Untargeted metabolomics and conventional quality characterization of rowanberry pomace ingredients in meatballs

In this study, a rowanberry pomace defatted with supercritical CO2 (2%-AC), its ethanolic extract (1%-E) and extraction residue (2%-R), were tested in meatball preparation. The meatballs with 1%-E demonstrated the highest in vitro radical scavenging capacity. In the case of 1%-E the pH of meatballs was significantly lower compared to the control sample (P = 0.0132) on the 5-day. The lowest cooking loss was achieved when the meatballs contained mainly fibre-rich 2%-R. The UHPLC method detected 184 metabolites, including strong antioxidants, such as chlorogenic acids, 3',4'-methylenedioxy-5,7-dimethylepicatechin, hyperin, isoquercitrin. The 1%-E was particularly effective against the development of unpleasant off-flavours caused by carbonyl compounds. Consistently, the decrease in lipid oxidation, indicated by reduced 7-dodecenal and 2,4-heptadienal contents, has been observed following the addition of rowanberry extract to meatballs. Metabolomics coupled with conventional quality evaluations provided a deeper understanding of the potential utilization and valorisation of different rowanberry pomace extracts as meat ingredients.

Alginate/Pectin Film Containing Extracts Isolated from Cranberry Pomace and Grape Seeds for the Preservation of Herring

Alginate/pectin films supplemented with extracts from cranberry pomace (CE) or grape seeds (GE) were developed and applied to herring fillets that were stored for 18 days at 4 °C. Herring coated with films containing GE and CE inhibited the growth of Listeria monocytogenes and Pseudomonas aeruginosa during the storage period, whereas pure alginate/pectin films did not show an antimicrobial effect against the tested pathogens. The application of alginate/pectin films with CE and GE minimised pH changes and inhibited total volatile basic nitrogen (TVN) and the formation of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) in the herring fillets. The coating of herring fillets with films with CE or GE resulted in three- and six-fold lower histamine formation and one-and-a-half- and two-fold lower cadaverine formation, respectively, when compared to unwrapped herring samples after 18 days of storage. The incorporation of 5% extracts isolated from cranberry pomace or grape seeds into the alginate/pectin film hindered herring spoilage due to the antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of the extracts.

Cranberry Pomace Extract Exerts Antiviral Activity against Zika and Dengue Virus at Safe Doses for Adult Zebrafish

Mosquito-borne dengue virus (DENV) and zika virus (ZIKV) infections constitute a global health emergency. Antivirals directly targeting the virus infectious cycle are still needed to prevent dengue hemorrhagic fever and congenital zika syndrome. In the present study, we demonstrated that Cranberry Pomace (CP) extract, a polyphenol-rich agrifood byproduct recovered following cranberry juice extraction, blocks DENV and ZIKV infection in human Huh7.5 and A549 cell lines, respectively, in non-cytotoxic concentrations. Our virological assays identified CP extract as a potential inhibitor of virus entry into the host-cell by acting directly on viral particles, thus preventing their attachment to the cell surface. At effective antiviral doses, CP extract proved safe and tolerable in a zebrafish model. In conclusion, polyphenol-rich agrifood byproducts such as berry extracts are a promising source of safe and naturally derived nutraceutical antivirals that target medically important pathogens.

Dioscorea spp.: Comprehensive Review of Antioxidant Properties and Their Relation to Phytochemicals and Health Benefits

Dioscorea, consisting of over 600 species, is the most important genus in the Dioscoreaceae family; however, the practically used plants, which are commonly called yam, are restricted to a remarkably smaller number of species. Numerous studies have reported the high nutritional value of yam, particularly as an alternative source of starch and some important micronutrients. Several Dioscorea species are widely used for various medicinal purposes as well. In many studies, the bioactivities and health benefits of Dioscorea extracts and other preparations have been related to the presence of phytochemicals, which possess antioxidant properties; they are related mainly to radical-scavenging capacity in chemical assays and positive effects on the endogenous antioxidant system in cell-based and in vivo assays. Considering the increasing number of publications on this topic and the absence of comprehensive and focused review papers on antioxidant potential, this article summarizes the results of studies on the antioxidant properties of Dioscorea spp. and their relation to phytochemicals and health benefits. A comprehensive survey of the published articles has revealed that the majority of studies have been performed with plant tubers (rhizomes, roots), while reports on leaves are rather scarce. In general, leaf extracts demonstrated stronger antioxidant potential than tuber preparations. This may be related to the differences in phytochemical composition: saponins, phenanthrenes and, for some pigment-rich species (purple yams), anthocyanins are important constituents in tubers, while phenolic acids and flavonoids are characteristic phytochemicals in the leaves. The review may assist in explaining ethnopharmacological knowledge on the health benefits of Dioscorea plants and their preparations; moreover, it may foster further studies of poorly investigated species, as well as their wider application in developing new functional foods and nutraceuticals.

Fiber-Rich Cranberry Pomace as Food Ingredient with Functional Activity for Yogurt Production

In this study, different amounts (from 2% to 4.5%) of dietary fiber-rich cranberry pomace (CP) were added to yogurt before or after fermentation to increase dietary fiber content without changing the textural properties of the product. The addition of CP reduced whey loss, improved the firmness and viscosity, increased the total phenol compound content and the antioxidant capacity values (DPPH•, ABTS, and ORAC) of the yogurt in a dose-dependent manner, and had no significant effect on the viability of the yogurt culture bacteria. For all CP-supplemented yogurt samples, the bioaccessibility index of the polyphenols after in vitro intestinal phase digestion was approximately 90%. However, yogurt with CP added before fermentation exhibited a significantly (p < 0.05) lower degree of protein hydrolysis post-gastric and post-intestinal than the yogurt with CP added after fermentation. Yogurt supplemented with 4.5% CP could be considered a good antioxidant dairy product and a good source of dietary fiber.

