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Cerrito A, Milburn P, Alston-Knox C, Evans K. The influence of second-row players on lumbar spine kinematics of front-row players during rugby union scrummaging. Sci Sports 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scispo.2020.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Sutton HJ, Aye R, Idris AH, Vistein R, Nduati E, Kai O, Mwacharo J, Li X, Gao X, Andrews TD, Koutsakos M, Nguyen THO, Nekrasov M, Milburn P, Eltahla A, Berry AA, Kc N, Chakravarty S, Sim BKL, Wheatley AK, Kent SJ, Hoffman SL, Lyke KE, Bejon P, Luciani F, Kedzierska K, Seder RA, Ndungu FM, Cockburn IA. Atypical B cells are part of an alternative lineage of B cells that participates in responses to vaccination and infection in humans. Cell Rep 2021; 34:108684. [PMID: 33567273 PMCID: PMC7873835 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The diversity of circulating human B cells is unknown. We use single-cell RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) to examine the diversity of both antigen-specific and total B cells in healthy subjects and malaria-exposed individuals. This reveals two B cell lineages: a classical lineage of activated and resting memory B cells and an alternative lineage, which includes previously described atypical B cells. Although atypical B cells have previously been associated with disease states, the alternative lineage is common in healthy controls, as well as malaria-exposed individuals. We further track Plasmodium-specific B cells after malaria vaccination in naive volunteers. We find that alternative lineage cells are primed after the initial immunization and respond to booster doses. However, alternative lineage cells develop an atypical phenotype with repeated boosts. The data highlight that atypical cells are part of a wider alternative lineage of B cells that are a normal component of healthy immune responses. Single-cell RNA-seq reveals two distinct B cell lineages An alternative lineage contains CXCR3+ and atypical B cells Alternative B cells are primed after primary vaccination and respond to boosters Alternative B cells adopt a more atypical phenotype following repeated antigen exposure
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry J Sutton
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Racheal Aye
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia; KEMRI - Wellcome Research Programme/Centre for Geographical Medicine Research (Coast), Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Azza H Idris
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Rachel Vistein
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Eunice Nduati
- KEMRI - Wellcome Research Programme/Centre for Geographical Medicine Research (Coast), Kilifi, Kenya; Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FZ, UK
| | - Oscar Kai
- KEMRI - Wellcome Research Programme/Centre for Geographical Medicine Research (Coast), Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Jedida Mwacharo
- KEMRI - Wellcome Research Programme/Centre for Geographical Medicine Research (Coast), Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Xi Li
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Xin Gao
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - T Daniel Andrews
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Marios Koutsakos
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Thi H O Nguyen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Maxim Nekrasov
- Australian Cancer Research Foundation Biomolecular Resource Facility, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Peter Milburn
- Australian Cancer Research Foundation Biomolecular Resource Facility, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Auda Eltahla
- School of Medical Science, Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Andrea A Berry
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | | | | | | | - Adam K Wheatley
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Stephen J Kent
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Kirsten E Lyke
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Philip Bejon
- KEMRI - Wellcome Research Programme/Centre for Geographical Medicine Research (Coast), Kilifi, Kenya; Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FZ, UK
| | - Fabio Luciani
- School of Medical Science, Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Katherine Kedzierska
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Robert A Seder
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Francis M Ndungu
- KEMRI - Wellcome Research Programme/Centre for Geographical Medicine Research (Coast), Kilifi, Kenya; Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FZ, UK
| | - Ian A Cockburn
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.
