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Ramanan S, Halai AD, Garcia-Penton L, Perry AG, Patel N, Peterson KA, Ingram RU, Storey I, Cappa SF, Catricala E, Patterson K, Rowe JB, Garrard P, Ralph MAL. The neural substrates of transdiagnostic cognitive-linguistic heterogeneity in primary progressive aphasia. Alzheimers Res Ther 2023; 15:219. [PMID: 38102724 PMCID: PMC10724982 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-023-01350-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clinical variants of primary progressive aphasia (PPA) are diagnosed based on characteristic patterns of language deficits, supported by corresponding neural changes on brain imaging. However, there is (i) considerable phenotypic variability within and between each diagnostic category with partially overlapping profiles of language performance between variants and (ii) accompanying non-linguistic cognitive impairments that may be independent of aphasia magnitude and disease severity. The neurobiological basis of this cognitive-linguistic heterogeneity remains unclear. Understanding the relationship between these variables would improve PPA clinical/research characterisation and strengthen clinical trial and symptomatic treatment design. We address these knowledge gaps using a data-driven transdiagnostic approach to chart cognitive-linguistic differences and their associations with grey/white matter degeneration across multiple PPA variants. METHODS Forty-seven patients (13 semantic, 15 non-fluent, and 19 logopenic variant PPA) underwent assessment of general cognition, errors on language performance, and structural and diffusion magnetic resonance imaging to index whole-brain grey and white matter changes. Behavioural data were entered into varimax-rotated principal component analyses to derive orthogonal dimensions explaining the majority of cognitive variance. To uncover neural correlates of cognitive heterogeneity, derived components were used as covariates in neuroimaging analyses of grey matter (voxel-based morphometry) and white matter (network-based statistics of structural connectomes). RESULTS Four behavioural components emerged: general cognition, semantic memory, working memory, and motor speech/phonology. Performance patterns on the latter three principal components were in keeping with each variant's characteristic profile, but with a spectrum rather than categorical distribution across the cohort. General cognitive changes were most marked in logopenic variant PPA. Regardless of clinical diagnosis, general cognitive impairment was associated with inferior/posterior parietal grey/white matter involvement, semantic memory deficits with bilateral anterior temporal grey/white matter changes, working memory impairment with temporoparietal and frontostriatal grey/white matter involvement, and motor speech/phonology deficits with inferior/middle frontal grey matter alterations. CONCLUSIONS Cognitive-linguistic heterogeneity in PPA closely relates to individual-level variations on multiple behavioural dimensions and grey/white matter degeneration of regions within and beyond the language network. We further show that employment of transdiagnostic approaches may help to understand clinical symptom boundaries and reveal clinical and neural profiles that are shared across categorically defined variants of PPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddharth Ramanan
- Medical Research Council Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, 15 Chaucer Road, Cambridge, CB2 7EF, UK.
| | - Ajay D Halai
- Medical Research Council Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, 15 Chaucer Road, Cambridge, CB2 7EF, UK
| | - Lorna Garcia-Penton
- Medical Research Council Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, 15 Chaucer Road, Cambridge, CB2 7EF, UK
| | - Alistair G Perry
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Trust, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Nikil Patel
- Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St. George's, University of London, London, UK
| | - Katie A Peterson
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Trust, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ruth U Ingram
- Division of Psychology and Mental Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Ian Storey
- Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St. George's, University of London, London, UK
| | - Stefano F Cappa
- IUSS Cognitive Neuroscience Center (ICoN), University Institute of Advanced Studies IUSS, Pavia, Italy
- Dementia Research Center, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Eleonora Catricala
- IUSS Cognitive Neuroscience Center (ICoN), University Institute of Advanced Studies IUSS, Pavia, Italy
- Dementia Research Center, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Karalyn Patterson
- Medical Research Council Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, 15 Chaucer Road, Cambridge, CB2 7EF, UK
| | - James B Rowe
- Medical Research Council Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, 15 Chaucer Road, Cambridge, CB2 7EF, UK
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Trust, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Peter Garrard
- Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St. George's, University of London, London, UK
| | - Matthew A Lambon Ralph
- Medical Research Council Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, 15 Chaucer Road, Cambridge, CB2 7EF, UK
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Cope TE, Sohoglu E, Peterson KA, Jones PS, Rua C, Passamonti L, Sedley W, Post B, Coebergh J, Butler CR, Garrard P, Abdel-Aziz K, Husain M, Griffiths TD, Patterson K, Davis MH, Rowe JB. Temporal lobe perceptual predictions for speech are instantiated in motor cortex and reconciled by inferior frontal cortex. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112422. [PMID: 37099422 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Humans use predictions to improve speech perception, especially in noisy environments. Here we use 7-T functional MRI (fMRI) to decode brain representations of written phonological predictions and degraded speech signals in healthy humans and people with selective frontal neurodegeneration (non-fluent variant primary progressive aphasia [nfvPPA]). Multivariate analyses of item-specific patterns of neural activation indicate dissimilar representations of verified and violated predictions in left inferior frontal gyrus, suggestive of processing by distinct neural populations. In contrast, precentral gyrus represents a combination of phonological information and weighted prediction error. In the presence of intact temporal cortex, frontal neurodegeneration results in inflexible predictions. This manifests neurally as a failure to suppress incorrect predictions in anterior superior temporal gyrus and reduced stability of phonological representations in precentral gyrus. We propose a tripartite speech perception network in which inferior frontal gyrus supports prediction reconciliation in echoic memory, and precentral gyrus invokes a motor model to instantiate and refine perceptual predictions for speech.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas E Cope
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0SZ, UK; Medical Research Council Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 7EF, UK; Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Trust, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK.
| | - Ediz Sohoglu
- Medical Research Council Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 7EF, UK; School of Psychology, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9RH, UK
| | - Katie A Peterson
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0SZ, UK; Department of Radiology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - P Simon Jones
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0SZ, UK
| | - Catarina Rua
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0SZ, UK
| | - Luca Passamonti
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0SZ, UK
| | - William Sedley
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Brechtje Post
- Theoretical and Applied Linguistics, Faculty of Modern & Medieval Languages & Linguistics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 9DA, UK
| | - Jan Coebergh
- Ashford and St Peter's Hospital, Ashford TW15 3AA, UK; St George's Hospital, London SW17 0QT, UK
| | - Christopher R Butler
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK; Faculty of Medicine, Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Peter Garrard
- St George's Hospital, London SW17 0QT, UK; Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St. George's, University of London, London SW17 0RE, UK
| | - Khaled Abdel-Aziz
- Ashford and St Peter's Hospital, Ashford TW15 3AA, UK; St George's Hospital, London SW17 0QT, UK
| | - Masud Husain
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Timothy D Griffiths
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Karalyn Patterson
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0SZ, UK; Medical Research Council Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 7EF, UK
| | - Matthew H Davis
- Medical Research Council Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 7EF, UK
| | - James B Rowe
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0SZ, UK; Medical Research Council Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 7EF, UK; Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Trust, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
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Vyas A, Aisopos F, Vidal ME, Garrard P, Paliouras G. Identifying the presence and severity of dementia by applying interpretable machine learning techniques on structured clinical records. BMC Med Inform Decis Mak 2022; 22:271. [PMID: 36253849 PMCID: PMC9578246 DOI: 10.1186/s12911-022-02004-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Dementia develops as cognitive abilities deteriorate, and early detection is critical for effective preventive interventions. However, mainstream diagnostic tests and screening tools, such as CAMCOG and MMSE, often fail to detect dementia accurately. Various graph-based or feature-dependent prediction and progression models have been proposed. Whenever these models exploit information in the patients’ Electronic Medical Records, they represent promising options to identify the presence and severity of dementia more precisely. Methods The methods presented in this paper aim to address two problems related to dementia: (a) Basic diagnosis: identifying the presence of dementia in individuals, and (b) Severity diagnosis: predicting the presence of dementia, as well as the severity of the disease. We formulate these two tasks as classification problems and address them using machine learning models based on random forests and decision tree, analysing structured clinical data from an elderly population cohort. We perform a hybrid data curation strategy in which a dementia expert is involved to verify that curation decisions are meaningful. We then employ the machine learning algorithms that classify individual episodes into a specific dementia class. Decision trees are also used for enhancing the explainability of decisions made by prediction models, allowing medical experts to identify the most crucial patient features and their threshold values for the classification of dementia. Results Our experiment results prove that baseline arithmetic or cognitive tests, along with demographic features, can predict dementia and its severity with high accuracy. In specific, our prediction models have reached an average f1-score of 0.93 and 0.81 for problems (a) and (b), respectively. Moreover, the decision trees produced for the two issues empower the interpretability of the prediction models. Conclusions This study proves that there can be an accurate estimation of the existence and severity of dementia disease by analysing various electronic medical record features and cognitive tests from the episodes of the elderly population. Moreover, a set of decision rules may comprise the building blocks for an efficient patient classification. Relevant clinical and screening test features (e.g. simple arithmetic or animal fluency tasks) represent precise predictors without calculating the scores of mainstream cognitive tests such as MMSE and CAMCOG. Such predictive model can identify not only meaningful features, but also justifications of classification. As a result, the predictive power of machine learning models over curated clinical data is proved, paving the path for a more accurate diagnosis of dementia. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12911-022-02004-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akhilesh Vyas
- L3S Research Center, Leibniz University Hannover, Hannover, Germany.,Scientific Data Management research group, TIB-Leibniz Information Centre for Science and Technology, Hannover, Germany
| | - Fotis Aisopos
- Software and Knowledge Engineering Laboratory, Institute of Informatics and Telecommunications, NCSR "Demokritos", Athens, Greece.