Supercritical CO2 Extraction of Narcissus poeticus L. Flowers for the Isolation of Volatile Fragrance Compounds

The flowers of Narcissus poeticus are used for the isolation of valuable fragrance substances. So far, as the majority of these substances consist of volatile and sensitive to heat compounds, there is a need of developing effective methods for their recovery. In this study, freeze-dried N. poeticus inflorescences were extracted with pure supercritical CO₂ (SFE-CO₂) and its mixture with 5% co-solvent ethanol (EtOH) at 40 °C. Extract yields varied from 1.63% (12 MPa) to 3.12% (48 MPa, 5% EtOH). In total, 116 volatile compounds were identified by GC-TOF/MS in the extracts, which were divided into 20 different groups. Benzyl benzoate (9.44-10.22%), benzyl linoleate (1.72-2.17%) and benzyl alcohol (0.18-1.00%) were the major volatiles among aromatic compounds. The amount of the recovered benzyl benzoate in N. poeticus SFE-CO₂ extracts varied from 58.98 ± 2.61 (24 MPa) to 91.52 ± 1.36 (48 MPa) mg/kg plant dry weight (pdw). α-Terpineol dominated among oxygenated monoterpenes (1.08-3.42%); its yield was from 9.25 ± 0.63 (12 MPa) to 29.88 ± 1.25 (48 MPa/EtOH) mg/kg pdw. Limonene was the major monoterpene hydrocarbon; (3E)-hexenol and heneicosanol dominated among alcohols and phenols; dihydroactinidiolide and 4,8,12,16-tetramethyl heptadecan-4-olide were the most abundant lactones; heptanal, nonanal, (2E,4E)-decadienal and octadecanal were the most abundant aldehydes. The most important prenol lipids were triterpenoid squalene, from 0.86 ± 0.10 (24 MPa) to 7.73 ± 0.18 (48 MPa/EtOH) mg/kg pdw and D-α-tocopherol, from 1.20 ± 0.04 (12 MPa) to 15.39 ± 0.31 (48 MPa/EtOH) mg/kg pdw. Aliphatic hydrocarbons (waxes) constituted the main part (41.47 to 54.93%) in the extracts; while in case of a 5% EtOH the percentage of alkanes was the lowest. The fraction of waxes may be removed for the separation of higher value fragrance materials. In general, the results obtained are promising for a wider application of SFE-CO₂ for the recovery of fragrance substances from N. poeticus flowers.

Antioxidants Characterization of the Fruit, Juice, and Pomace of Sweet Rowanberry (Sorbus aucuparia L.) Cultivated in Estonia

This study aimed to identify promising candidates of rowanberry cultivars for a wider cultivation and utilization. Antioxidant properties and phenolic content were evaluated for fruit, juice, and pomace samples of 16 different sweet rowanberry cultivars (cvs) and wild rowanberry (S. aucuparia L.), while the antioxidant potential was assessed using three different methods, based on the capacity to scavenge ABTS^●+ and DPPH^● and measure the oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC). In general, the radical scavenging capacity was higher for hybrid cultivars, e.g., for cvs Likernaja, Burka, Granatnaja, and Rubinovaja in all assays. The highest value in the ABTS^●+ assay was determined for the fruit sample Likernaja, and in DPPH^● assay in the pomace sample of cv. Likernaja, at 527.55 and 1068.28 µM TE/g dw, respectively. The highest ORAC value was found in the fruit sample of Burka (456.53 µM TE/g dw). Among the Nevezhino rowans, the highest radical scavenging values of all fractions were determined in cv. Solnechnaja. Regarding the total phenolic content (TPC), higher values were obtained in the whole fruits than in separated fractions, juice, and pomace. The tested hybrids had higher TPC values, either in fruit and pomace or in juice extracts, than those in the other analyzed S. aucuparia L. cultivars. While the fruit and juice samples showed higher anthocyanin (ACY) values, the pomace samples had higher hydroxycinnamic acid (HCA) contents on average. The results revealed that the different fractions of selected rowanberry cultivars can be a promising source of antioxidants and polyphenols for further potential applications. It is envisaged that the results of this study will serve in valorizing sweet rowanberry cultivars as value-added functional ingredients for food and non-food applications.

Effect of black chokeberry pomace extract incorporation on the physical and oxidative stability of water-in-oil-in-water emulsion

BACKGROUND

Despite the obvious benefits of double emulsions in reducing fat content by replacing it with the water phase, their physical and oxidative stability remains a major concern. The objective of this study was to determine the ability of black chokeberry extract to inhibit lipid oxidation during storage at 4 °C for 60 days when different amounts of the extract were added to the inner water phase of the double emulsion. In the first step, the physical stability of the emulsions was evaluated.

RESULTS

Higher amount of the extract caused the formation of double emulsions with smaller droplets and higher viscosity. Throughout the whole storage period, the double emulsions showed good physical stability and high encapsulation efficiency (EE) of the extract (>95%) in the inner water phase. The positive effect of the extract on the oxidative stability of the double emulsions was shown by measuring changes in peroxide values and conjugated dienes and through the Oxipres and Rancimat tests during the convenient and accelerated storage of emulsions for 60 days.

