto Alegre, RS – Brasil
- Instituto Nacional de Avaliação de Tecnologias em SaúdeUniversidade Federal do Rio Grande do SulPorto AlegreRSBrasilInstituto Nacional de Avaliação de Tecnologias em Saúde – Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS – Brasil
| | - Andreia Biolo
- Divisão de CardiologiaHospital Moinhos de VentoPorto AlegreRSBrasilDivisão de Cardiologia – Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre, RS – Brasil
- Faculdade de MedicinaUniversidade Federal do Rio Grande do SulPorto AlegreRSBrasilFaculdade de Medicina – Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS – Brasil
| | - Carisi Anne Polanczyk
- Hospital Moinhos de VentoPorto AlegreRSBrasilProjetos de Pesquisa – Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre, RS – Brasil
- Divisão de CardiologiaHospital Moinhos de VentoPorto AlegreRSBrasilDivisão de Cardiologia – Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre, RS – Brasil
- Faculdade de MedicinaUniversidade Federal do Rio Grande do SulPorto AlegreRSBrasilFaculdade de Medicina – Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS – Brasil
| | - Regis Goulart Rosa
- Hospital Moinhos de VentoPorto AlegreRSBrasilProjetos de Pesquisa – Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre, RS – Brasil
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Mello RPD, Szarf G, Schvartzman PR, Nakano EM, Espinosa MM, Szejnfeld D, Fernandes V, Lima JAC, Cirenza C, Paola AAD. Realce Tardio miocárdico por Ressonância Magnética Cardíaca pode identificar risco para Taquicardia Ventricular na Cardiopatia Chagásica Crônica. Arq Bras Cardiol 2012; 98:421-30. [DOI: 10.1590/s0066-782x2012005000031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2011] [Accepted: 11/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Camargo MD, Stein R, Ribeiro JP, Schvartzman PR, Rizzatti MO, Schaan BD. Circuit weight training and cardiac morphology: a trial with magnetic resonance imaging. Br J Sports Med 2007; 42:141-5; discussion 145. [PMID: 17586582 DOI: 10.1136/bjsm.2007.038281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aerobic training (AT) and circuit weight training (CWT) improve peak oxygen uptake (VO(2)peak). During CWT the circulatory system is exposed to higher pressure, which could induce left ventricle morphological adaptations, possibly distinct from those derived from aerobic training. OBJECTIVE To compare the effects of aerobic training and CWT upon morphological and functional cardiac adaptations detected by magnetic resonance imaging. METHODS Twenty healthy sedentary individuals were randomly assigned to participate in a 12-week programme of aerobic training (n = 6), CWR (n = 7) or no intervention (n = 7, controls). Training programmes consisted of 36 sessions, 35 min each, 3 times per week, at 70% of maximal heart rate, and CWT included series of resistance exercises performed at 60% of 1 maximal repetition. Cardiopulmonary exercise testing and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging were performed before and after the intervention. RESULTS There was a similar improvement in VO(2)peak following aerobic training (mean (SD) increment: 12 (4)%) and CWT (12 (4)%), while there was no change in the control group. Aerobic training (12 (6)%) and CWT (16 (5)%) improved strength in the lower limbs, and only CWT resulted in improvement of 13 (4)% in the strength of the upper limbs. However, there were no detectable changes in left ventricular mass, end-diastolic volume, stroke volume or ejection fraction. CONCLUSION In previously sedentary individuals, short-term CWT and aerobic training induce similar improvement in functional capacity without any adaptation in cardiac morphology detectable by cardiac magnetic resonance imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Camargo
- Institute of Cardiology of Rio Grande do Sul/FUC (IC/FUC), Porto Alegre, Brazil
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Affiliation(s)
- P R Schvartzman
- Departments of Radiology, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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Abstract
The goal of this research was to develop an automated algorithm for tracking the borders of the left ventricle (LV) in a cine-MRI gradient-echo temporal data set. The algorithm was validated on four patient populations: healthy volunteers and patients with dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM), left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH), or left ventricular aneurysm (LVA). A full tomographic set (approximately 11 slices/case) of short-axis images through systole was obtained for each patient. Initial endocardial and epicardial contours for the end-diastolic (ED) and end-systolic (ES) frames were manually traced on the computer by an experienced radiologist. The ED tracings were used as the starting point for the algorithm. The borders were tracked through each phase of the temporal data set, until the ES frame was reached (approximately 7 phases/slice). Peak gradients along equally spaced chords calculated perpendicular to a centerline determined midway between the endocardial and epicardial borders were used for border detection. This approach was tested by comparing the LV epicardial and endocardial volumes calculated at ES to those based on the manual tracings. The results of the algorithm compared favorably with both the endocardial (r2 = 0.72 - 0.98) and epicardial (r2 = 0.96 - 0.99) volumes of the tracer.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Latson
- Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
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Abstract
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT) are important imaging modalities for the noninvasive characterization of cardiac and paracardiac masses. They are, in general, superior to other modalities (e.g., echocardiography) in their ability to delineate the exact location and the extent of the lesion and to demonstrate the effects of the lesion on surrounding structures. MRI and CT may also be helpful in suggesting a specific diagnosis, because some tumors have rather characteristic locations and appearances. In addition, both modalities can be extremely helpful in both treatment planning and posttreatment follow-up because they are noninvasive, reproducible, and enable detection of residual or recurrent mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- P R Schvartzman
- Department of Radiology, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, OH, USA
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe echocardiographic measurements and left ventricular mass in a population sample of healthy adults inhabitants of the urban region of Porto Alegre. METHODS An analytical, observational, population-based, cross-sectional study was done. Through a multi-stage probability sample, 114 individuals were selected to be submitted to a M-mode and two-dimensional echocardiogram with color Doppler. The analyses were restricted to healthy participants. Echocardiographic measurements were described by mean, standard deviation, 95 percentile and 95% confidence limits. RESULTS A total of 100 healthy participants, with several characteristics similar to those from the original population, had a complete and reliable echocardiographic examination. The measurements of aorta, left atrium, interventricular septum, left ventricle in systole and diastole, left posterior wall and left ventricular mass, adjusted or not for body surface area or height, were significantly higher in males. The right ventricle size was similar among the genders. Several echocardiographic measurements were within standard normal limits. Interventricular septum, left posterior wall and left ventricular mass, adjusted or not for anthropometric measurements, and aortic dimensions had lower mean and range than the reference limits. CONCLUSION The means and estimates of distribution for the measurements of interventricular septum, left posterior wall and left ventricular mass found in this survey were lower than those indicated by the international literature and accepted as normal limits.
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Affiliation(s)
- P R Schvartzman
- Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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Schvartzman PR, Manfroi WC, Pinotti A. [Use of transesophageal echocardiography in cardioversion of atrial fibrillation]. Arq Bras Cardiol 1998; 70:131-4. [PMID: 9659722 DOI: 10.1590/s0066-782x1998000200012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
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