| | - Maria-Esther Vidal
- L3S Research Center, Leibniz University Hannover, Hannover, Germany.,Scientific Data Management research group, TIB-Leibniz Information Centre for Science and Technology, Hannover, Germany
| | - Peter Garrard
- Molecular and Clinical Science Research Institute, St George's, University of London, London, UK
| | - Georgios Paliouras
- Software and Knowledge Engineering Laboratory, Institute of Informatics and Telecommunications, NCSR "Demokritos", Athens, Greece
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Arnal Segura M, Bini G, Fernandez Orth D, Samaras E, Kassis M, Aisopos F, Rambla De Argila J, Paliouras G, Garrard P, Giambartolomei C, Tartaglia GG. Machine learning methods applied to genotyping data capture interactions between single nucleotide variants in late onset Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimers Dement (Amst) 2022; 14:e12300. [PMID: 35415203 PMCID: PMC8984091 DOI: 10.1002/dad2.12300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) in late onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD) provide lists of individual genetic determinants. However, GWAS do not capture the synergistic effects among multiple genetic variants and lack good specificity. Methods We applied tree-based machine learning algorithms (MLs) to discriminate LOAD (>700 individuals) and age-matched unaffected subjects in UK Biobank with single nucleotide variants (SNVs) from Alzheimer's disease (AD) studies, obtaining specific genomic profiles with the prioritized SNVs. Results MLs prioritized a set of SNVs located in genes PVRL2, TOMM40, APOE, and APOC1, also influencing gene expression and splicing. The genomic profiles in this region showed interaction patterns involving rs405509 and rs1160985, also present in the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) dataset. rs405509 located in APOE promoter interacts with rs429358 among others, seemingly neutralizing their predisposing effect. Discussion Our approach efficiently discriminates LOAD from controls, capturing genomic profiles defined by interactions among SNVs in a hot-spot region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Arnal Segura
- Department of Biology "Charles Darwin" Sapienza University of Rome Rome Italy.,Centre for Human Technologies Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT) Genova Italy.,Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG) The Barcelona Institute for Science and Technology Barcelona Spain
| | - Giorgio Bini
- Centre for Human Technologies Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT) Genova Italy
| | - Dietmar Fernandez Orth
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG) The Barcelona Institute for Science and Technology Barcelona Spain
| | - Eleftherios Samaras
- Stroke and Dementia Research Centre St George's, University of London London UK
| | - Maya Kassis
- Stroke and Dementia Research Centre St George's, University of London London UK
| | - Fotis Aisopos
- Institute of Informatics and Telecommunications NCSR Demokritos Athens Greece
| | - Jordi Rambla De Argila
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG) The Barcelona Institute for Science and Technology Barcelona Spain
| | - George Paliouras
- Institute of Informatics and Telecommunications NCSR Demokritos Athens Greece
| | - Peter Garrard
- Stroke and Dementia Research Centre St George's, University of London London UK
| | | | - Gian Gaetano Tartaglia
- Department of Biology "Charles Darwin" Sapienza University of Rome Rome Italy.,Centre for Human Technologies Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT) Genova Italy.,Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG) The Barcelona Institute for Science and Technology Barcelona Spain.,Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies ICREA Barcelona Spain
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Sala SD, Belin C, Boccardi M, Brazzelli M, Garrard P, Pomati S, Cappa S. Distance assessment of cognitive deficits in older immigrants. Alzheimers Dement 2022. [PMID: 34971218 DOI: 10.1002/alz.049315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In European memory clinics, requests for assessing people with cognitive complaints in a foreign language are becoming frequent. Currently, over one million people living in EU are older migrants presenting with possible cognitive deterioration. The assessments of cognitive functions is the gateway to diagnosis, and the main tool for monitoring progression of neurocognitive disorders. However, the limitations of older migrants in the language of the host country add hurdles to the diagnostic process. This represents an emerging problem for the EU healthcare systems. In several EU countries, the current best approach is to involve a translator, who assists the healthcare personnel with the assessment. This practice is far from perfect. METHODS We convened a multidisciplinary and international team, including experts in neurocognitive disorders and in digital tools, to develop a user-friendly process aimed at connecting clinicians dealing with the diagnosis of people affected by cognitive deficits in different languages or countries. The initial network included countries with great prevalence of immigrants (DE, F, I, UK) and referents from partner specialists from the main immigrant nationalities. This network is planned to expand. RESULTS This preliminary network convened on a reference procedure to be supported with digital tools. The procedure includes referral of migrants with cognitive complaints to a colleague from the established network, for remote assessment in their mother-tongue using tools appropriate for their cultural background. The outcome of the referral is sent to the clinicians in the adopted country who could take a better informed decision on the diagnosis and handling of the symptoms presented by the migrant. DISCUSSION The proposed procedure overcomes several limitations of the current assessment of migrants via a translator, relative to time, languages availability, linguistic and cultural specificity of materials and norms used for the assessment. Assessment would improve thank to greater empathy allowed through the process, and the specific medical background will allow to detect issues that could emerge during the interview or the formal testing. The proposed process solves several problems identified within the current practice, with considerable benefit on detection of neurocognitive disorders in a heterogeneous population.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Marina Boccardi
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) - Rostock/Greifswald, Rostock, Germany
| | | | - Peter Garrard
- St Georges University of London, London, United Kingdom
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Patel N, Peterson KA, Ingram RU, Storey I, Cappa SF, Catricala E, Halai A, Patterson KE, Lambon Ralph MA, Rowe JB, Garrard P. A 'Mini Linguistic State Examination' to classify primary progressive aphasia. Brain Commun 2021; 4:fcab299. [PMID: 35282164 PMCID: PMC8914496 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcab299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
There are few available methods for qualitatively evaluating patients with primary progressive aphasia. Commonly adopted approaches are time-consuming, of limited accuracy or designed to assess different patient populations. This paper introduces a new clinical test-the Mini Linguistic State Examination-which was designed uniquely to enable a clinician to assess and subclassify both classical and mixed presentations of primary progressive aphasia. The adoption of a novel assessment method (error classification) greatly amplifies the clinical information that can be derived from a set of standard linguistic tasks and allows a five-dimensional profile to be defined. Fifty-four patients and 30 matched controls were recruited. Five domains of language competence (motor speech, phonology, semantics, syntax and working memory) were assessed using a sequence of 11 distinct linguistic assays. A random forest classification was used to assess the diagnostic accuracy for predicting primary progressive aphasia subtypes and create a decision tree as a guide to clinical classification. The random forest prediction model was 96% accurate overall (92% for the logopenic variant, 93% for the semantic variant and 98% for the non-fluent variant). The derived decision tree produced a correct classification of 91% of participants whose data were not included in the training set. The Mini Linguistic State Examination is a new cognitive test incorporating a novel and powerful, yet straightforward, approach to scoring. Rigorous assessment of its diagnostic accuracy confirmed excellent matching of primary progressive aphasia syndromes to clinical gold standard diagnoses. Adoption of the Mini Linguistic State Examination by clinicians will have a decisive impact on the consistency and uniformity with which patients can be described clinically. It will also facilitate screening for cohort-based research, including future therapeutic trials, and is suitable for describing, quantifying and monitoring language deficits in other brain disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikil Patel
- Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St George’s, University of London, London SW17 0RE, UK
| | - Katie A. Peterson
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Trust, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0SP, UK
| | - Ruth U. Ingram
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Ian Storey
- Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St George’s, University of London, London SW17 0RE, UK
| | - Stefano F. Cappa
- University Institute for Advanced Studies IUSS, Pavia, Italy
- IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | | | - Ajay Halai
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Trust, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0SP, UK
- MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 7EF, UK
| | - Karalyn E. Patterson
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Trust, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0SP, UK
- MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 7EF, UK
| | | | - James B. Rowe
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Trust, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0SP, UK
- MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 7EF, UK
| | - Peter Garrard
- Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St George’s, University of London, London SW17 0RE, UK
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Matias-Guiu JA, Pytel V, Hernández-Lorenzo L, Patel N, Peterson KA, Matías-Guiu J, Garrard P, Cuetos F. Spanish Version of the Mini-Linguistic State Examination for the Diagnosis of Primary Progressive Aphasia. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 83:771-778. [PMID: 34366355 DOI: 10.3233/jad-210668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Primary progressive aphasia (PPA) is a neurodegenerative syndrome with three main clinical variants: non-fluent, semantic, and logopenic. Clinical diagnosis and accurate classification are challenging and often time-consuming. The Mini-Linguistic State Examination (MLSE) has been recently developed as a short language test to specifically assess language in neurodegenerative disorders. OBJECTIVE Our aim was to adapt and validate the Spanish version of MLSE for PPA diagnosis. METHODS Cross-sectional study involving 70 patients with PPA and 42 healthy controls evaluated with the MLSE. Patients were independently diagnosed and classified according to comprehensive cognitive evaluation and advanced neuroimaging. RESULTS Internal consistency was 0.758. The influence of age and education was very low. The area under the curve for discriminating PPA patients and healthy controls was 0.99. Effect sizes were moderate-large for the discrimination between PPA and healthy controls. Motor speech, phonology, and semantic subscores discriminated between the three clinical variants. A random forest classification model obtained an F1-score of 81%for the three PPA variants. CONCLUSION Our study provides a brief and useful language test for PPA diagnosis, with excellent properties for both clinical routine assessment and research purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordi A Matias-Guiu
- Department of Neurology, Hospital Clinico San Carlos, Health Research Institute "San Carlos" (IdISCC), Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Vanesa Pytel
- Department of Neurology, Hospital Clinico San Carlos, Health Research Institute "San Carlos" (IdISCC), Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Hernández-Lorenzo
- Department of Neurology, Hospital Clinico San Carlos, Health Research Institute "San Carlos" (IdISCC), Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Nikil Patel
- Molecular and Clinical Science Research Institute, St George's, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Katie A Peterson
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Herchel Smith Building for Brain and Mind Sciences, Forvie Site, Robinson Way, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Jorge Matías-Guiu
- Department of Neurology, Hospital Clinico San Carlos, Health Research Institute "San Carlos" (IdISCC), Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Peter Garrard
- Molecular and Clinical Science Research Institute, St George's, University of London, London, United Kingdom
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Clarke N, Barrick TR, Garrard P. A Comparison of Connected Speech Tasks for Detecting Early Alzheimer’s Disease and Mild Cognitive Impairment Using Natural Language Processing and Machine Learning. Front Comput Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fcomp.2021.634360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) has a long pre-clinical period, and so there is a crucial need for early detection, including of Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI). Computational analysis of connected speech using Natural Language Processing and machine learning has been found to indicate disease and could be utilized as a rapid, scalable test for early diagnosis. However, there has been a focus on the Cookie Theft picture description task, which has been criticized. Fifty participants were recruited – 25 healthy controls (HC), 25 mild AD or MCI (AD+MCI) – and these completed five connected speech tasks: picture description, a conversational map reading task, recall of an overlearned narrative, procedural recall and narration of a wordless picture book. A high-dimensional set of linguistic features were automatically extracted from each transcript and used to train Support Vector Machines to classify groups. Performance varied, with accuracy for HC vs. AD+MCI classification ranging from 62% using picture book narration to 78% using overlearned narrative features. This study shows that, importantly, the conditions of the speech task have an impact on the discourse produced, which influences accuracy in detection of AD beyond the length of the sample. Further, we report the features important for classification using different tasks, showing that a focus on the Cookie Theft picture description task may narrow the understanding of how early AD pathology impacts speech.