CONCLUSION

The higher amount of extract suppressed lipid oxidation to a higher extent given the significant amount of polyphenolics in the extract. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.

Application of Raw and Defatted by Supercritical CO2 Hemp Seed Press-Cake and Sweet Grass Antioxidant Extract in Pork Burger Patties

There is an increasing tendency toward the application of plant origin ingredients in meat products. This study evaluates the physicochemical properties and oxidative stability of pork burger patties produced with the addition of dried raw and defatted by supercritical CO₂ extraction hemp seed press-cake as protein-rich ingredients (1.5–2.0%) and sweet grass ethanolic extract (0.5%) as a strong natural antioxidant. The main aim of using such a combination was to assess the possibility of mitigating the negative effects of hemp seed press-cake, containing approx. 10% of highly unsaturated oil, on the oxidation of meat products. The patties were compared with the control sample (without additives) during storage on days 0, 4, 8, 15, and 21 at 4 °C in modified atmosphere conditions. Plant ingredients reduced the lightness of pork patties, while their effects on other physicochemical characteristics were insignificant. The patties with fully defatted hemp seed flour showed the lowest grilling losses. Based on the measurement of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, raw hemp seed press-cake increased the oxidative rate of pork patties; however, remarkably, the addition of sweet grass extract completely inhibited oxidation during the whole period of storage. The sensory characteristics of the products were acceptable; however, the patties with sweet grass extract received lower evaluation scores.

Oleogel formulation using lipophilic sea buckthorn extract isolated from pomace with supercritical CO2

Lipophilic sea buckthorn pomace extract isolated by supercritical CO₂ (LSBPE) was structurized with different amounts of carnauba wax or beeswax as oleogelators. Oleogels were also made with added water at an LSBPE:water ratio of 70:30. LSBPE was characterized by a favorable ratio of omega-6 to omega-3 fatty acids (1:3) and reasonable amounts of omega-7 fatty acids (4.45% of total), tocopherols (63.0 mg/100 g) and carotenoids (700.1 mg/100 g). The oleogels were characterized by their structural and rheological properties, and physical and chemical stability during storage. Carnauba wax produced a gel-like structure with a highly condensed network of aggregated crystals, while beeswax oleogels displayed elongated crystals which formed interconnected networks. Carnauba wax gels were harder than beeswax gels with better oil-binding capacity and higher crystallization and melting temperatures. Both oleogels showed good physical and oxidative stability during storage due to the immobilization of oil in the three-dimensional structures, and the presence of strong lipophilic antioxidants in LSBPE, respectively. As the proportion of waxes increased from 5 to 17.5%, the hardness, oil-binding capacity, crystallization, and melting temperatures increased in both gels due to the more developed crystalline associations. Addition of water had no significant effect on the physical and chemical stability of oleogels during storage. Water was distributed as small droplets in the crystalline network of oleogelators. However, hardness and oil-binding capacity decreased as water was added. Rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids and bioactive compounds, LSBPE oleogels offer the opportunity to deliver bioactives while simultaneously acting as fat substitutes.

Optimized Supercritical CO2 Extraction Enhances the Recovery of Valuable Lipophilic Antioxidants and Other Constituents from Dual-Purpose Hop (Humulus lupulus L.) Variety Ella

The article presents the optimization of supercritical CO₂ extraction (SFE-CO₂) parameters using response surface methodology (RSM) with central composite design (CCD) in order to produce single variety hop (cv. Ella) extracts with high yield and strong in vitro antioxidant properties. Optimized SFE-CO₂ (37 MPa, 43 °C, 80 min) yielded 26.3 g/100 g pellets of lipophilic fraction. This extract was rich in biologically active α- and β-bitter acids (522.8 and 345.0 mg/g extract, respectively), and exerted 1481 mg TE/g extract in vitro oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC). Up to ~3-fold higher extraction yield, antioxidant recovery (389.8 mg TE/g pellets) and exhaustive bitter acid extraction (228.4 mg/g pellets) were achieved under the significantly shorter time compared to the commercially used one-stage SFE-CO₂ at 10–15 MPa and 40 °C. Total carotenoid and chlorophyll content was negligible, amounting to <0.04% of the total extract mass. Fruity, herbal, spicy and woody odor of extracts could be attributed to the major identified volatiles, namely β-pinene, β-myrcene, β-humulene, α-humulene, α-selinene and methyl-4-decenoate. Rich in valuable bioactive constituents and flavor compounds, cv. Ella hop SFE-CO₂ extracts could find multipurpose applications in food, pharmaceutical, nutraceutical and cosmetics industries.

W/O/W double emulsion-loaded alginate capsules containing Lactobacillus plantarum and lipophilic sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) pomace extract in different phases

In this study, double emulsion containing L. plantarum F1 cells and prebiotic mannitol in the inner water phase, lipophilic sea buckthorn pomace extract as an antioxidant in the oil phase, and alginate in the outer water phase showed high encapsulation yield (82.19%), good cell survival rate (76.99%) and low chemical degradation of the oil (peroxide value - 3.8 meq O₂/kg fat) after 42 days of storage. Gelation of the outer water phase enhanced the viability of L. plantarum F1 cells both during storage and under gastrointestinal conditions due to strong physical barrier formation. Encapsulated L. plantarum F1 viability throughout the 30-day storage period decreased to the value meeting the minimum required dose for probiotics. In vitro digestion of the loaded alginate capsules showed high survival rate of encapsulated cells under gastric conditions and significant reduction at the end of the duodenal phase of digestion.

Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Effect of Plant Essential Oils and Sambucus nigra Extract in Salmon Burgers

The antioxidant capacity of oregano (OEO) and clove (CLEO) essential oils and black elderberry (Sambucus nigra) flower extract (SNE) were compared with butylhydroxytoluene (BHT) regarding its protection against lipid peroxidation and microbial counts in salmon burgers stored at 4 °C for 14 days and after cooking. The content of total phenols was 5.74% in OEO, 2.64% in CLEO and 2.67 % in the SNE. The total phenolic content and the antioxidant capacity were significantly higher (p < 0.05) for SNE and OEO. Both essential oils showed a similar IC₅₀ and inhibition percentage of lipid peroxidation to BHT. The combination of OEO and SNE reduced 29% of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), while BHT reduced 31% of TBARS generated during refrigeration storage in salmon burgers in relation to the control sample without antioxidants. Additionally, the microbial counts after 14 days of refrigeration were the lowest in burgers when the combination of OEO and SNE was used. This study concludes that OEO and SNE can be used as inhibitors of lipid oxidation in salmon products and as natural candidates to replace commonly used synthetic antioxidants and antimicrobials in these food products.

Valorization of European Cranberry Bush (Viburnum opulus L.) Berry Pomace Extracts Isolated with Pressurized Ethanol and Water by Assessing Their Phytochemical Composition, Antioxidant, and Antiproliferative Activities

Defatted by supercritical CO₂, Viburnum opulus berry pomace (VOP) was subjected to consecutive extraction with pressurized ethanol (E) and water (W) and yielded 23% of VOP-E and 8% of VOP-W, respectively. The major phytochemical groups covering 42 identified and quantified constituents in VOP extracts were organic and phenolic acids, iridoids, quercetin and (epi)catechin derivatives, flavalignans, procyanidins, and anthocyanins. The on-line HPLC-DPPH^•-scavenging assay revealed the presence of numerous antioxidants. VOP-E had a higher total phenolic content, was a stronger antioxidant (equivalent to 0.77, 0.42, and 0.17 g trolox/g in oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC), ABTS, and DPPH assays, respectively), and recovered the major part of phenolics from the pomace; however, both extracts demonstrated similar antioxidant activity in the cellular assay. VOP-E inhibited HT29 cancer cells at non-cytotoxic concentrations. The results of this study revealed that VOP contains valuable phytochemicals possessing antioxidant and antiproliferative activities. Consequently, extracts from VOP substances may be of interest in developing functional ingredients for healthy foods, nutraceuticals, and cosmeceuticals.

The Sorbus spp.-Underutilised Plants for Foods and Nutraceuticals: Review on Polyphenolic Phytochemicals and Antioxidant Potential

The Sorbus spp. are valuable plants, which have been used for ornamental purposes, in traditional medicines and less seldom in foods. Recent studies have revealed different anatomical parts of the Sorbus spp. to contain valuable phytochemicals demonstrating various bioactivities. However, in terms of applications in the products intended for human consumption, Sorbus still remains as an underutilised genus. The increasing number of studies on phytochemicals, antioxidant potential and other bioactivities of Sorbus extracts has revealed the prospects of expanding its use in natural medicines, cosmetics and as innovative food ingredients, which might find wider applications in functional foods and/or nutraceuticals. Caffeoylquinic acids, flavonoids and proanthocyanidins have been reported in various Sorbus spp. as the most abundant polyphenolic antioxidants. The preparations of various plant anatomical parts have been used in ethnopharmacology as natural remedy for treating bacterial, viral, inflammatory diseases including tumors. Sorbus spp. plant parts have also been tested for management of diabetes, neurological, and cardiovascular disorders. The present review is focused on Sorbus plants (in total 27 Sorbus spp.), their composition and properties in terms of developing promising ingredients for foods, nutraceutical, cosmeceutical and other applications. It is expected that this review will assist in designing further studies of rowans and other Sorbus spp. in order to expand their uses for various human applications.

Anthocyanins, multi-functional natural products of industrial relevance: Recent biotechnological advances

Anthocyanins, the color compounds of plants, are known for their wide applications in food, nutraceuticals and cosmetic industry. The biosynthetic pathway of anthocyanins is well established with the identification of potential key regulatory genes, which makes it possible to modulate its production by biotechnological means. Various biotechnological systems, including use of in vitro plant cell or tissue cultures as well as microorganisms have been used for the production of anthocyanins under controlled conditions, however, a wide range of factors affects their production. In addition, metabolic engineering technologies have also used the heterologous production of anthocyanins in recombinant plants and microorganisms. However, these approaches have mostly been tested at the lab- and pilot-scales, while very few up-scaling studies have been undertaken. Various challenges and ways of investigation are proposed here to improve anthocyanin production by using the in vitro plant cell or tissue culture and metabolic engineering of plants and microbial culture systems. All these methods are capable of modulating the production of anthocyanins , which can be further utilized for pharmaceutical, cosmetics and food applications.