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Tu WJ, McCuaig RD, Tan AHY, Hardy K, Seddiki N, Ali S, Dahlstrom JE, Bean EG, Dunn J, Forwood J, Tsimbalyuk S, Smith K, Yip D, Malik L, Prasanna T, Milburn P, Rao S. Targeting Nuclear LSD1 to Reprogram Cancer Cells and Reinvigorate Exhausted T Cells via a Novel LSD1-EOMES Switch. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1228. [PMID: 32612611 PMCID: PMC7309504 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysine specific demethylase 1 (LSD1) is a key epigenetic eraser enzyme implicated in cancer metastases and recurrence. Nuclear LSD1 phosphorylated at serine 111 (nLSD1p) has been shown to be critical for the development of breast cancer stem cells. Here we show that circulating tumor cells isolated from immunotherapy-resistant metastatic melanoma patients express higher levels of nLSD1p compared to responders, which is associated with co-expression of stem-like, mesenchymal genes. Targeting nLSD1p with selective nLSD1 inhibitors better inhibits the stem-like mesenchymal signature than traditional FAD-specific LSD1 catalytic inhibitors such as GSK2879552. We also demonstrate that nLSD1p is enriched in PD-1+CD8+ T cells from resistant melanoma patients and 4T1 immunotherapy-resistant mice. Targeting the LSD1p nuclear axis induces IFN-γ/TNF-α-expressing CD8+ T cell infiltration into the tumors of 4T1 immunotherapy-resistant mice, which is further augmented by combined immunotherapy. Underpinning these observations, nLSD1p is regulated by the key T cell exhaustion transcription factor EOMES in dysfunctional CD8+ T cells. EOMES co-exists with nLSD1p in PD-1+CD8+ T cells in resistant patients, and nLSD1p regulates EOMES nuclear dynamics via demethylation/acetylation switching of critical EOMES residues. Using novel antibodies to target these post-translational modifications, we show that EOMES demethylation/acetylation is reciprocally expressed in resistant and responder patients. Overall, we show for the first time that dual inhibition of metastatic cancer cells and re-invigoration of the immune system requires LSD1 inhibitors that target the nLSD1p axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Juan Tu
- Gene Regulation and Translational Medicine Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Melanie Swan Memorial Translational Centre, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Canberra, Bruce, ACT, Australia
| | - Robert D McCuaig
- Gene Regulation and Translational Medicine Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Melanie Swan Memorial Translational Centre, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Canberra, Bruce, ACT, Australia
| | - Abel H Y Tan
- Melanie Swan Memorial Translational Centre, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Canberra, Bruce, ACT, Australia
| | - Kristine Hardy
- Melanie Swan Memorial Translational Centre, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Canberra, Bruce, ACT, Australia
| | - Nabila Seddiki
- Inserm, U955, Equipe 16, Créteil, France.,Université Paris Est, Faculté de Médecine, Créteil, France.,Vaccine Research Institute (VRI), Créteil, France
| | - Sayed Ali
- Medical Oncology, St John of God Midland Public and Private Hospitals, Midland, WA, Australia
| | - Jane E Dahlstrom
- Anatomical Pathology, ACT Pathology, The Canberra Hospital, Canberra Health Services, Garran, ACT, Australia.,ANU Medical School, College of Health and Medicine, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia.,The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Elaine G Bean
- Anatomical Pathology, ACT Pathology, The Canberra Hospital, Canberra Health Services, Garran, ACT, Australia
| | - Jenny Dunn
- Gene Regulation and Translational Medicine Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Jade Forwood
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia
| | - Sofia Tsimbalyuk
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia
| | - Kate Smith
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia.,Australian Synchtrotron - ANSTO, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Desmond Yip
- ANU Medical School, College of Health and Medicine, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia.,Department of Medical Oncology, The Canberra Hospital, Canberra Health Services, Garran, ACT, Australia
| | - Laeeq Malik
- ANU Medical School, College of Health and Medicine, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia.,Department of Medical Oncology, The Canberra Hospital, Canberra Health Services, Garran, ACT, Australia
| | - Thiru Prasanna
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia.,Department of Medical Oncology, The Canberra Hospital, Canberra Health Services, Garran, ACT, Australia
| | - Peter Milburn
- The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Sudha Rao
- Gene Regulation and Translational Medicine Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Melanie Swan Memorial Translational Centre, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Canberra, Bruce, ACT, Australia