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Peterson KA, Jones PS, Patel N, Tsvetanov KA, Ingram R, Cappa SF, Lambon Ralph MA, Patterson K, Garrard P, Rowe JB. Language Disorder in Progressive Supranuclear Palsy and Corticobasal Syndrome: Neural Correlates and Detection by the MLSE Screening Tool. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:675739. [PMID: 34381350 PMCID: PMC8351757 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.675739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) and corticobasal syndrome (CBS) affect speech and language as well as motor functions. Clinical and neuropathological data indicate a close relationship between these two disorders and the non-fluent variant of primary progressive aphasia (nfvPPA). We use the recently developed Mini Linguistic State Examination tool (MLSE) to study speech and language disorders in patients with PSP, CBS, and nfvPPA, in combination with structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Methods: Fifty-one patients (PSP N = 13, CBS N = 19, nfvPPA N = 19) and 30 age-matched controls completed the MLSE, the short form of the Boston Diagnostic Aphasia Examination (BDAE), and the Addenbrooke's Cognitive Examination III. Thirty-eight patients and all controls underwent structural MRI at 3 Tesla, with T1 and T2-weighted images processed by surface-based and subcortical segmentation within FreeSurfer 6.0.0 to extract cortical thickness and subcortical volumes. Morphometric differences were compared between groups and correlated with the severity of speech and language impairment. Results: CBS and PSP patients showed impaired MLSE performance, compared to controls, with a similar language profile to nfvPPA, albeit less severe. All patient groups showed reduced cortical thickness in bilateral frontal regions and striatal volume. PSP and nfvPPA patients also showed reduced superior temporal cortical thickness, with additional thalamic and amygdalo-hippocampal volume reductions in nfvPPA. Multivariate analysis of brain-wide cortical thickness and subcortical volumes with MLSE domain scores revealed associations between performance on multiple speech and language domains with atrophy of left-lateralised fronto-temporal cortex, amygdala, hippocampus, putamen, and caudate. Conclusions: The effect of PSP and CBS on speech and language overlaps with nfvPPA. These three disorders cause a common anatomical pattern of atrophy in the left frontotemporal language network and striatum. The MLSE is a short clinical screening tool that can identify the language disorder of PSP and CBS, facilitating clinical management and patient access to future clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie A. Peterson
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Trust, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - P. Simon Jones
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Trust, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Nikil Patel
- Department of Neurosciences, St. George’s, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kamen A. Tsvetanov
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Ruth Ingram
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Stefano F. Cappa
- IUSS Cognitive Neuroscience Center (ICoN), University Institute for Advanced Studies IUSS, Pavia, Italy
- Dementia Research Center, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | | | - Karalyn Patterson
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Trust, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Garrard
- Department of Neurosciences, St. George’s, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - James B. Rowe
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Trust, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: James B. Rowe
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10
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Patel N, Barrick TR, Peterson KA, Ingram R, Garrard P. Regional correlates of linguistic error types using the Mini Linguistic State Examination (MLSE). Alzheimers Dement 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/alz.042829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nikil Patel
- St Georges University of London London United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Ruth Ingram
- University of Manchester Manchester United Kingdom
| | - Peter Garrard
- St Georges University of London London United Kingdom
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11
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Patel N, Peterson KA, Ralph ML, Rowe JB, Patterson K, Cappa S, Ingram R, Garrard P. The Mini Linguistic State Examination (MLSE): A standardised tool to classify and monitor primary progressive aphasia. Alzheimers Dement 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/alz.040853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nikil Patel
- St Georges University of London London United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Ruth Ingram
- University of Manchester Manchester United Kingdom
| | - Peter Garrard
- St Georges University of London London United Kingdom
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12
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Peterson KA, Jones PS, Patel N, Ingram R, Patterson K, Rowe JB, Garrard P. Language impairment in progressive supranuclear palsy and corticobasal syndrome: MLSE screening and its neural correlates. Alzheimers Dement 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/alz.045809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Nikil Patel
- St Georges University of London London United Kingdom
| | - Ruth Ingram
- University of Manchester Manchester United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Peter Garrard
- St Georges University of London London United Kingdom
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13
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Matias‐Guiu JA, Pytel V, Patel N, Delgado‐Álvarez A, Matias‐Guiu J, Garrard P, Cuetos F. Validation of the Spanish version of the Mini‐Linguistic State Examination for the diagnosis of primary progressive aphasia. Alzheimers Dement 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/alz.042817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Nikil Patel
- St Georges University of London London United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Peter Garrard
- St Georges University of London London United Kingdom
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14
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Rentoumi V, Paliouras G, Mougias AA, Kotrotsou I, Garrard P. LangAware: A robust ML‐based platform for the quick and accurate assessment of neurodegenerative diseases. Alzheimers Dement 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/alz.045099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Peter Garrard
- St Georges University of London London United Kingdom
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15
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Patel N, Banahan C, Janus J, Horsfield MA, Cox A, Marshall D, Colman J, Morlese J, Evans DH, Hannon C, Egan V, Garrard P, Hague JP, Chung EML. Neurological impact of emboli during adult cardiac surgery. J Neurol Sci 2020; 416:117006. [PMID: 32623144 PMCID: PMC7718579 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2020.117006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Objectives This study draws on advances in Doppler ultrasound bubble sizing to investigate whether high volumes of macro-bubbles entering the brain during cardiac surgery increase the risk of new cerebral microbleeds (CMBs), ischemic MR lesions, or post-operative cognitive decline (POCD). Methods Transcranial Doppler (TCD) ultrasound recordings were analysed to estimate numbers of emboli and macrobubbles (>100 μm) entering the brain during cardiac surgery. Logistic regression was used to explore the hypothesis that emboli characteristics affect the incidence of new brain injuries identified through pre- and post-operative MRI and neuropsychological testing. Results TCD, MRI, and neuropsychological test data were compared between 28 valve and 18 CABG patients. Although valve patients received over twice as many emboli per procedure [median: 1995 vs. 859, p = .004], and seven times as many macro-bubbles [median: 218 vs. 28, p = .001], high volumes of macrobubbles were not found to be significantly associated with new CMBs, new ischaemic lesions, or POCD. The odds of acquiring new CMBs increased by approximately 5% [95% CI: 1 to 10%] for every embolus detected in the first minute after the release of the aortic cross-clamp (AxC). Logistic regression models also confirmed previous findings that cardiopulmonary bypass time and valve surgery were significant predictors for new CMBs (both p = .03). Logistic regression analysis estimated an increase in the odds of acquiring new CMBs of 6% [95% CI: 1 to 12%] for every minute of bypass time over 91 mins. Conclusions This small study provides new information about the properties and numbers of bubbles entering the brain during surgery, but found no evidence to substantiate a direct link between large numbers of macrobubbles and adverse cognitive or MR outcome. Clinical Trial Registration URL - http://www.isrctn.com. Unique identifier: 66022965. Higher numbers of macrobubbles enter the brain during valve surgery compared to bypass graft surgery. Macrobubbles did not appear to be linked to new cerebral microbleeds, ischemic lesions, or cognitive decline. Emboli received following release of the aortic cross-clamp predicted new cerebral microbleeds. Other factors predicting new microbleeds included cardiopulmonary bypass duration and surgery type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikil Patel
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester LE2 7LX, UK; Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester LE3 9QP, UK; Department of Clinical Neurosciences, St George's, University of London, London SW17 ORE, UK
| | - Caroline Banahan
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester LE2 7LX, UK
| | - Justyna Janus
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester LE2 7LX, UK
| | - Mark A Horsfield
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester LE2 7LX, UK
| | - Anthony Cox
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, St George's, University of London, London SW17 ORE, UK
| | - David Marshall
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester LE2 7LX, UK
| | - Jordan Colman
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, St George's, University of London, London SW17 ORE, UK
| | - John Morlese
- University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester LE1 5WW, UK
| | - David H Evans
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester LE2 7LX, UK
| | - Claire Hannon
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester LE2 7LX, UK
| | - Vincent Egan
- Department of Psychiatry and Applied Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG8 1BB, UK
| | - Peter Garrard
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, St George's, University of London, London SW17 ORE, UK
| | - James P Hague
- School of Physical Sciences, The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keyns, MK7 6AA, UK
| | - Emma M L Chung
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester LE2 7LX, UK; Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester LE3 9QP, UK; University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester LE1 5WW, UK.
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16
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Clarke N, Foltz P, Garrard P. How to do things with (thousands of) words: Computational approaches to discourse analysis in Alzheimer's disease. Cortex 2020; 129:446-463. [PMID: 32622173 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2020.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Natural Language Processing (NLP) is an ever-growing field of computational science that aims to model natural human language. Combined with advances in machine learning, which learns patterns in data, it offers practical capabilities including automated language analysis. These approaches have garnered interest from clinical researchers seeking to understand the breakdown of language due to pathological changes in the brain, offering fast, replicable and objective methods. The study of Alzheimer's disease (AD), and preclinical Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI), suggests that changes in discourse (connected speech or writing) may be key to early detection of disease. There is currently no disease-modifying treatment for AD, the leading cause of dementia in people over the age of 65, but detection of those at risk of developing the disease could help with the identification and testing of medications which can take effect before the underlying pathology has irreversibly spread. We outline important components of natural language, as well as NLP tools and approaches with which they can be extracted, analysed and used for disease identification and risk prediction. We review literature using these tools to model discourse across the spectrum of AD, including the contribution of machine learning approaches and Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR). We conclude that NLP and machine learning techniques are starting to greatly enhance research in the field, with measurable and quantifiable language components showing promise for early detection of disease, but there remain research and practical challenges for clinical implementation of these approaches. Challenges discussed include the availability of large and diverse datasets, ethics of data collection and sharing, diagnostic specificity and clinical acceptability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha Clarke
- Neurosciences Research Centre, Molecular & Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St George's, University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London, UK.
| | - Peter Foltz
- Institute of Cognitive Science, University of Colorado, Boulder, USA.
| | - Peter Garrard
- Neurosciences Research Centre, Molecular & Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St George's, University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London, UK.