The Geraniin-Rich Extract from Reunion Island Endemic Medicinal Plant Phyllanthus phillyreifolius Inhibits Zika and Dengue Virus Infection at Non-Toxic Effect Doses in Zebrafish

The mosquito-borne viruses dengue (DENV) and Zika (ZIKV) viruses are two medically important pathogens in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. There is an urgent need of therapeutics against DENV and ZIKV, and medicinal plants are considered as a promising source of antiviral bioactive metabolites. In the present study, we evaluated the ability of Phyllanthus phillyreifolius, an endemic medicinal plant from Reunion Island, to prevent DENV and ZIKV infection in human cells. At non-cytotoxic concentration in vitro, incubation of infected A549 cells with a P. phillyreifolius extract or its major active phytochemical geraniin resulted in a dramatic reduction of virus progeny production for ZIKV as well as four serotypes of DENV. Virological assays showed that P. phillyreifolius extract-mediated virus inhibition relates to a blockade in internalization of virus particles into the host cell. Infectivity studies on ZIKV showed that both P. phillyreifolius and geraniin cause a loss of infectivity of the viral particles. Using a zebrafish model, we demonstrated that administration of P. phillyreifolius and geraniin has no effect on zebrafish locomotor activity while no morbidity nor mortality was observed up to 5 days post-inoculation. Thus, P. phillyreifolius could act as an important source of plant metabolite geraniin which is a promising antiviral compound in the fight against DENV and ZIKV.

Mangiferin Rich Products from Aphloia theiformis (Vahl) Benn Leaves: Extraction, Fractionation, Phytochemical Characterization, and Antioxidant Properties

Aphloia theiformis is traditionally used in Mauritius, Madagascar, and Reunion Island for treating several diseases. In this study, various extraction solvents and schemes were applied for the recovery of antioxidant rich fractions from the leaves of A. theiformis. The products were evaluated for their antioxidant capacity using well known in vitro assays. Major compounds were characterized by UPLC–QTOF–MS. Hydrophilic extracts of A. theiformis demonstrated strong antioxidant properties, which are comparable with the synthetic antioxidant Trolox. UPLC analysis confirmed mangiferin as the main secondary metabolite of A. theiformis. Tormentic and hydroxytormentic acids as well as their isomers were also abundant in A. theiformis extracts and fractions, while their amounts were determined for the first time. The most potential extract was further separated into the fractions by liquid-liquid extraction and by precipitation at low temperature. Antioxidant capacity and composition of secondary metabolites of derived fractions were determined. Some of the fractions possessed remarkable antioxidant capacity, comparable to pure mangiferin. The results obtained reveal high potential of A. theiformis for recovery of natural antioxidants and other bioactive phytochemicals, particularly mangiferin.

Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction and Assessment of Biological Activity of Phycobiliprotein-Rich Aqueous Extracts from Wild Cyanobacteria (Aphanizomenon flos-aquae)

Cyanobacteria are photosynthetic microorganisms that are considered as an important source of bioactive metabolites, among which phycobiliproteins (PBPs) are a class of water-soluble macromolecules of cyanobacteria with a wide range of applications. Massive proliferation of cyanobacteria can lead to excessive surface water blooms, of which removal, as a management measure, should be prioritized. In this study, the utilization of wild cyanobacteria biomass (Aphanizomenon flos-aquae) for extraction of phycobiliproteins is reported. Extraction of phycobiliproteins by conventional methods, such as homogenization, freeze-thaw cycles, and solid-liquid extraction, were optimized prior to ultrasound-assisted extraction. Standardization of ultrasonication for different parameters, such as ultrasonication amplitude (38, 114, and 190 μm) and ultrasonication time (1, 5.5, and 10 min), was carried out using a central composite design and response surface methodology for each of the primary techniques. A substantial increase on the individual and total phycobiliprotein yields was observed after ultrasonic treatment. The highest total PBP yield (115.37 mg/g of dry weight) was observed with samples treated with a homogenizer (30 min, 30 °C, and 1 cycle) combined with ultrasound treatment (8.7 min at 179 μm). Moreover, in vitro antioxidant capacity was observed for the obtained extracts in the Folin-Ciocalteu and ABTS^* + assays. In addition, a cytotoxic effect against C6 glioma cells was observed for A. flos-aquae PBPs. Conclusively, wild cyanobacteria could be considered as an alternative feedstock for recovery of PBPs.

Freeze-drying of black chokeberry pomace extract-loaded double emulsions to obtain dispersible powders

Black chokeberry pomace extract is rich in polyphenolic antioxidants, including anthocyanins. Added to foods, bioactive compounds of the extract can undergo undesirable changes both during food handling and digestion. In this study, we examined the possibility of encapsulating a considerable amount of black chokeberry pomace extract in the inner water phase of double emulsion (water-in-oil-in-water), for intended use in food applications. Furthermore, this study investigated the feasibility of double emulsions loaded with the extract for freeze-drying to obtain dispersible powders. A substantial amount (2.1%) of black chokeberry pomace extract was efficiently encapsulated in the inner water phase of double emulsion and remained entrapped during 60 days of storage (<97%) as well as during the freeze-drying of emulsions. Reconstituted emulsions obtained after the rehydration process were found to show monomodal droplet size distribution, decent creaming stability (approximately 97%), and good encapsulation efficiency (95.36%). Such characteristics of powdered double emulsions loaded by black chokeberry pomace extract make them suitable for food application as retainer and preservative of bioactive polyphenolic-rich extracts. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Powders of double emulsions loaded by black chokeberry pomace extract could be used as a source of bioactive polyphenolic compounds.

Designing multiple bioactives loaded emulsions for the formulations for diets of elderly

In this study, a stable double emulsion loaded with essential bioactives for the elderly was prepared using a two-step mechanical emulsification process.