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Cerrito A, Milburn P, Alston-Knox C, Evans K. Cervical spine kinematics during machine-based and live scrummaging. J Sports Sci 2019; 37:1551-1559. [PMID: 30777492 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2019.1576254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare cervical spine kinematics in rugby union front row players during machine-based and "live" scrummaging. Cervical spine kinematics was measured via electromagnetic tracking of sensors attached to the head and thorax. Joint angles were extracted from each trial at two time points ("bind" prior to engagement and instant of impact) for comparison between scrummaging conditions. The effect of scrummaging condition on kinematics was evaluated using a mixed effects model and estimations were based on a Bayesian framework. With differences ranging from 38° to 50°, the results show that the cervical spine is consistently more flexed when scrummaging against opponents than against a scrum machine. In contrast, there are little differences in the excursion of lateral-flexion (range 5-8°) and axial rotation (7°) between the two conditions. The findings from this study provide clear information on motion patterns in different scrum formations, and suggest that the current design of scrum machines may not promote the same pattern of movement that occurs in live scrums. The results highlight that findings from previous studies that have investigated kinematics during machine-based scrummaging may not be generalisable to a competitive scrummaging context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrien Cerrito
- a School of Allied Health Sciences , Griffith University , Gold Coast , Australia
| | - Peter Milburn
- a School of Allied Health Sciences , Griffith University , Gold Coast , Australia
| | - Clair Alston-Knox
- b Arts, Education and Law , Griffith University , Mt Gravatt , Australia
| | - Kerrie Evans
- a School of Allied Health Sciences , Griffith University , Gold Coast , Australia.,c Faculty of Health Sciences , The University of Sydney , Sydney , Australia
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Cerrito A, Milburn P, Adams R, Evans K. Cervical spine kinematics measured during rugby union scrums: Reliability of optoelectronic and electromagnetic tracking systems. Cogent Medicine 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/2331205x.2018.1526758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Adrien Cerrito
- School of Allied Health Sciences, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
| | - Peter Milburn
- School of Allied Health Sciences, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
| | - Roger Adams
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australia
| | - Kerrie Evans
- School of Allied Health Sciences, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
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Chong A, Milburn P. Push-off apparent time delay based on COP trajectory of gait. Footwear Science 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/19424280.2017.1314334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A.K. Chong
- Department of Surveying and Engineering, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, Australia
| | - P. Milburn
- Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
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Al Bagdhadi J, Chong A, Milburn P. Matching stress and strain on the foot during the loading phase of gait. Footwear Science 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/19424280.2015.1038608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Johar AS, Mastronardi C, Rojas-Villarraga A, Patel HR, Chuah A, Peng K, Higgins A, Milburn P, Palmer S, Silva-Lara MF, Velez JI, Andrews D, Field M, Huttley G, Goodnow C, Anaya JM, Arcos-Burgos M. Novel and rare functional genomic variants in multiple autoimmune syndrome and Sjögren's syndrome. J Transl Med 2015; 13:173. [PMID: 26031516 PMCID: PMC4450850 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-015-0525-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Multiple autoimmune syndrome (MAS), an extreme phenotype of autoimmune disorders, is a very well suited trait to tackle genomic variants of these conditions. Whole exome sequencing (WES) is a widely used strategy for detection of protein coding and splicing variants associated with inherited diseases. Methods The DNA of eight patients affected by MAS [all of whom presenting with Sjögren’s syndrome (SS)], four patients affected by SS alone and 38 unaffected individuals, were subject to WES. Filters to identify novel and rare functional (pathogenic–deleterious) homozygous and/or compound heterozygous variants in these patients and controls were applied. Bioinformatics tools such as the Human gene connectome as well as pathway and network analysis were applied to test overrepresentation of genes harbouring these variants in critical pathways and networks involved in autoimmunity. Results Eleven novel and rare functional variants were identified in cases but not in controls, harboured