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17
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Ganesan V, Garrard P. Technology, big data, and the future of paediatric neuroscience: let us go then, you and AI. Dev Med Child Neurol 2020; 62:884. [PMID: 32608506 DOI: 10.1111/dmcn.14563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Peter Garrard
- Molecular and Clinical Science Research Institute, St. George's, University of London, London, UK
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18
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Patel N, Banahan C, Janus J, Horsfield MA, Cox A, Li X, Cappellugola L, Colman J, Egan V, Garrard P, Chung EM. Perioperative Cerebral Microbleeds After Adult Cardiac Surgery. Stroke 2019; 50:336-343. [PMID: 30572811 PMCID: PMC6354910 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.118.023355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Background and Purpose- Cerebral microbleeds (CMBs) have been observed using magnetic resonance imaging in patients with cardiovascular risk factors, cognitive deterioration, small vessel disease, and dementia. They are a well-known consequence of cerebral amyloid angiopathy, chronic hypertension, and diffuse axonal injury, among other causes. However, the frequency and location of new CMBs postadult cardiac surgery, in association with cognition and perioperative risk factors, have yet to be studied. Methods- Pre- and postsurgery magnetic resonance susceptibility-weighted images and neuropsychological tests were analyzed from a total of 75 patients undergoing cardiac surgery (70 men; mean age, 63±10 years). CMBs were identified by a neuroradiologist blinded to clinical details who independently assessed the presence and location of CMBs using standardized criteria. Results- New CMBs were identified in 76% of patients after cardiac surgery. The majority of new CMBs were located in the frontal lobe (46%) followed by the parietal lobe (15%), cerebellum (13%), occipital lobe (12%), and temporal lobe (8%). Patients with new CMBs typically began with a higher prevalence of preexisting CMBs ( P=0.02). New CMBs were associated with longer cardiopulmonary bypass times ( P=0.003), and there was a borderline association with lower percentage hematocrit ( P=0.04). Logistic regression analysis suggested a ≈2% increase in the odds of acquiring new CMBs during cardiac surgery for every minute of bypass time (odds ratio, 1.02; 95% CI, 1.00-1.05; P=0.04). Postoperative neuropsychological decline was observed in 44% of patients and seemed to be unrelated to new CMBs. Conclusions- New CMBs identified using susceptibility-weighted images were found in 76% of patients who underwent cardiac surgery. CMBs were globally distributed with the highest numbers in the frontal and parietal lobes. Our regression analysis indicated that length of cardiopulmonary bypass time and lowered hematocrit may be significant predictors for new CMBs after cardiac surgery. Clinical Trial Registration- URL: http://www.isrctn.com . Unique identifier: 66022965.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikil Patel
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, United Kingdom (N.P., J.J., M.A.H., L.C., E.M.L.C.)
- NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre–Cardiovascular Theme, Glenfield Hospital, United Kingdom (N.P., E.M.L.C.)
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, St George’s, University of London, United Kingdom (N.P., X.L., J.C., P.G.)
| | - Caroline Banahan
- Department of Medical Physics, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, United Kingdom (C.B., E.M.L.C.)
| | - Justyna Janus
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, United Kingdom (N.P., J.J., M.A.H., L.C., E.M.L.C.)
| | - Mark A. Horsfield
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, United Kingdom (N.P., J.J., M.A.H., L.C., E.M.L.C.)
| | - Anthony Cox
- Neuroradiology Department, St George’s Hospital, London, United Kingdom (A.C.)
| | - Xingfeng Li
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, St George’s, University of London, United Kingdom (N.P., X.L., J.C., P.G.)
| | - Laurie Cappellugola
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, United Kingdom (N.P., J.J., M.A.H., L.C., E.M.L.C.)
| | - Jordan Colman
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, St George’s, University of London, United Kingdom (N.P., X.L., J.C., P.G.)
| | - Vincent Egan
- Department of Psychiatry and Applied Psychology, University of Nottingham, United Kingdom (V.E.)
| | - Peter Garrard
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, St George’s, University of London, United Kingdom (N.P., X.L., J.C., P.G.)
| | - Emma M.L. Chung
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, United Kingdom (N.P., J.J., M.A.H., L.C., E.M.L.C.)
- NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre–Cardiovascular Theme, Glenfield Hospital, United Kingdom (N.P., E.M.L.C.)
- Department of Medical Physics, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, United Kingdom (C.B., E.M.L.C.)
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19
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Catricalà E, Boschi V, Cuoco S, Galiano F, Picillo M, Gobbi E, Miozzo A, Chesi C, Esposito V, Santangelo G, Pellecchia MT, Borsa VM, Barone P, Garrard P, Iannaccone S, Cappa SF. The language profile of progressive supranuclear palsy. Cortex 2019; 115:294-308. [PMID: 30884283 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2019.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2018] [Revised: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A progressive speech/language disorder, such as the non fluent/agrammatic variant of primary progressive aphasia and progressive apraxia of speech, can be due to neuropathologically verified Progressive Supranuclear Palsy (PSP). The prevalence of linguistic deficits and the linguistic profile in PSP patients who present primarily with a movement disorder is unknown. In the present study, we investigated speech and language performance in a sample of clinically diagnosed PSP patients using a comprehensive language battery, including, besides traditional language tests, a detailed analysis of connected speech (picture description task assessing 26 linguistic features). The aim was to identify the most affected linguistic levels in seventeen PSP with a movement disorder presentation, compared to 21 patients with Parkinson's disease and 27 healthy controls. Machine learning methods were used to detect the most relevant language tests and linguistic features characterizing the language profile of PSP patients. Our results indicate that even non-clinically aphasic PSP patients have subtle language deficits, in particular involving the lexical-semantic and discourse levels. Patients with the Richardson's syndrome showed a lower performance in the word comprehension task with respect to the other PSP phenotypes with predominant frontal presentation, parkinsonism and progressive gait freezing. The present findings support the usefulness of a detailed language assessment in all patients in the PSP spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sofia Cuoco
- Department of Medicine, Surgery, and Dentistry "Scuola Medica Salernitana", Neuroscience Section, University of Salerno, Italy
| | | | - Marina Picillo
- Department of Medicine, Surgery, and Dentistry "Scuola Medica Salernitana", Neuroscience Section, University of Salerno, Italy
| | - Elena Gobbi
- IRCCS San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
| | - Antonio Miozzo
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Cristiano Chesi
- NEtS Center, School of Advanced Studies IUSS Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Valentina Esposito
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy; Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Gabriella Santangelo
- Department of Medicine, Surgery, and Dentistry "Scuola Medica Salernitana", Neuroscience Section, University of Salerno, Italy; Department of Psychology, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Caserta, Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Pellecchia
- Department of Medicine, Surgery, and Dentistry "Scuola Medica Salernitana", Neuroscience Section, University of Salerno, Italy
| | - Virginia M Borsa
- NEtS Center, School of Advanced Studies IUSS Pavia, Pavia, Italy; NEUROFARBA - Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Psicologia, Area del Farmaco e Salute del Bambino, Università di Firenze, Florence, Italy
| | - Paolo Barone
- Department of Medicine, Surgery, and Dentistry "Scuola Medica Salernitana", Neuroscience Section, University of Salerno, Italy
| | - Peter Garrard
- Neuroscience Research Centre, St George's-University of London, London, UK
| | - Sandro Iannaccone
- Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano F Cappa
- NEtS Center, School of Advanced Studies IUSS Pavia, Pavia, Italy; IRCCS San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy.