Consecutive high-pressure and enzyme assisted fractionation of blackberry (Rubus fruticosus L.) pomace into functional ingredients: Process optimization and product characterization

In this study supercritical carbon dioxide (SFE-CO₂) and pressurized liquid (PLE) extractions were optimized for the recovery of valuable fractions from blackberry pomace. Consecutively applied SFE-CO₂ and PLE at optimized parameters yielded 9.9, 26.3 and 5.1 g/100 g of CO₂, ethanol (EtOH) and water-soluble extracts, respectively. Oil of lipophilic fraction was composed mainly of healthy polyunsaturated fatty acids (linoleic 64.1%, α-linolenic 12.9%), while polar solvents effectively recovered antioxidants (up to 29.1 mg gallic acid and 168.7 mg Trolox equivalents from g pomace). PLE-EtOH extract contained 12.2 mg/g of cyanidin-3-glucoside, while other anthocyanins were detected in significantly lower quantities (0.5-0.7 mg/g). SFE-CO₂ and PLE reduced the antioxidant capacity of starting plant material by 86-93%. In terms of extraction time, solvent consumption, total yields, and phytochemical characteristics, high-pressure fractionation was more efficient for obtaining valuable pomace constituents as compared to conventional and enzyme-assisted extractions.

Phytochemical-Rich Antioxidant Extracts of Vaccinium Vitis-idaea L. Leaves Inhibit the Formation of Toxic Maillard Reaction Products in Food Models

Thermal treatment of proteinaceous foods generates heat-induced Maillard reaction substances including toxic advanced glycation end products (AGEs) and heterocyclic amines (HAs). It is known that plant phenolic compounds may influence Maillard reaction. This study investigated the impact of lingonberry leaf extracts on the formation of N^ε -(carboxymethyl)lysine (CML) and N^ε -(2-furoylmethyl)-L-lysine (furosine) in milk model system and HAs in meat-protein and meat model systems. In addition, lingonberry leaf extracts obtained by different solvents were characterized by radical scavenging, Folin-Ciocalteu assays and ultrahigh pressure liquid chromatography quadruple-time-of flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-qTOF-MS). Water extract (WE) stronger suppressed CML than furosine formation in milk model system: CML levels were reduced by nearly 40%. Moreover, quinic acid and catechin, which were abundant in WE, were effective in inhibiting CML and furosine formation. WE and acetone extract (AE) at 10 mg/mL significantly inhibited HAs formation in both model systems. However, higher suppressing effect on HAs formation showed AE, which had lower antioxidant capacity and total phenolic content values than WE. WE contained higher amounts of hydroxycinnamic acids, proanthocyanidins and flavonols, while AE was richer in flavan-3-ols and arbutin derivatives. It indicates that the composition of phenolics might be a major factor for explaining different effect of extracts from the same plant on HAs formation. In general, the results suggest that lingonberry leaves is a promising source of phytochemicals for inhibiting toxic Maillard reaction products and enriching foods with plant bioactive compounds. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: The increased consumption in processed foods has been linked with the increased risks of various diseases, while thermal food processing is required to develop flavor, insure safety, and extend shelf life. Therefore, developing effective technological means for inhibiting the formation of heat-induced toxic substances is an important task. This study showed a potential of lingonberry leaf extracts containing health beneficial phytochemicals to suppress the formation of toxic Maillard reaction products during heating of milk and meat.

Genotoxic properties of Betonica officinalis, Gratiola officinalis, Vincetoxicum luteum and Vincetoxicum hirundinaria extracts

Genotoxicity of B. officinalis, G. officinalis, V. luteum and V. hirundinaria extracts, which demonstrated strong antioxidant capacity, was tested using chromosome aberration, sister chromatid exchange (SCE), cytokinesis-block micronucleus and alkaline single-cell gel electrophoresis (comet) assays in human lymphocytes in vitro and Ames Salmonella/microsome test. All tested extracts were not mutagenic in S. typhimurium strains TA98 and TA100 with and without metabolic activation and did not induce chromosome aberrations in human lymphocytes in vitro. Extract from G. officinalis was the only one, which induced significant increase in micronuclei, indicating possible aneugenic effect. All investigated plant extracts induced DNA damage evaluated by the comet assay, while B. officinalis and V. luteum extracts induced slight increase in SCE values. The determined variation in response might be due to the plant extract tested and donor susceptibility.

Isolation of Strong Antioxidants from Paeonia Officinalis Roots and Leaves and Evaluation of Their Bioactivities

Paeonia officinalis extracts from leaves and roots were tested for their antioxidant potential using in vitro chemical (Folin-Ciocalteu, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH), 2,2′-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS), oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC), hydroxyl radical antioxidant capacity (HORAC), hydroxyl radical scavenging capacity HOSC)) and cellular antioxidant activity (CAA) assays. Leaf extracts were stronger antioxidants than root extracts, while methanol was a more effective solvent than water in chemical assays. However, the selected water extract of leaves was a stronger antioxidant in CAA than the methanol extract (0.106 vs. 0.046 µmol quercetin equivalents/mg). Twenty compounds were identified by ultra performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole-time-of-flight (UPLC-Q-TOF) mass spectrometer, while on-line screening of their antioxidant capacity by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with a DPPH^•-scavenging detector revealed that gallic acid derivatives are the major peony antioxidants. Root water and leaf methanol extracts inhibited α-amylase in a dose dependent manner. The IC₅₀ value for the strongest inhibitor, the methanol extract of leaves, was 1.67 mg/mL. In addition, the cytotoxicity assessment of extracts using human Caco-2 cells demonstrated that none of them possessed cytotoxic effects.