in: MACF1, KIAA0754, DUSP12, ICA1, CELA1, LRP1/STAT6, GRIN3B, ANKLE1, TMEM161A, and FKRP. These were subsequently subject to network analysis and their functional relatedness to genes already associated with autoimmunity was evaluated. Notably, the LRP1/STAT6 novel mutation was homozygous in one MAS affected patient and heterozygous in another. LRP1/STAT6 disclosed the strongest plausibility for autoimmunity. LRP1/STAT6 are involved in extracellular and intracellular anti-inflammatory pathways that play key roles in maintaining the homeostasis of the immune system. Further; networks, pathways, and interaction analyses showed that LRP1 is functionally related to the HLA-B and IL10 genes and it has a substantial impact within immunological pathways and/or reaction to bacterial and other foreign proteins (phagocytosis, regulation of phospholipase A2 activity, negative regulation of apoptosis and response to lipopolysaccharides). Further, ICA1 and STAT6 were also closely related to AIRE and IRF5, two very well known autoimmunity genes. Conclusions Novel and rare exonic mutations that may account for autoimmunity were identified. Among those, the LRP1/STAT6 novel mutation has the strongest case for being categorised as potentially causative of MAS given the presence of intriguing patterns of functional interaction with other major genes shaping autoimmunity. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12967-015-0525-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angad S Johar
- Genomics and Predictive Medicine, Genome Biology Department, John Curtin School of Medical Research, ANU College of Medicine, Biology and Environment, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia.
| | - Claudio Mastronardi
- Genomics and Predictive Medicine, Genome Biology Department, John Curtin School of Medical Research, ANU College of Medicine, Biology and Environment, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia.
| | - Adriana Rojas-Villarraga
- Center for Autoimmune Diseases Research (CREA), School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogota, Colombia.
| | - Hardip R Patel
- Genome Discovery Unit, Genome Biology Department, John Curtin School of Medical Research, ANU College of Medicine, Biology and Environment, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia.
| | - Aaron Chuah
- Genome Discovery Unit, Genome Biology Department, John Curtin School of Medical Research, ANU College of Medicine, Biology and Environment, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia.
| | - Kaiman Peng
- Biomolecular Resource Facility, John Curtin School of Medical Research, ANU College of Medicine, Biology and Environment, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia.
| | - Angela Higgins
- Biomolecular Resource Facility, John Curtin School of Medical Research, ANU College of Medicine, Biology and Environment, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia.
| | - Peter Milburn
- Biomolecular Resource Facility, John Curtin School of Medical Research, ANU College of Medicine, Biology and Environment, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia.
| | - Stephanie Palmer
- Biomolecular Resource Facility, John Curtin School of Medical Research, ANU College of Medicine, Biology and Environment, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia.
| | - Maria Fernanda Silva-Lara
- Genomics and Predictive Medicine, Genome Biology Department, John Curtin School of Medical Research, ANU College of Medicine, Biology and Environment, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia.
| | - Jorge I Velez
- Genomics and Predictive Medicine, Genome Biology Department, John Curtin School of Medical Research, ANU College of Medicine, Biology and Environment, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia.
| | - Dan Andrews
- Immunogenomics and Bioinformatics Group, Immunology Department, John Curtin School of Medical Research, ANU College of Medicine, Biology and Environment, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia.
| | - Matthew Field
- Immunogenomics and Bioinformatics Group, Immunology Department, John Curtin School of Medical Research, ANU College of Medicine, Biology and Environment, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia.
| | - Gavin Huttley
- Biomolecular Resource Facility, John Curtin School of Medical Research, ANU College of Medicine, Biology and Environment, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia.
| | - Chris Goodnow
- Immunogenomics and Bioinformatics Group, Immunology Department, John Curtin School of Medical Research, ANU College of Medicine, Biology and Environment, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia.
| | - Juan-Manuel Anaya
- Center for Autoimmune Diseases Research (CREA), School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogota, Colombia.
| | - Mauricio Arcos-Burgos
- Genomics and Predictive Medicine, Genome Biology Department, John Curtin School of Medical Research, ANU College of Medicine, Biology and Environment, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia.
