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Clark DA, Brehony P, Dickman A, Foote L, Hart AG, Jonga C, Mbiza MM, Roe D, Sandbrook C. Hunting trophy import bans proposed by the UK may be ineffective and inequitable as conservation policies in multiple social‐ecological contexts. Conserv Lett 2023. [DOI: 10.1111/conl.12935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Douglas A. Clark
- School of Environment and Sustainability University of Saskatchewan Saskatoon Saskatchewan Canada
| | - Peadar Brehony
- Department of Geography University of Cambridge Cambridge UK
- Dascot Ltd Nairobi Kenya
| | - Amy Dickman
- Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Department of Zoology Recanati‐Kaplan Centre, University of Oxford Abingdon UK
| | - Lee Foote
- Renewable Resources Department Faculty of Agricultural, Life and Environmental Science University of Alberta Edmonton Alberta Canada
| | - Adam G. Hart
- Department of Natural and Social Science University of Gloucestershire Cheltenham UK
| | | | | | - Dilys Roe
- IUCN Sustainable Use and Livelihoods Specialist Group and International Institute for Environment and Development London UK
| | - Chris Sandbrook
- Department of Geography University of Cambridge, Downing Place Cambridge UK
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O’Bryan CJ, Allan JR, Suarez-Castro AF, Delsen DM, Buij R, McClure CJW, Rehbein JA, Virani MZ, McCabe JD, Tyrrell P, Negret PJ, Greig C, Brehony P, Kissling WD. Human impacts on the world’s raptors. Front Ecol Evol 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2022.624896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Raptors are emblematic of the global biodiversity crisis because one out of five species are threatened with extinction and over half have declining populations due to human threats. Yet our understanding of where these “threats” impact raptor species is limited across terrestrial Earth. This is concerning because raptors, as apex predators, are critically positioned in ecological food webs, and their declining populations can undermine important ecosystem services ranging from pest control to disease regulation. Here, we map the distribution of 15 threats within the known ranges of 172 threatened and near threatened raptor species globally as declared by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature. We analyze the proportion of each raptor range that is exposed to threats, identify global hotspots of impacted raptor richness, and investigate how human impacts on raptors vary based on several intrinsic (species traits) and extrinsic factors. We find that humans are potentially negatively affecting at least one threatened raptor species across three quarters of Earth’s terrestrial area (78%; 113 million km2). Our results also show that raptors have 66% of their range potentially impacted by threats on average (range 2.7–100%). Alarmingly, critically endangered species have 90% of their range impacted by threats on average. We also highlight 57 species (33%) of particular concern that have > 90% of their ranges potentially impacted. Without immediate conservation intervention, these 57 species, including the most heavily impacted Forest Owlet (Athene blewitti), the Madagascar Serpent-eagle (Eutriorchis astur), and the Rufous Fishing-owl (Scotopelia ussheri), will likely face extinction in the near future. Global “hotspots” of impacted raptor richness are ubiquitous, with core areas of threat in parts of the Sahel and East Africa where 92% of the assessed raptors are potentially impacted per grid cell (10 species on average), and in Northern India where nearly 100% of raptors are potentially impacted per grid cell (11 species). Additionally, “coolspots” of unimpacted richness that represent refuges from threats occur in Greenland and Canada, where 98 and 58% of raptors are potentially unimpacted per grid cell, respectively (nearly one species on average), Saharan Africa, where 21% of raptors are potentially unimpacted per grid cell (one species on average), and parts of the Amazon, where 12% of raptors are potentially unimpacted per grid cell (0.6 species on average). The results provide essential information to guide conservation planning and action for the world’s imperiled raptors.
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Brehony P, Tyrrell P, Kamanga J, Waruingi L, Kaelo D. Incorporating social-ecological complexities into conservation policy. Biol Conserv 2020; 248:108697. [PMID: 32834059 PMCID: PMC7374141 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocon.2020.108697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In the process of developing new conservation policies, policymakers must have access to information which will inform their decisions. Evidence rarely considers the complexities of social-ecological systems. The Social-Ecological Systems Framework (SESF) is an adaptable yet structured approach for understanding the processes that lead to changes in natural resources, using a systems-based approach that aims to treat ecological and social components equally. Few conservation planning and policy initiatives have implemented the SESF to assess the interlinked social and ecological consequences of conservation policies. We apply the SESF to explore the barriers to the potential implementation of a policy of consumptive utilisation of wildlife in Kenya, a policy regarded as successful in several southern African countries. Using secondary data and expert review we developed a conceptual model of the social-ecological system associated with consumptive utilisation of wildlife in Kenya. We then analysed how different combinations of first and second-tier variables interacted to create focal action situations, and subsequently identified seven barriers to this policy. Our analysis revealed that game ranching would require large-scale investment in effective monitoring systems, new regulations, training, market development and research, considerations about equity, and devolved ownership of wildlife. The least barriers existed for game farming. The SESF appears to be a useful framework for this purpose. In particular, it can help to reveal potential social and ecological barriers which conservation policies might face in attempting to meet intended goals. The information required to implement the SESF are necessarily cross-disciplinary, which can make it challenging to synthesise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peadar Brehony
- Department of Geography, University of Cambridge, Downing Place, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Tyrrell
- South Rift Association of Landowners, P.O. Box 15289, Nairobi 00509, Kenya
- Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - John Kamanga
- South Rift Association of Landowners, P.O. Box 15289, Nairobi 00509, Kenya
| | - Lucy Waruingi
- African Conservation Centre, P.O. Box 15289, Nairobi 00509, Kenya
| | - Dickson Kaelo
- Kenya Wildlife Conservancies Association, P.O. Box 1038, Nairobi 00517, Kenya