Lung alveolar tissue destruction and protein citrullination in diesel exhaust-exposed mouse lungs

Humanity faces an increasing impact of air pollution worldwide, including threats to human health. Air pollutants prompt and promote chronic inflammation, tumourigenesis, autoimmune and other destructive processes in the human body. Post-translational modification of proteins, for example citrullination, results from damaging attacks of pollutants, including smoking, air pollution and others, rendering host tissues immunogenic. Citrullinated proteins and citrullinating enzymes, deiminases, are more prevalent in patients with COPD and correlate with ongoing inflammation and oxidative stress. In this study, we installed an in-house-designed diesel exhaust delivery and cannabidiol vaporization system where mice were exposed to relevant, urban traffic-related levels of diesel exhaust for 14 days and assessed integrity of alveolar tissue, gene expression shifts and changes in protein content in the lungs and other tissues of exposed mice. Systemic presence of modified proteins was also tested. The protective effect of phytocannabinoids was investigated as well. Data obtained in our study show subacute effects of diesel exhaust on mouse lung integrity and protein content. Emphysematous changes are documented in exposed mouse lungs. In parallel, increased levels of citrulline were detected in the alveolar lung tissue and peripheral blood of exposed mice. Pre-treatment with vaporized cannabidiol ameliorated some damaging effects. Results reported hereby provide new insights into subacute lung tissue changes that follow diesel exhaust exposure and suggest possible dietary and/or other therapeutic interventions for maintaining lung health and healthy ageing.

Effect of cranberry pomace extracts isolated by pressurized ethanol and water on the inhibition of food pathogenic/spoilage bacteria and the quality of pork products

Ethanol and water extracts were prepared from defatted cranberry pomace by pressurized liquid extraction and tested in bacterial cultures of L. monocytogenes, B. thermospacta, P. putida, lactic acid bacteria (LAB), aerobic mesophilic bacteria (AMB), and pork meat products. Anthocynanins (glucosides, galactosides and arabinosides of cyanidin and peonidins), phenolic compounds and organic acids (quinic, chlorogenic, malic and citric acids; procyanidin B3, myricetin and quercetin derivatives) were determined in the extracts. The extracts effectively inhibited the growth of tested bacteria at higher than 3.3% concentration. The effect of 2% ethanol extract additive on the inhibition of the same bacteria was also determined in non-inoculated and inoculated with bacteria pork slurry, pork burgers, and cooked ham. The results showed a significant growth inhibition of pathogenic L. monocytogenes and some other species in pork slurry, burgers and cooked ham with cranberry pomace ethanol extract as compared with the control samples. The extract also effectively inhibited the formation of oxidation indicator malondialdehyde in meat products. Slight impact of extract on some physico-chemical properties of meat products such as pH, metmyoglobin content was also observed, while it did not have significant influence on water activity. Extract addition imparted some color changes; however, it did not have negative effect on the overall sensory quality of burgers and cooked ham. High effectiveness of extract additive against pathogenic L. monocytogenes and some other tested bacteria in pork slurry, burgers and cooked ham during refrigerated storage for 16, 16 and 40 days, respectively, suggest that ethanol extract of defatted cranberry pomace may be a promising natural ingredient of meat products for increasing their microbiological safety and improving oxidative stability.

Antioxidant potential and phytochemical composition of extracts obtained from Phyllanthus phillyreifolius by different extraction methods

Phyllanthus phillyreifolius (Euphorbiaceae), poorly studied plant species, was fractionated using conventional and high pressure extraction techniques such as supercritical fluid and pressurized liquid extractions. Lipophilic substances were extracted with n-hexane and supercritical CO₂ with or without co-solvent ethanol, meanwhile higher polarity fractions were recovered with acetone and 70% ethanol. Antioxidant potential was assessed by various chemical assays, which revealed that 70% ethanol was the most effective solvent for recovery of antioxidants. UPLC-MS phytochemical analysis of hydrophilic extracts confirmed geraniin as the main constituent of P. phillyreifolius. Other quantitatively important compounds were phyllanthusiin D and elaeocarpusin. Three isomers of tocopherol (α, β and γ) were quantified by HPLC in lipofhilic extracts. Generally, the results from this study revealed high antioxidant potential of P. phillyreifolius; consequently the plant may be considered as a promising source of antioxidants for functional foods, nutraceuticals and pharmaceutical formulations.

Protective effects of Phyllanthus phillyreifolius extracts against hydrogen peroxide induced oxidative stress in HEK293 cells

Phyllanthus phillyreifolius, a plant species indigenous to Reunion Island, is used in folk medicine for treating diarrhea and as a diuretic. In the present study acetone and hydroethanol extracts of P. phillyreifolius were evaluated for their cytotoxicity and antioxidant effects using in vitro (TPC, ABTS, DPPH, FRAP, ORAC) and in cellulo (MTT, DCFH-DA, RT-qPCR) assays. Major compounds were evaluated using UPLC-QTOF-MS. MTT cell viability assay showed low cytotoxicity of extracts towards human embryonic kidney 293 (HEK293) cell line. Both extracts were rich in polyphenols (mainly ellagitannins) and showed high antioxidant potential and intracellular ROS decreasing effect. Preconditioning of HEK293 cells with extracts influenced gene expression of antioxidant enzymes, however ROS level decreasing effect was more related to their capacity to scavenge free radicals and with their reducing power. Strong antioxidant activity of extracts as well as the presence of geraniin supports the use of P. phillyreifolius in traditional medicine.