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20
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Battista P, Catricalà E, Piccininni M, Copetti M, Esposito V, Polito C, Miozzo A, Gobbi E, Cuoco S, Boschi V, Picillo M, Sorbi S, Barone P, Iannaccone S, Garrard P, Logroscino G, Cappa SF. Screening for Aphasia in NeuroDegeneration for the Diagnosis of Patients with Primary Progressive Aphasia: Clinical Validity and Psychometric Properties. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 2019; 46:243-252. [PMID: 30352431 DOI: 10.1159/000492632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We evaluated the psychometric proprieties of the Screening for Aphasia in NeuroDegeneration (SAND) battery in Italian primary progressive aphasia (PPA) and movement disorder (MD) patients. METHODS The sample included 30 consecutive PPA and 45 MD patients who completed the SAND battery together with a clinical interview and a neurological/neuropsychological examination and 130 healthy controls (HC). RESULTS The SAND battery showed good internal consistency and good convergent and divergent validity. receiver operating characteristic analysis revealed an area under the curve of 0.978 for PPA versus HC and of 0.786 for PPA versus MD. A cutoff ≥3 gave a sensitivity of 0.933% and a specificity of 0.946% for discriminating PPA versus HC, whereas a cutoff ≥5 gave a sensitivity of 0.767% and a specificity of 0.667% for discriminating PPA versus MD. CONCLUSION These results indicate that the SAND battery is an adequate, reliable, and valid diagnostic tool for PPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petronilla Battista
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience, and Sense Organs, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy.,Neurodegenerative Disease Unit, Department of Clinical Research in Neurology, University of Bari Aldo Moro, "Pia Fondazione Cardinale G. Panico", Tricase, Italy.,NEUROFARBA - Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Psicologia, Area del Farmaco e Salute del Bambino, Università di Firenze, Florence, Italy
| | - Eleonora Catricalà
- Center for Neurocognition and Theoretical Syntax, Scuola Universitaria Superiore IUSS Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Marco Piccininni
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience, and Sense Organs, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy.,Neurodegenerative Disease Unit, Department of Clinical Research in Neurology, University of Bari Aldo Moro, "Pia Fondazione Cardinale G. Panico", Tricase, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Copetti
- Biostatistics Unit, IRCCS-Ospedale Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
| | - Valentina Esposito
- Department of Specialistic Rehabilitation of Neurological, Cognitive, and Motor Disorders, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital and Vita-Salute University, Milan, Italy.,Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Cristina Polito
- NEUROFARBA - Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Psicologia, Area del Farmaco e Salute del Bambino, Università di Firenze, Florence, Italy
| | - Antonio Miozzo
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Elena Gobbi
- Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.,IRCCS S. Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
| | - Sofia Cuoco
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università di Salerno, Salerno, Italy
| | - Veronica Boschi
- Center for Neurocognition and Theoretical Syntax, Scuola Universitaria Superiore IUSS Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Marina Picillo
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università di Salerno, Salerno, Italy
| | - Sandro Sorbi
- NEUROFARBA - Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Psicologia, Area del Farmaco e Salute del Bambino, Università di Firenze, Florence, Italy.,IRCCS Don Gnocchi Firenze, Florence, Italy
| | - Paolo Barone
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università di Salerno, Salerno, Italy
| | - Sandro Iannaccone
- Department of Specialistic Rehabilitation of Neurological, Cognitive, and Motor Disorders, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital and Vita-Salute University, Milan, Italy
| | - Peter Garrard
- Neuroscience Research Center, St George's University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Giancarlo Logroscino
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience, and Sense Organs, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy.,Neurodegenerative Disease Unit, Department of Clinical Research in Neurology, University of Bari Aldo Moro, "Pia Fondazione Cardinale G. Panico", Tricase, Italy
| | - Stefano F Cappa
- Center for Neurocognition and Theoretical Syntax, Scuola Universitaria Superiore IUSS Pavia, Pavia, .,IRCCS S. Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia,
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21
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Clarke N, Barrick TR, Garrard P. P2‐515: CHARACTERISING SPOKEN LANGUAGE DEFICITS IN MILD ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE AND MILD COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT. Alzheimers Dement 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2018.06.1209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Peter Garrard
- St George's, University of LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
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22
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Clarke N, Barrick T, Garrard P. P1‐535: PREDICTING DEMENTIA FROM WRITTEN TEXTS USING FEATURE EXTRACTION AND MACHINE LEARNING. Alzheimers Dement 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2018.06.546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Tom Barrick
- St. George's, University of LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Peter Garrard
- St. George's, University of LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
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23
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Peterson KA, Patel N, Barrick TR, Cappa SF, Catricala E, Ralph ML, Patterson K, Rowe JB, Garrard P. P4‐115: DEVELOPMENT OF THE STANDARDISED, MULTILINGUAL MINI LINGUISTIC STATE EXAMINATION (MLSE) TO CLASSIFY AND MONITOR PRIMARY PROGRESSIVE APHASIA. Alzheimers Dement 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2018.06.2519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Nikil Patel
- St. George's University of LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
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24
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Affiliation(s)
- P Garrard
- Southmead Hospital NHS Trust, London, England
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25
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Garcia Reitboeck P, Garrard P, Peters T. Neuromyelitis optica: Application of computer diagnostics to historical case reports. J Hist Neurosci 2017; 26:341-350. [PMID: 28632021 DOI: 10.1080/0964704x.2016.1277885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
The retrospective diagnosis of illnesses by medical historians can often be difficult and prone to bias, although knowledge of the medical disorders of historical figures is key to the understanding of their behavior and reactions. The recent application of computer diagnostics to historical figures allows an objective differential diagnosis to be accomplished. Taking an example from clinical neurology, we analyzed the earliest reported cases of Devic's disease (neuromyelitis optica) that commonly affects the optic nerve and spinal cord and was previously often confused with multiple sclerosis. We conclude that in most identified cases the software concurred with the contemporary physicians' interpretation, but some claimed cases either had insufficient data to provide a diagnosis or other possible diagnoses were suggested that had not been considered. Computational methods may, therefore, help historians to diagnose the ailments of historical figures with greater objectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Garcia Reitboeck
- a Department of Neurology , Atkinson Morley Neuroscience Centre, St. George's Hospital , London , United Kingdom
| | - Peter Garrard
- b Neuroscience Research Centre, Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St George's , University of London , London , United Kingdom
| | - Timothy Peters
- c Ironbridge Institute , University of Birmingham , Coalbrookdale , United Kingdom
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26
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Webster L, Groskreutz D, Grinbergs-Saull A, Howard R, O’Brien JT, Mountain G, Banerjee S, Woods B, Perneczky R, Lafortune L, Roberts C, McCleery J, Pickett J, Bunn F, Challis D, Charlesworth G, Featherstone K, Fox C, Goodman C, Jones R, Lamb S, Moniz-Cook E, Schneider J, Shepperd S, Surr C, Thompson-Coon J, Ballard C, Brayne C, Burns A, Clare L, Garrard P, Kehoe P, Passmore P, Holmes C, Maidment I, Robinson L, Livingston G. Core outcome measures for interventions to prevent or slow the progress of dementia for people living with mild to moderate dementia: Systematic review and consensus recommendations. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0179521. [PMID: 28662127 PMCID: PMC5491018 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0179521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are no disease-modifying treatments for dementia. There is also no consensus on disease modifying outcomes. We aimed to produce the first evidence-based consensus on core outcome measures for trials of disease modification in mild-to-moderate dementia. METHODS AND FINDINGS We defined disease-modification interventions as those aiming to change the underlying pathology. We systematically searched electronic databases and previous systematic reviews for published and ongoing trials of disease-modifying treatments in mild-to-moderate dementia. We included 149/22,918 of the references found; with 81 outcome measures from 125 trials. Trials involved participants with Alzheimer's disease (AD) alone (n = 111), or AD and mild cognitive impairment (n = 8) and three vascular dementia. We divided outcomes by the domain measured (cognition, activities of daily living, biological markers, neuropsychiatric symptoms, quality of life, global). We calculated the number of trials and of participants using each outcome. We detailed psychometric properties of each outcome. We sought the views of people living with dementia and family carers in three cities through Alzheimer's society focus groups. Attendees at a consensus conference (experts in dementia research, disease-modification and harmonisation measures) decided on the core set of outcomes using these results. Recommended core outcomes were cognition as the fundamental deficit in dementia and to indicate disease modification, serial structural MRIs. Cognition should be measured by Mini Mental State Examination or Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale-Cognitive Subscale. MRIs would be optional for patients. We also made recommendations for measuring important, but non-core domains which may not change despite disease modification. LIMITATIONS Most trials were about AD. Specific instruments may be superseded. We searched one database for psychometric properties. INTERPRETATION This is the first review to identify the 81 outcome measures the research community uses for disease-modifying trials in mild-to-moderate dementia. Our recommendations will facilitate designing, comparing and meta-analysing disease modification trials in mild-to-moderate dementia, increasing their value. TRIAL REGISTRATION PROSPERO no. CRD42015027346.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy Webster
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Derek Groskreutz
- Division of Psychology and Language Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Rob Howard
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - John T. O’Brien
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Gail Mountain
- ScHARR, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Sube Banerjee
- Centre for Dementia Studies, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Bob Woods
- Dementia Services Development Centre Wales, Bangor University, Bangor, United Kingdom
| | - Robert Perneczky
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Louise Lafortune
- Cambridge Institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Charlotte Roberts
- International Consortium for Health Outcomes Measurement, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jenny McCleery
- Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Frances Bunn
- Centre for Research in Primary and Community Care, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, United Kingdom
| | - David Challis
- Personal Social Services Research Unit, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Georgina Charlesworth
- Research Department of Clinical, Educational, and Health Psychology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Katie Featherstone
- School of Healthcare Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Chris Fox
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Claire Goodman
- Centre for Research in Primary and Community Care, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, United Kingdom
| | - Roy Jones
- Research Institute for the Care of Older People (RICE), University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Lamb
- Warwick Clinical Trials Research Unit, University of Warwick, Warwick, United Kingdom
| | - Esme Moniz-Cook
- Faculty of Health and Social Care, University of Hull, Hull, United Kingdom
| | - Justine Schneider
- Institute of Mental Health, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Sasha Shepperd
- Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Claire Surr
- School of Health & Community Studies, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Jo Thompson-Coon
- PenCLAHRC, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Clive Ballard
- Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Carol Brayne
- Cambridge Institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Alistair Burns
- Institute of Brain, Behaviour and Mental Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Linda Clare
- PenCLAHRC, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, United Kingdom
- School of Psychology, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Garrard
- Neuroscience Research Centre, St. George's, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick Kehoe
- School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Passmore
- Centre for Public Health, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Clive Holmes
- School of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Ian Maidment
- Aston Research Centre for Healthy Ageing, Aston University, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Louise Robinson
- Institute of Health and Society, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Gill Livingston
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- North Thames CLAHRC, London, United Kingdom
- Camden and Islington NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
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27