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Chong A, Milburn P, Newsham-West R. 3D dynamic surface modelling of the foot and leg. Footwear Science 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/19424280.2011.575404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Albert Chong
- a University of Southern Queensland, Surveying and Engineering , Toowoomba , Australia
| | - Peter Milburn
- b Griffith University, Physiotherapy & Exercise Science , Gold Coast , 4222 Australia
| | - Richard Newsham-West
- b Griffith University, Physiotherapy & Exercise Science , Gold Coast , 4222 Australia
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Milburn P, Bartold S, Fleet P. Spots shoe science. J Sci Med Sport 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2009.10.406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Milburn P, Parkinson R. Can you protect the human body from injury in sport? J Sci Med Sport 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2009.10.201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Abstract
AIM There is scarce information on rugby league injuries in female players. This paper provides an overview of the epidemiology of women's rugby league injuries requiring medical treatment and associated costs in New Zealand. METHOD New Zealand Accident Compensation Corporation injury data for the period 1999-2007 were searched for rugby league injury cases occurring in females. Data were analysed by demographics, body region, nature/severity of injury, and medical procedure and costs. RESULTS There were 320 moderate to serious injury claims recorded for females participating in rugby league activities over the study period. There was a mean (SD) of 37.9 (9.5) injury claims per year. The mean cost per year for the study period was $196 514 ($99,133) (£76,066 (£38,374)) with half of the injury claims occurring in New Zealand Maori. Concussion/brain injuries accounted for 3.8% of total female moderate to serious injury claims but accounted for 5.4% of female injury costs ($84,399 (£32,688)) with the highest mean cost per claim ($7033 (£2724)). The lower limb accounted for 65% of the total female injury claims and 58.7% of total injury costs ($922,296 (£356,968)). The mean cost per claim was higher for the lower limb ($4434 (£1714)) than the upper ($3331 (£1288)) limb. Clerks recorded 16.3% of the total injury claims, 20.3% of total injury costs ($319,474 (£123,211)) and had the highest mean cost per claim ($6144 (£2370)). The 25-29 age group recorded 31.9% of injury claims and 33.8% of injury costs. The 35-39 age group recorded the highest mean cost per claim ($6200 (£2392)) but only 10.9% of total claims and 13.8% of total costs. DISCUSSION When compared with other studies in rugby league injuries, it appears that females incur substantially fewer injuries (5.7%) than males (94.3%). Although no participation data by sex are available, it is likely that participation percentages are reflected in the injury percentages. The high frequency (65%) and cost proportion (58.7%) for lower limb injuries was higher in females than in male rugby league players (previously reported as 42.4% of the injury claims and 31.5% of the total injury claim costs for the lower limb). CONCLUSIONS Injury prevention programmes for women's rugby league should focus on the 25-29 age group and address ways to prevent concussion and lower limb injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A King
- Emergency Department, Hutt Valley District Health Board, Private Bag 31-907, Lower Hutt, New Zealand.