Antioxidant and Genotoxic Properties of Hispidin Isolated from the Velvet-Top Mushroom, Phaeolus schweinitzii (Agaricomycetes)

Antioxidant and genotoxic properties of hispidin isolated from the Phaeolus schweinitzii mushroom were evaluated with various assays. Hispidin demonstrated strong free radical scavenging, oxygen radical absorbance capacity, and ferric-reducing antioxidant power; in all applied assays, hispidin exhibited antioxidant capacity similar to or higher than that of the reference antioxidant Trolox. Genotoxic activity of hispidin was assessed using different end points: chromosome aberrations, micronuclei, sister chromatid exchanges, and primary DNA damage (detected by the comet assay) in human lymphocytes in vitro, and gene mutations in the Salmonella/microsome test. Hispidin did not increase the frequency of chromosome aberrations, micronuclei, or primary DNA damage in human lymphocytes in vitro and did not produce reverse mutation in bacterial cells. However, we identified in human lymphocytes a statistically significant dose-dependent increase in sister chromatid exchange frequency and a decrease in replication index and nuclear division index values.

In vitro comparison of three common essential oils mosquito repellents as inhibitors of the Ross River virus

BACKGROUND

The essential oils of Cymbopogon citratus (CC), Pelargonium graveolens (PG) and Vetiveria zizanioides (VZ) are commonly used topically to prevent mosquito bites and thus the risk of infection by their vectored pathogens such as arboviruses. However, since mosquito bites are not fully prevented, the effect of these products on the level of viral infection remains unknown.

OBJECTIVES

To evaluate in vitro the essentials oils from Reunion Island against one archetypal arbovirus, the Ross River virus (RRV), and investigate the viral cycle step that was impaired by these oils.

METHODS

The essential oils were extracted by hydrodistillation and analyzed by a combination of GC-FID and GC×GC-TOF MS techniques. In vitro studies were performed on HEK293T cells to determine their cytotoxicity, their cytoprotective and virucidal capacities on RRV-T48 strain, and the level of their inhibitory effect on the viral replication and residual infectivity prior, during or following viral adsorption using the reporter virus RRV-renLuc.

RESULTS

Each essential oil was characterized by an accurate quantification of their terpenoid content. PG yielded the least-toxic extract (CC50 > 1000 μg.mL-1). For the RRV-T48 strain, the monoterpene-rich CC and PG essential oils reduced the cytopathic effect but did not display virucidal activity. The time-of-addition assay using the gene reporter RRV-renLuc showed that the CC and PG essential oils significantly reduced viral replication and infectivity when applied prior, during and early after viral adsorption. Overall, no significant effect was observed for the low monoterpene-containing VZ essential oil.

CONCLUSION

The inhibitory profiles of the three essential oils suggest the high value of the monoterpene-rich essential oils from CC and PG against RRV infection. Combined with their repellent activity, the antiviral activity of the essential oils of CC and PG may provide a new option to control arboviral infection.

Essential oils (EOs), pressurized liquid extracts (PLE) and carbon dioxide supercritical fluid extracts (SFE-CO2) from Algerian Thymus munbyanus as valuable sources of antioxidants to be used on an industrial level

The aim of this study was to demonstrate the potential of extracts from Algerian Thymus munbyanus as a valuable source of antioxidants for use on an industrial level. To this end, a study was conducted on the composition and antioxidant activities of essential oils (EOs), pressurized liquid extracts (PLE) and supercritical fluid extracts (SFE-CO₂) obtained from Thymus munbyanus subsp. coloratus (TMC) and subsp. munbyanus (TMM). EOs and SFE-CO₂ extracts were analysed by GC-FID and GC×GC-TOFMS revealing significant differences. A successive extraction of the solid SFE-CO₂ residue by PLE extraction with solvents of increasing polarity such as acetone, ethanol and water, was carried out. The extracts were evaluated for total phenolic content by Folin-Ciocalteu assay, while the antioxidant power was assessed by DPPH, FRAP, and ORAC assays. SFE-CO₂ extracts were also analysed for their tocopherol content. The antioxidant activity of PLE extracts was found to be higher than that of SFE-CO₂ extracts, and this increased with solvent polarity (water > ethanol > acetone). Overall, these results support the use of T. munbyanus as a valuable source of substances to be used on an industrial level as preservative agents.

Biological screening of Ajuga iva extracts obtained by supercritical carbon dioxide and pressurized liquid extraction

Extracts obtained by supercritical carbon dioxide extraction (SCE) and pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) from the Ajuga iva aerial parts growth in three different geographical sites of Alegria were analysed. Tocopherols in SCE Extracts were quantified by HPLC, α-tocopherol dominated the profile in both A. iva of Bejaia (BEJ) and Bordj Bou Arreridj (BBA), while β-tocopherol was the lowest. PLE method produced higher extraction yields than SCE method, which ranged from 0.31 to 24.95% (w/w), the water gave the best yields extraction. Total phenolic content (TPC) ranged from 15.60 to 63.45mg GAE/g DWE; also the water gave higher total yield of phenolics, and the best TPC from DWP. The antioxidant activity was assessed by different assays, water and SCE extracts showed a slightly higher antioxidative effect than that obtained by Ethanol and Acetone. A slight opposite trend was obtained with the FRAP antioxidant activity; Acetone was the best extract after SCE extracts. Small differences in antioxidant activity values were found between the different sites of A. iva: BEJ, BBA, and ELO.