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Catricalà E, Gobbi E, Battista P, Miozzo A, Polito C, Boschi V, Esposito V, Cuoco S, Barone P, Sorbi S, Cappa SF, Garrard P. SAND: a Screening for Aphasia in NeuroDegeneration. Development and normative data. Neurol Sci 2017; 38:1469-1483. [PMID: 28578483 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-017-3001-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Language assessment has a critical role in the clinical diagnosis of neurodegenerative diseases, in particular, in the case of Primary Progressive Aphasia (PPA). The current diagnostic criteria (Gorno-Tempini et al., 2011) identify three main variants on the basis of clinical features and patterns of brain atrophy. Widely accepted tools to diagnose, clinically classify, and follow up the heterogeneous language profiles of PPA are still lacking. In this study, we develop a screening battery, composed of nine tests (picture naming, word and sentence comprehension, word and sentence repetition, reading, semantic association, writing and picture description), following the recommendations of current diagnostic guidelines and taking into account recent research on the topic. All tasks were developed with consideration of the psycholinguistic factors that can affect performance, with the aim of achieving sensitivity to the language deficit to which each task was relevant, and to allow identification of the selective characteristic impairments of each PPA variant. Normative data on 134 Italian subjects pooled across homogeneous subgroups for age, sex, and education are reported. Although further work is still needed, this battery represents a first step towards a concise multilingual standard language examination, a fast and simple tool to help clinicians and researchers in the diagnosis of PPA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elena Gobbi
- Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milano, Italia
| | - Petronilla Battista
- NEtS, Scuola Universitaria Superiore IUSS-Pavia, Pavia, Italia.,Unità di Malattie Neurodegenerative, Dipartimento di medicina di base, neuroscienze e organi del senso, Università di Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italia.,NEUROFARBA- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Psicologia, Area del Farmaco e Salute del Bambino, Università di Firenze, Firenze, Italia
| | - Antonio Miozzo
- Unità di Neurologia, Dipartimento di scienze cliniche e sperimentali, Università di Brescia, Brescia, Italia
| | - Cristina Polito
- SBSC - Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche Sperimentali e Cliniche, Università di Firenze, Firenze, Italia
| | - Veronica Boschi
- NEtS, Scuola Universitaria Superiore IUSS-Pavia, Pavia, Italia
| | | | - Sofia Cuoco
- Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università degli Studi di Salerno, Fisciano, Italia
| | - Paolo Barone
- Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università degli Studi di Salerno, Fisciano, Italia
| | - Sandro Sorbi
- NEUROFARBA- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Psicologia, Area del Farmaco e Salute del Bambino, Università di Firenze, Firenze, Italia
| | - Stefano F Cappa
- NEtS, Scuola Universitaria Superiore IUSS-Pavia, Pavia, Italia.,IRCCS S. Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italia
| | - Peter Garrard
- Neuroscience Research Centre, St George's-University of London, London, UK
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28
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Webster L, Groskreutz D, Grinbergs-Saull A, Howard R, O'Brien JT, Mountain G, Banerjee S, Woods B, Perneczky R, Lafortune L, Roberts C, McCleery J, Pickett J, Bunn F, Challis D, Charlesworth G, Featherstone K, Fox C, Goodman C, Jones R, Lamb S, Moniz-Cook E, Schneider J, Shepperd S, Surr C, Thompson-Coon J, Ballard C, Brayne C, Burke O, Burns A, Clare L, Garrard P, Kehoe P, Passmore P, Holmes C, Maidment I, Murtagh F, Robinson L, Livingston G. Development of a core outcome set for disease modification trials in mild to moderate dementia: a systematic review, patient and public consultation and consensus recommendations. Health Technol Assess 2017; 21:1-192. [PMID: 28625273 PMCID: PMC5494514 DOI: 10.3310/hta21260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is currently no disease-modifying treatment available to halt or delay the progression of the disease pathology in dementia. An agreed core set of the best-available and most appropriate outcomes for disease modification would facilitate the design of trials and ensure consistency across disease modification trials, as well as making results comparable and meta-analysable in future trials. OBJECTIVES To agree a set of core outcomes for disease modification trials for mild to moderate dementia with the UK dementia research community and patient and public involvement (PPI). DATA SOURCES We included disease modification trials with quantitative outcomes of efficacy from (1) references from related systematic reviews in workstream 1; (2) searches of the Cochrane Dementia and Cognitive Improvement Group study register, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, EMBASE, Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences Literature and PsycINFO on 11 December 2015, and clinical trial registries [International Standard Randomised Controlled Trial Number (ISRCTN) and clinicaltrials.gov] on 22 and 29 January 2016; and (3) hand-searches of reference lists of relevant systematic reviews from database searches. REVIEW METHODS The project consisted of four workstreams. (1) We obtained related core outcome sets and work from co-applicants. (2) We systematically reviewed published and ongoing disease modification trials to identify the outcomes used in different domains. We extracted outcomes used in each trial, recording how many used each outcome and with how many participants. We divided outcomes into the domains measured and searched for validation data. (3) We consulted with PPI participants about recommended outcomes. (4) We presented all the synthesised information at a conference attended by the wider body of National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) dementia researchers to reach consensus on a core set of outcomes. RESULTS We included 149 papers from the 22,918 papers screened, referring to 125 individual trials. Eighty-one outcomes were used across trials, including 72 scales [31 cognitive, 12 activities of daily living (ADLs), 10 global, 16 neuropsychiatric and three quality of life] and nine biological techniques. We consulted with 18 people for PPI. The conference decided that only cognition and biological markers are core measures of disease modification. Cognition should be measured by the Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) or the Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale - Cognitive subscale (ADAS-Cog), and brain changes through structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in a subset of participants. All other domains are important but not core. We recommend using the Neuropsychiatric Inventory for neuropsychiatric symptoms: the Disability Assessment for Dementia for ADLs, the Dementia Quality of Life Measure for quality of life and the Clinical Dementia Rating scale to measure dementia globally. LIMITATIONS Most of the trials included participants with Alzheimer's disease, so recommendations may not apply to other types of dementia. We did not conduct economic analyses. The PPI consultation was limited to members of the Alzheimer's Society Research Network. CONCLUSIONS Cognitive outcomes and biological markers form the core outcome set for future disease modification trials, measured by the MMSE or ADAS-Cog, and structural MRI in a subset of participants. FUTURE WORK We envisage that the core set may be superseded in the future, particularly for other types of dementia. There is a need to develop an algorithm to compare scores on the MMSE and ADAS-Cog. STUDY REGISTRATION The project was registered with Core Outcome Measures in Effectiveness Trials [ www.comet-initiative.org/studies/details/819?result=true (accessed 7 April 2016)]. The systematic review protocol is registered as PROSPERO CRD42015027346. FUNDING The National Institute for Health Research Health Technology Assessment programme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy Webster
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, UK
| | - Derek Groskreutz
- Division of Psychology and Language Sciences, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - Rob Howard
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, UK
| | - John T O'Brien
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Gail Mountain
- School of Health and Related Research, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Sube Banerjee
- Brighton and Sussex Medical School, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK
| | - Bob Woods
- Dementia Services Development Centre Wales, Bangor University, Bangor, UK
| | - Robert Perneczky
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Louise Lafortune
- Cambridge Institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Charlotte Roberts
- International Consortium for Health Outcomes Measurement, London, UK
| | | | | | - Frances Bunn
- Centre for Research in Primary and Community Care, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK
| | - David Challis
- Personal Social Services Research Unit, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Georgina Charlesworth
- Research Department of Clinical, Educational, and Health Psychology, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - Chris Fox
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Claire Goodman
- Centre for Research in Primary and Community Care, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK
| | - Roy Jones
- Research Institute for the Care of Older People, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - Sallie Lamb
- Oxford Clinical Trials Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Esme Moniz-Cook
- Faculty of Health and Social Care, University of Hull, Hull, UK
| | - Justine Schneider
- Institute of Mental Health, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Sasha Shepperd
- Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Claire Surr
- School of Health & Community Studies, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
| | - Jo Thompson-Coon
- Collaboration for Leadership in Applied Health Research and Care South West Peninsula, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Clive Ballard
- Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Carol Brayne
- Cambridge Institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Orlaith Burke
- Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Alistair Burns
- Institute of Brain, Behaviour and Mental Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Linda Clare
- Collaboration for Leadership in Applied Health Research and Care South West Peninsula, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
- School of Psychology, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
- Centre for Research in Ageing and Cognitive Health, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK
| | - Peter Garrard
- Neuroscience Research Centre, St George's, University of London, UK
| | - Patrick Kehoe
- School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Peter Passmore
- Centre for Public Health, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Clive Holmes
- School of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Ian Maidment
- Aston Research Centre for Healthy Ageing, Aston University, Birmingham, UK
| | - Fliss Murtagh
- Cicely Saunders Institute, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Louise Robinson
- Institute of Health and Society, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Gill Livingston
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, UK
- Camden and Islington NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- North Thames Collaboration for Leadership in Applied Health Research and Care, London, UK
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Abstract
We used a computational linguistic approach, exploiting machine learning techniques, to examine the letters written by King George III during mentally healthy and apparently mentally ill periods of his life. The aims of the study were: first, to establish the existence of alterations in the King's written language at the onset of his first manic episode; and secondly to identify salient sources of variation contributing to the changes. Effects on language were sought in two control conditions (politically stressful vs. politically tranquil periods and seasonal variation). We found clear differences in the letter corpus, across a range of different features, in association with the onset of mental derangement, which were driven by a combination of linguistic and information theory features that appeared to be specific to the contrast between acute mania and mental stability. The paucity of existing data relevant to changes in written language in the presence of acute mania suggests that lexical, syntactic and stylometric descriptions of written discourse produced by a cohort of patients with a diagnosis of acute mania will be necessary to support the diagnosis independently and to look for other periods of mental illness of the course of the King's life, and in other historically significant figures with similarly large archives of handwritten documents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vassiliki Rentoumi
- Neuroscience Research Centre, Molecular and Clinical Science Research Institute, St. George’s, University of London (SGUL), London, United Kingdom
| | - Timothy Peters
- Institute of Archaeology and Antiquity, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan Conlin
- School of Humanities, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Garrard
- Neuroscience Research Centre, Molecular and Clinical Science Research Institute, St. George’s, University of London (SGUL), London, United Kingdom
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30
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Garrard P, Nemes V, Nikolic D, Barney A. Motif Discovery in Speech: Application to Monitoring Alzheimer's Disease. Curr Alzheimer Res 2017; 14:951-959. [PMID: 28290243 DOI: 10.2174/1567205014666170309121025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Revised: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Perseveration - repetition of words, phrases or questions in speech - is commonly described in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Measuring perseveration is difficult, but may index cognitive performance, aiding diagnosis and disease monitoring. Continuous recording of speech would produce a large quantity of data requiring painstaking manual analysis, and risk violating patients' and others' privacy. A secure record and an automated approach to analysis are required. OBJECTIVES To record bone-conducted acoustic energy fluctuations from a subject's vocal apparatus using an accelerometer, to describe the recording and analysis stages in detail, and demonstrate that the approach is feasible in AD. METHODS Speech-related vibration was captured by an accelerometer, affixed above the temporomandibular joint. Healthy subjects read a script with embedded repetitions. Features were extracted from recorded signals and combined using Principal Component Analysis to obtain a one-dimensional representation of the feature vector. Motif discovery techniques were used to detect repeated segments. The equipment was tested in AD patients to determine device acceptability and recording quality. RESULTS Comparison with the known location of embedded motifs suggests that, with appropriate parameter tuning, the motif discovery method can detect repetitions. The device was acceptable to patients and produced adequate signal quality in their home environments. CONCLUSION We established that continuously recording bone-conducted speech and detecting perseverative patterns were both possible. In future studies we plan to associate the frequency of verbal repetitions with stage, progression and type of dementia. It is possible that the method could contribute to the assessment of disease-modifying treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Garrard
- Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St George's, University of London, London SW17 0RE. United Kingdom
| | - Vanda Nemes
- Institute of Physiology, University of Pécs Medical School, Pécs 7624. Hungary
| | - Dragana Nikolic
- Institute of Sound and Vibration Research, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ. United Kingdom
| | - Anna Barney
- Institute of Sound and Vibration Research, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ. United Kingdom
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31
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Clarke N, Barrick T, Garrard P. DTI SEGMENTATION IN FOCAL CORTICAL NEURODEGENERATIVE SYNDROMES. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2016. [DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2016-315106.58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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32
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Abstract
We performed a retrospective review of all patients admitted to a neurological rehabilitation unit over a 5-year period to identify the benefits and problems associated with inpatient rehabilitation of patients with a life-limiting illness. Twenty-one patients (14 men; mean age 54 years) with primary or nonprimary neurological malignancy resulting in disability were studied. For each patient the following data was extracted: gender, age, diagnosis, source of referral, mechanism of disability, prognosis at time of referral, length of inpatient stay, disability on admission and discharge, and the place of discharge. All patients made functional gains, and all but 2 were discharged home. One patient died and 4 required readmission to an acute unit because of worsening discomfort or debility within a month of discharge. Patients with life-limiting illness resulting in neurological disability can benefit from inpatient rehabilitation. Optimal management of such patients demands careful liaison with palliative care teams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Garrard
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, Alexandra House, London, UK
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33
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Benjamin MJ, Cifelli A, Garrard P, Caine D, Jones FW. The role of working memory and verbal fluency in autobiographical memory in early Alzheimer's disease and matched controls. Neuropsychologia 2015; 78:115-21. [PMID: 26443928 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2015.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Revised: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Retrieval of autobiographical memories (AMs) is important for "sense of self". Previous research and theoretical accounts suggest that working memory (WM) and semantic and phonemic fluency abilities facilitate the hierarchical search for, and reliving of past, personal events in the mind's eye. However, there remains a lack of consensus as to the nature of the relationships between these cognitive functions and the truly episodic aspects of AM. The present study therefore aimed to explore the associations between these variables in a sample with a wide range of cognitive abilities. The study incorporated a between-groups component, and a correlational component with multiple regression. Participants with Alzheimer's disease (n=10) and matched healthy controls (n=10) were assessed on measures of semantic and episodic AM search and retrieval, auditory and spatial WM, and semantic and phonemic fluency. The AD group produced less episodic AM content compared to controls. Semantic fluency predicted episodic AM retrieval independent of age effects but there were no significant relationships between measures of phonemic fluency, WM and episodic AM. The results suggest that the ability to maintain hierarchical search of the semantic knowledge-base is important for truly episodic reliving, and interventions for people with AM impairment might therefore benefit from incorporating structured, individualised external memory-aids to facilitate AM search and retrieval.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxwell J Benjamin
- Salomons Centre for Applied Psychology, Canterbury Christ Church University, UK; Neuroepidemiology and Ageing Research Unit, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, UK
| | - Alberto Cifelli
- Department of Neurology, Barking, Havering and Redbridge University Hospitals NHS Trust, UK
| | - Peter Garrard
- Department of Neurology, St. George's Healthcare NHS Trust, UK; Neuroscience Research Centre, St. George's, University of London, UK
| | - Diana Caine
- Department of Neuropsychology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, UCLH NHS Foundation Trust, UK
| | - Fergal W Jones
- Salomons Centre for Applied Psychology, Canterbury Christ Church University, UK.
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34
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Catricalà E, Della Rosa PA, Plebani V, Perani D, Garrard P, Cappa SF. Semantic feature degradation and naming performance. Evidence from neurodegenerative disorders. Brain Lang 2015; 147:58-65. [PMID: 26072002 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandl.2015.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2014] [Revised: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The failure to name an object in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and in the semantic variant of the primary progressive aphasia (sv-PPA) has been generally attributed to semantic memory loss, with a progressive degradation of semantic features. Not all features, however, may have the same relevance in picture naming. We analyzed the relationship between picture naming performance and the loss of semantic features in patients with AD with or without naming impairment, with sv-PPA and in matched controls, assessing the role of distinctiveness, semantic relevance and feature type (sensorial versus non-sensorial) with a sentence verification task. The results showed that distinctive features with high values of semantic relevance were lost only in all patients with naming impairment. The performance on the sensorial distinctive features with high relevance was the best predictor of naming performance only in sv-PPA, while no difference between sensorial and non-sensorial features was found in AD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pasquale A Della Rosa
- Institute of Molecular Bioimaging and Physiology, National Research Council (IBFM-CNR), Milan, Italy
| | - Valentina Plebani
- Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Daniela Perani
- Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; Nuclear Medicine Department, San Raffaele Hospital and Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Peter Garrard
- Neuroscience Research Centre, Institute of Cardiovascular and Cell Sciences, St George's, University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London, UK
| | - Stefano F Cappa
- Institute for Advanced Study-IUSS Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
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Clarke N, Garrard P, Sofat N. P1‐046: Screening for evidence of mild semantic impairment as a marker of underlying tdp43 neuropathology in autoimmune conditions. Alzheimers Dement 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2015.06.242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Peter Garrard
- St George's, University of LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Nidhi Sofat
- St George's, University of LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Garrard
- From the Neuroscience Research Centre, Cardiovascular and Cell Sciences Research Institute, St. George's, University of London, London, UK (PG, e-mail ), and the Department of Psychiatry, Oxford University, Warneford Hospital, Oxford, UK (RJ)
| | - Robin Jacoby
- From the Neuroscience Research Centre, Cardiovascular and Cell Sciences Research Institute, St. George's, University of London, London, UK (PG, e-mail ), and the Department of Psychiatry, Oxford University, Warneford Hospital, Oxford, UK (RJ)
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Rentoumi V, Raoufian L, Ahmed S, de Jager CA, Garrard P. Features and Machine Learning Classification of Connected Speech Samples from Patients with Autopsy Proven Alzheimer's Disease with and without Additional Vascular Pathology. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 42 Suppl 3:S3-17. [DOI: 10.3233/jad-140555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vassiliki Rentoumi
- Neuroscience Research Centre, Cardiovascular and Cell Sciences Research Institute, St. George's, University of London, London, UK
| | - Ladan Raoufian
- Neuroscience Research Centre, Cardiovascular and Cell Sciences Research Institute, St. George's, University of London, London, UK
| | - Samrah Ahmed
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Celeste A. de Jager
- Institute of Ageing in Africa, Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Peter Garrard
- Neuroscience Research Centre, Cardiovascular and Cell Sciences Research Institute, St. George's, University of London, London, UK
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Garrard
- Neuroscience Research Centre, Institute of Cardiovascular and Cell Sciences, St George's, University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London, UK.
| | - Brita Elvevåg
- Psychiatry Research Group, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Tromsø, Norway; Norwegian Centre for Integrated Care and Telemedicine (NST), University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway.
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Ahmed S, Haigh AMF, de Jager CA, Garrard P. Connected speech as a marker of disease progression in autopsy-proven Alzheimer's disease. Brain 2013; 136:3727-37. [PMID: 24142144 PMCID: PMC3859216 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awt269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2013] [Revised: 07/10/2013] [Accepted: 08/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Although an insidious history of episodic memory difficulty is a typical presenting symptom of Alzheimer's disease, detailed neuropsychological profiling frequently demonstrates deficits in other cognitive domains, including language. Previous studies from our group have shown that language changes may be reflected in connected speech production in the earliest stages of typical Alzheimer's disease. The aim of the present study was to identify features of connected speech that could be used to examine longitudinal profiles of impairment in Alzheimer's disease. Samples of connected speech were obtained from 15 former participants in a longitudinal cohort study of ageing and dementia, in whom Alzheimer's disease was diagnosed during life and confirmed at post-mortem. All patients met clinical and neuropsychological criteria for mild cognitive impairment between 6 and 18 months before converting to a status of probable Alzheimer's disease. In a subset of these patients neuropsychological data were available, both at the point of conversion to Alzheimer's disease, and after disease severity had progressed from the mild to moderate stage. Connected speech samples from these patients were examined at later disease stages. Spoken language samples were obtained using the Cookie Theft picture description task. Samples were analysed using measures of syntactic complexity, lexical content, speech production, fluency and semantic content. Individual case analysis revealed that subtle changes in language were evident during the prodromal stages of Alzheimer's disease, with two-thirds of patients with mild cognitive impairment showing significant but heterogeneous changes in connected speech. However, impairments at the mild cognitive impairment stage did not necessarily entail deficits at mild or moderate stages of disease, suggesting non-language influences on some aspects of performance. Subsequent examination of these measures revealed significant linear trends over the three stages of disease in syntactic complexity, semantic and lexical content. The findings suggest, first, that there is a progressive disruption in language integrity, detectable from the prodromal stage in a subset of patients with Alzheimer's disease, and secondly that measures of semantic and lexical content and syntactic complexity best capture the global progression of linguistic impairment through the successive clinical stages of disease. The identification of disease-specific language impairment in prodromal Alzheimer's disease could enhance clinicians' ability to distinguish probable Alzheimer's disease from changes attributable to ageing, while longitudinal assessment could provide a simple approach to disease monitoring in therapeutic trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samrah Ahmed
- 1 Stroke and Dementia Research Centre, St George's, University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London, SW17 0RE UK
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Abstract
Owen and Davidson coined the term 'Hubris Syndrome' (HS) for a characteristic pattern of exuberant self-confidence, recklessness, and contempt for others, shown by some individuals holding substantial power. Meaning, emotion and attitude are communicated intentionally through language, but psychological and cognitive changes can be reflected in more subtle ways, of which a speaker remains unaware. Of the fourteen symptoms of HS, four imply lexical choices: use of the third person/'royal we'; excessive confidence; exaggerated self-belief; and supposed accountability to God or History. One other feature (recklessness) could influence language complexity if impulsivity leads to unpredictability. These hypotheses were tested by examining transcribed spoken discourse samples produced by two British Prime Ministers (Margaret Thatcher and Tony Blair) who were said to meet criteria for HS, and one (John Major) who did not. We used Shannon entropy to reflect informational complexity, and temporal correlations (words or phrases whose relative frequency correlated negatively with time in office) and keyness values to identify lexical choices corresponding to periods during which HS was evident. Entropy fluctuated in all three subjects, but consistent (upward) trends in HS-positive subjects corresponded to periods of hubristic behaviour. The first person pronouns 'I' and 'me' and the word 'sure' were among the strongest positive temporal correlates in Blair's speeches. Words and phrases that correlated in the speeches of Thatcher and Blair but not in those of Major included the phrase 'we shall' and 'duties' (both negative). The keyness ratio of 'we' to 'I' was clearly higher throughout the terms of office of Thatcher and Blair that at any point in the premiership of Major, and this difference was particularly marked in the case of Blair. The findings are discussed in the context of historical evidence and ideas for enhancing the signal to noise ratio put forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Garrard
- Stroke and Dementia Research Centre, St George's University of London, UK.