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King DA, Hume PA, Milburn P, Gianotti S. Rugby league injuries in New Zealand: a review of 8 years of Accident Compensation Corporation injury entitlement claims and costs. Br J Sports Med 2009; 43:595-602. [DOI: 10.1136/bjsm.2009.061481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Newsham-West R, Button C, Milburn P, Muendermann A, Schneiders A, Sole G, Sullivan J. Football players at the New Zealand 2008 Masters Games: A profile of training and injuries. J Sci Med Sport 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2008.12.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Newsham-West R, Nicholson H, Walton M, Milburn P. Long-term morphology of a healing bone-tendon interface: a histological observation in the sheep model. J Anat 2007; 210:318-27. [PMID: 17331180 PMCID: PMC2100277 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7580.2007.00699.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/06/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine and describe the sequence of events involved in long-term biological reconstruction of a tendon-bone interface following surgical reattachment. Patellar tendon re-attachment in the adult sheep was used to investigate and describe the biological components involved in healing and repair of a tendon enthesis. Light microscopy was used to describe the healing morphology at time intervals of 8, 12, 26, 52 and 104 weeks. By 8 weeks a collagen continuum was observed between the tendon and bone. Over time this fibrous bridge became anchored into the original tissues (tendon and bone), with the resultant enthesis resembling more a fibrous rather than the original fibrocartilagenous enthesis. The associated collagen fibrils between the two tissues gradually changed in morphology over time to reflect the fibres seen in the original tendon tissue. The fibrous tissue of the forming enthesis remained hypercellular when compared with the controls. The resultant long-term morphology may be a reflection of functional adaptation rather than anatomical replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Newsham-West
- Centre for Physiotherapy Research, School of Physiotherapy, University of Otago, New Zealand.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the suitability of a magnetic tracking device to measure pelvic bone range of motion based on palpated and digitized pelvic landmarks. DESIGN A repeated measures study was conducted in two experiments to determine the reliability and validity of innominate bone range of motion measured with a magnetic tracking device in healthy subjects through passive hip abduction and external rotation. BACKGROUND Because of the anatomical position of the pelvic joints, kinematic analysis of joint motion is difficult. Accurate and precise measurements typically require highly invasive techniques involving implantation of titanium markers and exposing the subject to multiple radiographs. There is a need for a practical and accurate measurement method that will allow researchers and clinicians to accurately and reliably evaluate motion in the pelvis. METHODS Innominate bone angles were measured for two static hip postures from the 3D spatial coordinates of the pelvic landmarks. By palpating and subsequently digitizing pelvic landmarks using an electro-magnetic tracking device the 3D coordinates were obtained. Palpated results were validated using CT scans and a metallic bead attached to the palpated landmarks. RESULTS The mean range of innominate bone motion was between 3 degrees and 4 degrees (transverse plane) for each side with large variability across the subjects in the range of motion. Despite this variability, the measurements were found to be reliable and valid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie D Bussey
- School of Physical Education, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand.
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Regner M, Lobigs M, Blanden RV, Milburn P, Müllbacher A. Antiviral cytotoxic T cells cross-reactively recognize disparate peptide determinants from related viruses but ignore more similar self- and foreign determinants. J Immunol 2001; 166:3820-8. [PMID: 11238625 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.166.6.3820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We have investigated the reactivities of cytotoxic T (Tc) cells against the two immunodominant, H-2K(k)-restricted determinants from the FLAVIVIRUS: Murray Valley encephalitis virus (MVE), MVE(1785) (REHSGNEI) and MVE(1971) (DEGEGRVI). The respective Tc cell populations cross-reactively lysed target cells pulsed with determinants from the MVE(1785)- and MVE(1971)-corresponding positions of six other flaviviruses, despite low sequence homology in some cases. Notably, anti-MVE(1785) Tc cells recognized a determinant (TDGEERVI) that shares with the determinant used for stimulation only the carboxyl-terminal amino acid residue, one of two H-2K(k) anchor residues. These reactivity patterns were also observed in peptide-dependent IFN-gamma production and the requirements for in vitro restimulation of memory Tc cells. However, the broad cross-reactivity appeared to be limited to flavivirus-derived determinants, as none of a range of determinants from endogenous mouse-derived sequences, similar to the MVE-determinants, were recognized. Neither were cells infected with a number of unrelated viruses recognized. These results raise the paradox that virus-immune Tc cell responses, which are mostly directed against only a few "immunodominant" viral determinants, are remarkably peptide cross-reactive.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Autoantigens/metabolism