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Lindsey P, Allan J, Brehony P, Dickman A, Robson A, Begg C, Bhammar H, Blanken L, Breuer T, Fitzgerald K, Flyman M, Gandiwa P, Giva N, Kaelo D, Nampindo S, Nyambe N, Steiner K, Parker A, Roe D, Thomson P, Trimble M, Caron A, Tyrrell P. Conserving Africa’s wildlife and wildlands through the COVID-19 crisis and beyond. Nat Ecol Evol 2020; 4:1300-1310. [DOI: 10.1038/s41559-020-1275-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Brehony P, Bluwstein J, Lund JF, Tyrrell P. Bringing back complex socio-ecological realities to the study of CBNRM impacts: a response to Lee and Bond (2018). J Mammal 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/jmammal/gyy118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Peadar Brehony
- Department of Geography, University of Cambridge, Downing Place, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Jevgeniy Bluwstein
- Department of Geosciences, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
- Department of Food and Resource Economics, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens Friis Lund
- Department of Geography, University of Cambridge, Downing Place, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Department of Food and Resource Economics, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peter Tyrrell
- Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- South Rift Association of Land Owners, Nairobi, Kenya
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Braczkowski A, Holden MH, O'Bryan C, Choi CY, Gan X, Beesley N, Gao Y, Allan J, Tyrrell P, Stiles D, Brehony P, Meney R, Brink H, Takashina N, Lin MC, Lin HY, Rust N, Salmo SG, Watson JEM, Kahumbu P, Maron M, Possingham HP, Biggs D. Reach and messages of the world's largest ivory burn. Conserv Biol 2018; 32:765-773. [PMID: 29493821 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.13097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2017] [Revised: 01/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Recent increases in ivory poaching have depressed African elephant populations. Successful enforcement has led to ivory stockpiling. Stockpile destruction is becoming increasingly popular, and most destruction has occurred in the last 5 years. Ivory destruction is intended to send a strong message against ivory consumption, both in promoting a taboo on ivory use and catalyzing policy change. However, there has been no effort to establish the distribution and extent of media reporting on ivory destruction events globally. We analyzed media coverage of the largest ivory destruction event in history (Kenya, 30 April 2016) across 11 nation states connected to ivory trade. We used an online-media crawling tool to search online media outlets and subjected 5 of the largest print newspapers (by circulation) in 5 nations of interest to content analysis. Most online news on the ivory burn came from the United States (81% of 1944 articles), whereas most of the print news articles came from Kenya (61% of 157 articles). Eighty-six to 97% of all online articles reported the burn as a positive conservation action, whereas 4-50% discussed ivory burning as having a negative impact on elephant conservation. Most articles discussed law enforcement and trade bans as effective for elephant conservation. There was more relative search interest globally in the 2016 Kenyan ivory burn than any other burn in 5 years. Ours is the first attempt to track the reach of media coverage relative to an ivory burn and provides a case study in tracking the effects of a conservation-marketing event.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Braczkowski
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
- School of Natural Resource Management, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, George Campus, Saasveld Road, Glenwood AH, George, 6529, South Africa
| | - Matthew H Holden
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Environmental Decisions, Centre for Biodiversity & Conservation Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Christopher O'Bryan
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Chi-Yeung Choi
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Environmental Decisions, Centre for Biodiversity & Conservation Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Xiaojing Gan
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Environmental Decisions, Centre for Biodiversity & Conservation Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Nicholas Beesley
- Meltwater, Level 26 Waterfront Place, 1 Eagle Street, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
| | - Yufang Gao
- School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, 195 Prospect Street, New Haven, CT 06511, U.S.A
| | - James Allan
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Environmental Decisions, Centre for Biodiversity & Conservation Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Peter Tyrrell
- South Rift Association of Landowners, P.O. Box 15289-00509, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Daniel Stiles
- Ol Pejeta Conservancy, Private Bag 10400, Nanyuki, Kenya
| | - Peadar Brehony
- PAMS Foundation Tanzania, Arusha, P.O. Box 16556, Tanzania
| | - Revocatus Meney
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Henry Brink
- Brink Eco Consult, Queensland, 4121, Australia
| | - Nao Takashina
- Tropical Biosphere Research Center, University of the Ryukyus, 3422 Sesoko Motobu, Okinawa, 9050227, Japan
| | - Ming-Ching Lin
- Institute of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei City, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Hsien-Yung Lin
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Environmental Decisions, Centre for Biodiversity & Conservation Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Niki Rust
- World Wildlife Fund, Rufford House, Surrey, GU21 4LL, U.K
| | - Severino G Salmo
- Department of Environmental Science, Ateneo de Manila University, Loyola Heights, 1108, Quezon City, Philippines
| | - James E M Watson
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
- Wildlife Conservation Society, 2300 Southern Boulevard, Bronx, New York
| | - Paula Kahumbu
- WildlifeDirect, P.O. Box 24467, Karen, 00502, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Martine Maron
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Hugh P Possingham
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Environmental Decisions, Centre for Biodiversity & Conservation Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Duan Biggs
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Environmental Decisions, Centre for Biodiversity & Conservation Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
- Environmental Futures Research Institute, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, 4111, Australia
- Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa
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