| | - Vassiliki Rentoumi
- Stroke and Dementia Research Centre, St George's University of London, UK
| | - Christian Lambert
- Stroke and Dementia Research Centre, St George's University of London, UK
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Ahmed S, Jager C, Haigh A, Garrard P. P2–260: Disease progression markers from connected speech. Alzheimers Dement 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2013.05.907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Samrah Ahmed
- St George's University of London London England United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Peter Garrard
- St George's University of London London England United Kingdom
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Garrard P, Rentoumi V, Gesierich B, Miller B, Gorno-Tempini ML. Machine learning approaches to diagnosis and laterality effects in semantic dementia discourse. Cortex 2013; 55:122-9. [PMID: 23876449 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2013.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2013] [Revised: 03/12/2013] [Accepted: 05/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Advances in automatic text classification have been necessitated by the rapid increase in the availability of digital documents. Machine learning (ML) algorithms can 'learn' from data: for instance a ML system can be trained on a set of features derived from written texts belonging to known categories, and learn to distinguish between them. Such a trained system can then be used to classify unseen texts. In this paper, we explore the potential of the technique to classify transcribed speech samples along clinical dimensions, using vocabulary data alone. We report the accuracy with which two related ML algorithms [naive Bayes Gaussian (NBG) and naive Bayes multinomial (NBM)] categorized picture descriptions produced by: 32 semantic dementia (SD) patients versus 10 healthy, age-matched controls; and SD patients with left- (n = 21) versus right-predominant (n = 11) patterns of temporal lobe atrophy. We used information gain (IG) to identify the vocabulary features that were most informative to each of these two distinctions. In the SD versus control classification task, both algorithms achieved accuracies of greater than 90%. In the right- versus left-temporal lobe predominant classification, NBM achieved a high level of accuracy (88%), but this was achieved by both NBM and NBG when the features used in the training set were restricted to those with high values of IG. The most informative features for the patient versus control task were low frequency content words, generic terms and components of metanarrative statements. For the right versus left task the number of informative lexical features was too small to support any specific inferences. An enriched feature set, including values derived from Quantitative Production Analysis (QPA) may shed further light on this little understood distinction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Garrard
- Stroke and Dementia Research Centre, St George's, University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London SW17 ORE, UK.
| | - Vassiliki Rentoumi
- Stroke and Dementia Research Centre, St George's, University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London SW17 ORE, UK
| | - Benno Gesierich
- UCSF Memory and Aging Center, Sandler Neurosciences Center, 675 Nelson Rising Lane, Suite 190, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Bruce Miller
- UCSF Memory and Aging Center, Sandler Neurosciences Center, 675 Nelson Rising Lane, Suite 190, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Maria Luisa Gorno-Tempini
- UCSF Memory and Aging Center, Sandler Neurosciences Center, 675 Nelson Rising Lane, Suite 190, San Francisco, CA, USA
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Noonan KA, Jefferies E, Garrard P, Eshan S, Lambon Ralph MA. Demonstrating the qualitative differences between semantic aphasia and semantic dementia: a novel exploration of nonverbal semantic processing. Behav Neurol 2013; 26:7-20. [PMID: 22713375 PMCID: PMC5215590 DOI: 10.3233/ben-2012-110200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Semantic dementia (SD) implicates the anterior temporal lobes (ATL) as a critical substrate for semantic memory. Multi-modal semantic impairment can also be a feature of post-stroke aphasia (referred to here as “semantic aphasia” or SA) where patients show impaired regulatory control accompanied by lesions to the frontal and/or temporo-parietal cortices, and thus the two patient groups demonstrate qualitatively different patterns of semantic impairment [1]. Previous comparisons of these two patient groups have tended to focus on verbal receptive tasks. Accordingly, this study investigated nonverbal receptive abilities via a comparison of reality decision judgements in SD and SA. Pictures of objects were presented alongside non-real distracters whose features were altered to make them more/less plausible for the semantic category. The results highlighted a number of critical differences between the two groups. Compared to SD patients, SA patients: (1) were relatively unimpaired on the two alternative forced choice (2AFC) decisions despite showing a comparable degree of semantic impairment on other assessments; (2) showed minimal effects of the plausibility manipulation; (3) were strongly influenced by variations in the regulatory requirements of tasks; and (4) exhibited a reversed effect of familiarity–i.e., better performance on less commonly encountered items. These results support a distinction between semantic impairments which arise from impaired regulatory processes (e.g., SA) versus those where degraded semantic knowledge is the causal factor (e.g., SD). SA patients performed relatively well because the task structure reduced the requirement for internally generated control. In contrast, SD patients performed poorly because their degraded knowledge did not allow the fine-grained distinctions required to complete the task.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krist A Noonan
- School of Psychological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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Peters TJ, Ferguson G, Garrard P, Hamilton PK, Dobb B, Cooper J. Letters to the Editor. J R Coll Physicians Edinb 2013; 43:379; discussion 379. [DOI: 10.4997/jrcpe.2013.421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Peters TJ, Garrard P. Author’s reply. J R Coll Physicians Edinb 2013; 43:380-381. [PMID: 24501789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023] Open
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Primary progressive aphasia (PPA) is a clinical syndrome characterised by progressive decline in components of the language system. Recent evidence suggests that the logopenic/phonological (LPA) variant is a reliable in vivo marker of Alzheimer related pathology. The aim of this study was to determine if patients with clinically typical early stage Alzheimer's disease (AD) display a characteristic language disorder that resembles LPA, or if LPA is a clinical manifestation of an atypical form of AD. METHODS Spoken language samples were obtained using the Cookie Theft picture description task from 18 post mortem confirmed cases of AD, where speech samples were taken at the first point of clinical diagnosis, and 18 post mortem confirmed healthy controls. Spoken samples were transcribed from tape recordings and analysed using the scoring system described by Wilson et al. RESULTS Group comparisons between normal controls and AD patients showed no significant overall differences. Individual review of the linguistic variables compared with the PPA variants showed that a third of patients had normal language (n=6). The remainder showed varied patterns of linguistic impairment. In the majority of the affected group, the most salient feature was a reduction in one or more measures of syntactic complexity. One patient's deficit was comparable to that found in LPA. CONCLUSIONS The impairment found in clinically typical early stage AD did not correspond consistently to the linguistic profiles described in any of the sub-syndromes of PPA. The only reliably distinguishing feature was a reduction across a range of syntactic complexity measures. The findings suggest that LPA represents an atypical clinical presentation of AD rather than a common clinical feature of typical AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samrah Ahmed
- Stroke and Dementia Research Centre, St George's, University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London SW17 0RE, UK
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Abstract
In this paper we report the application of an extensive database of symptoms, signs, laboratory findings and illnesses, to the diagnosis of an historical figure. The medical diagnosis of Augustus d'Este (1794–1848) – widely held to be the first documented case of multiple sclerosis – is reviewed, using the detailed symptom diary, which he kept over many years, as clinical data. Some of the reported features prompted the competing claim that d'Este suffered from acute porphyria, which in turn was used in support of the hypothesis that his grandfather, King George III, also suffered from the disease. We find that multiple sclerosis is statistically the most likely diagnosis, with neuromyelitis optica a strong alternative possibility. The database did not support a diagnosis of any of the acute porphyrias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Garrard
- Stroke and Dementia Research Centre, St George's University of London , London SW17 0RE , UK
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Garrard P, Haigh AM, de Jager C. Techniques for transcribers: assessing and improving consistency in transcripts of spoken language. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1093/llc/fqr018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Abstract
Structural and content-related deficits occur in connected discourse of patients with semantic dementia (SD). We used principal components analysis (PCA) to characterise the sources of variation in word usage during picture description by controls and SD patients. This data-driven approach allowed: comparison of the distance between individuals in the two-dimensional space; correlational analyses between principal component (PC) values and performance on other tests; identification of words whose variance contributed most to the definition of the PCs.Transcripts of Cookie Theft picture descriptions from 21 patients with SD and 21 controls were used to generate frequencies of all word types (n = 557) across participants. Frequency values of words with ≥10 occurrences (n= 81) were entered into a PCA. Values of emergent dimensions were correlated with performance on tests of single word meaning. The first PC accounted for 59% of the variance, the second for a further 10%. Patients and controls showed good separation within the resulting space. Factor loading scores indicated that control performance was characterised by function (factor 1) and content (factor 2) word usage, while patients showed a greater tendency to use pronouns, deictic and generic words. Knowledge of single word meaning correlated with factor 1 but not with factor 2. Differences in word usage can differentiate connected speech of SD patients from controls using a rapid, automated, data-driven algorithm. The distinction between groups, loadings on the two components, and their differential correlations with semantic tasks raise the possibility of independent differences in syntax and lexical content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Garrard
- University of Southampton School of Medicine, Division of Clinical Neurosciences, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK.
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