- Cell Line
- Cytotoxicity Tests, Immunologic
- Dengue Virus/immunology
- Encephalitis Virus, Murray Valley/genetics
- Encephalitis Virus, Murray Valley/immunology
- Encephalitis Viruses, Japanese/immunology
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/metabolism
- Flavivirus/immunology
- H-2 Antigens/metabolism
- Immunodominant Epitopes/metabolism
- Immunologic Memory
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred CBA
- Mutagenesis, Site-Directed
- Oligopeptides/chemical synthesis
- Oligopeptides/genetics
- Oligopeptides/immunology
- Oligopeptides/metabolism
- Protein Binding/genetics
- Protein Binding/immunology
- Sequence Alignment
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/virology
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
- West Nile virus/immunology
- Yellow fever virus/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- M Regner
- Division of Immunology and Cell Biology, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
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van der Weyden L, Hains P, Broady K, Shaw D, Milburn P. Amino acid sequence of a neurotoxic phospholipase A2 enzyme from common death adder (Acanthophis antracticus) venom. J Nat Toxins 2001; 10:33-42. [PMID: 11288727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
The amino acid sequence of the first neurotoxic phospholipase A2, acanthoxin A1, purified from the venom of the Common death adder (Acanthophis antarcticus) was determined. Acanthoxin A1 shows high homology with other Australian elapid PLA2 neurotoxins, in particular Acanthin-I and -II, also from Death adder, Pseudexin A from the Red-bellied black snake (Pseudechis porphyriacus), and Pa-12a and Pa-9c from the King brown snake (Pseudechis australis). Acanthoxin A1 is a single-chain 118 amino acid residue PLA2, including 14 half cystine residues and the essential residues forming the ubiquitous calcium binding pocket and catalytic site. Critical analysis of the residues hypothesized to be important for neurotoxicity is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- L van der Weyden
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Technology, Sydney, Gore Hill, Australia
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The study was concerned with the secondary functional compromise persons with long-term paraplegia contend with, that has been shown to be associated with wheelchair use. Of particular interest was the relationship between the level of thoracic spinal cord injury (SCI) and factors predisposing to rotator cuff disorders (RCD), one of the most common upper extremity musculoskeletal complications linked with long-term SCI. Disorders of these peri-articular structures have previously been associated with impaired trunk postural control and abnormal muscle strength ratios in both able-bodied groups and in paraplegic athletes. Despite their neurologically intact shoulder joint musculature, high-level and low-level paraplegics have different degrees of trunk and pelvic stability available to them during activities of daily living (ADL). This fundamental functional anatomical difference between high-level and low-level paraplegics had not previously been related to the diagnosis of RCD in a non-athletic long-term paraplegic population. METHODS A descriptive cross sectional study was undertaken to demonstrate the differences in the prevalence of clinically diagnosed RCD in a high-level (n=22) and a low-level (n=20) group of persons with long-term paraplegia. Any perceived differences were then related to the functional anatomical variations between the two groups. Inferences were made based on factors predisposing to RCD known to exist among both able-bodied and paraplegic athletes. The 42 subjects completed the Wheelchair User's Shoulder Pain Index (WUSPI) to establish the presence or absence of shoulder pain and the Musculoskeletal Function Assessment (MFA) instrument to determine differences in functional ability and perceived degree of difficulty within five categories of ADL. Each participant underwent a clinical examination using validated provocative clinical tests and isometric muscle strength ratio testing. RESULTS There was a higher prevalence of RCD in the high-level group (P=0.009) which correlated with decreased trunk control (P=0.009). Differences in ability to perform functional tasks were not shown to be greater in the high-level group, although there was a higher degree of perceived difficulty in ADL. Muscle strength imbalances between the shoulder adductors and abductors were shown to be greater in the high-level group. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study suggest that the functional anatomical differences that exist within paraplegia contribute to the propensity of high-level paraplegic persons to suffer from RCD. These findings send a clear message to service-providers that greater acknowledgement of the differences in trunk postural control specific to the level of thoracic SCI is required. This may have implications for the prescription of wheelchairs, assistive devices and instruction for alternative ADL techniques to this specific population.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Sinnott
- Rehabilitation Teaching and Research Unit, Wellington School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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Milburn P. Cervical spine injury prevention in Rugby. J Sci Med Sport 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s1440-2440(99)80112-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Milburn P, Bonnerjea J, Hoare M, Dunnill P. Selective flocculation of nucleic acids, lipids, and colloidal particles from a yeast cell homogenate by polyethyleneimine, and its scale-up. Enzyme Microb Technol 1990; 12:527-32. [PMID: 1366634 DOI: 10.1016/0141-0229(90)90070-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Nucleic acids, lipid, and colloidal particulate material can be selectively flocculated from a yeast cell homogenate by the cationic polymer polyethyleneimine (PEI). Flocculation can occur from a crude homogenate, a homogenate clarified centrifugally, or by the prior use of sodium tetraborate (borax). Flocculation from a homogenate previously clarified by the use of borax is best suited for large-scale operation. The supernatant obtained following centrifugation is effectively free of nucleic acid, lipid, and particulate material with essentially 100% soluble enzyme recovery. Enzyme specific activity increases by approximately 45% compared to a zero PEI control.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Milburn
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, University College London, UK
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Milburn P, Konishi Y, Meinwald Y, Scheraga H. Correction. Chain Reversals in Model Peptides: Studies of Cystine-Containing Cyclic Peptides. 1. Conformational Free Energies of Cyclization of Hexapeptides of Sequence Ac-Cys-X-Pro-Gly-Y-Cys-NHMe. J Am Chem Soc 1987. [DOI: 10.1021/ja00260a600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Milburn P. Thoughts from a hospital gift shop manager ... "genuine fulfillment". Hosp Gift Shop Manage 1983; 1:14, 16-7. [PMID: 10263884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
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Colburn WA, Hirom PC, Parker RJ, Milburn P. A pharmacokinetic model for enterohepatic recirculation in the rat: phenolphthalein, a model drug. Drug Metab Dispos 1979; 7:100-2. [PMID: 38070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A classical compartmental pharmacokinetic model was developed to describe the systemic blood concentration-time profile of phenolphthalein and its glucuronide conjugate (total 3H) following a single intravenous bolus injection of [3H]phenolphthalein. The model incorporates a biliary transport system, including a finite lag time for the biliary phenophthalein glucuronide to be hydrolyzed in the intestine before absorption. Data obtained from bile duct-cannulated animals were fit to the same model excluding any component for intestinal absorption. Agreement between the rate constants obtained for both fits indicates that the model is internally consistent. The model was then used to simulate a 24-hour time-course of phenolphthalein-equivalent blood concentrations which indicates that the long apparent half-lives calculated during this period are artifacts of recirculation.
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Woods SC, Vasselli JR, Kaestner E, Szakmary GA, Milburn P, Vitiello MV. Conditioned insulin secretion and meal feeding in rats. J Comp Physiol Psychol 1977; 91:128-33. [PMID: 838910 DOI: 10.1037/h0077307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Previous researchers have reported that rats placed upon a feeding regimen such that they receive only 2 hr of food per day (meal-fed rats) develop hyperinsulinemia at the time of the day associated with feeding, even in the absence of food. Controls fed ad lib had no such response. In a series of several experiments, meal-fed rats had elevated insulin levels at only the specific time of the day associated with feeding, and the increment of insulin at that time could be eliminated with atropine. Free-feeding controls, on the other hand, always had higher insulin levels than the meal-fed rats, did not have an elevation of insulin at the time of the day that the meal-fed rats normally ate, and had insulin values that were unaffected by atropine. Further experimentation showed that hyperinsulinemia could become associated with arbitrary stimuli always associated with eating for meal-fed rats. It is concluded that the hyperinsulinemia of meal-fed rats associated with their feeding time is a learned response.
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