Rapid and real-time detection of Chikungunya virus by reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay

The standardization and validation of a one-step, single-tube, accelerated, quantitative reverse transcription (RT) loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) assay targeting the E1 gene for the rapid and real-time detection of Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) are reported. A linear relationship between the amount of template and time of positivity value over a range of 2 x 10(8) to 2 x 10(2) copies was obtained. The feasibility of CHIKV RT-LAMP for clinical diagnosis was validated with patient serum samples from an ongoing epidemic in Southern India. Optimal assay conditions with zero background were established for the detection of low levels of CHIKV in acute-phase patient serum samples. The comparative evaluation of the RT-LAMP assay with acute-phase patient serum samples demonstrated exceptionally higher sensitivity by correctly identifying 21 additional positive borderline cases that were missed by conventional RT-PCR (P < 0.0001) with a detection limit of 20 copies. The quantification of virus load in patient serum samples was also determined from the standard curve based on their time of positivity and was found to be in the range of 2 x 10(8) to 2 x 10(1) copies. In addition, the field applicability of the RT-LAMP assay was also demonstrated by standardizing SYBR Green I-based RT-LAMP wherein the amplification was carried out in a water bath at 63 degrees C for 60 min, which was followed by monitoring gene amplification with the naked eye through color changes. These findings demonstrated that the RT-LAMP assay is a valuable tool for rapid, real-time detection as well as quantification of CHIKV in acute-phase serum samples without requiring any sophisticated equipment and has potential usefulness for clinical diagnosis and surveillance of CHIKV in developing countries.

John J, Sulak L, Zou D, Alimena J, Berry E, Bhattacharya S, Cutts D, Dhingra N, Ferapontov A, Garabedian A, Hakala J, Heintz U, Laird E, Landsberg G, Mao Z, Narain M, Piperov S, Sagir S, Syarif R, Breedon R, Breto G, De La Barca Sanchez MC, Chauhan S, Chertok M, Conway J, Conway R, Cox PT, Erbacher R, Funk G, Gardner M, Ko W, Lander R, Mulhearn M, Pellett D, Pilot J, Ricci-Tam F, Shalhout S, Smith J, Squires M, Stolp D, Tripathi M, Wilbur S, Yohay R, Bravo C, Cousins R, Everaerts P, Farrell C, Florent A, Hauser J, Ignatenko M, Saltzberg D, Schnaible C, Valuev V, Weber M, Burt K, Clare R, Ellison J, Gary JW, Hanson G, Heilman J, Ivova PANEVA M, Jandir P, Kennedy E, Lacroix F, Long OR, Luthra A, Malberti M, Negrete MO, Shrinivas A, Wei H, Wimpenny S, Yates BR, Branson JG, Cerati GB, Cittolin S, D’Agnolo RT, Derdzinski M, Holzner A, Kelley R, Klein D, Letts J, Macneill I, Olivito D, Padhi S, Pieri M, Sani M, Sharma V, Simon S, Tadel M, Tu Y, Vartak A, Wasserbaech S, Welke C, Würthwein F, Yagil A, Zevi Della Porta G, Bradmiller-Feld J, Campagnari C, Dishaw A, Dutta V, Flowers K, Franco Sevilla M, Geffert P, George C, Golf F, Gouskos L, Gran J, Incandela J, Mccoll N, Mullin SD, Mullin SD, Richman J, Stuart D, Suarez I, West C, Yoo J, Anderson D, Apresyan A, Bornheim A, Bunn J, Chen Y, Duarte J, Mott A, Newman HB, Pena C, Pierini M, Spiropulu M, Vlimant JR, Xie S, Zhu RY, Andrews MB, Azzolini V, Calamba A, Carlson B, Ferguson T, Paulini M, Russ J, Sun M, Vogel H, Vorobiev I, Cumalat JP, Ford WT, Gaz A, Jensen F, Johnson A, Krohn M, Mulholland T, Nauenberg U, Stenson K, Wagner SR, Alexander J, Chatterjee A, Chaves J, Chu J, Dittmer S, Eggert N, Mirman N, Nicolas Kaufman G, Patterson JR, Rinkevicius A, Ryd A, Skinnari L, Soffi L, Sun W, Tan SM, Teo WD, Thom J, Thompson J, Tucker J, Weng Y, Wittich P, Abdullin S, Albrow M, Apollinari G, Banerjee S, Bauerdick LAT, Beretvas A, Berryhill J, Bhat PC, Bolla G, Burkett K, Butler JN, Cheung HWK, Chlebana F, Cihangir S, Elvira VD, Fisk I, Freeman J, Gottschalk E, Gray L, Green D, Grünendahl S, Gutsche O, Hanlon J, Hare D, Harris RM, Hasegawa S, Hirschauer J, Hu Z, Jayatilaka B, Jindariani S, Johnson M, Joshi U, Jung AW, Klima B, Kreis B, Lammel S, Linacre J, Lincoln D, Lipton R, Liu T, Lopes De Sá R, Lykken J, Maeshima K, Marraffino JM, Martinez Outschoorn VI, Maruyama S, Mason D, McBride P, Merkel P, Mishra K, Mrenna S, Nahn S, Newman-Holmes C, O’Dell V, Pedro K, Prokofyev O, Rakness G, Sexton-Kennedy E, Soha A, Spalding WJ, Spiegel L, Strobbe N, Taylor L, Tkaczyk S, Tran NV, Uplegger L, Vaandering EW, Vernieri C, Verzocchi M, Vidal R, Weber HA, Whitbeck A, Acosta D, Avery P, Bortignon P, Bourilkov D, Carnes A, Carver M, Curry D, Das S, Field RD, Furic IK, Gleyzer SV, Hugon J, Konigsberg J, Korytov A, Kotov K, Low JF, Ma P, Matchev K, Mei H, Milenovic P, Mitselmakher G, Rank D, Rossin R, Shchutska L, Snowball M, Sperka D, Terentyev N, Thomas L, Wang J, Wang S, Yelton J, Hewamanage S, Linn S, Markowitz P, Martinez G, Rodriguez JL, Adams JR, Ackert A, Adams T, Askew A, Bein S, Bochenek J, Diamond B, Haas J, Hagopian S, Hagopian V, Johnson KF, Khatiwada A, Prosper H, Weinberg M, Baarmand MM, Bhopatkar V, Colafranceschi S, Hohlmann M, Kalakhety H, Noonan D, Roy T, Yumiceva F, Adams MR, Apanasevich L, Berry D, Betts RR, Bucinskaite I, Cavanaugh R, Evdokimov O, Gauthier L, Gerber CE, Hofman DJ, Kurt P, O’Brien C, Sandoval Gonzalez LD, Silkworth C, Turner P, Varelas N, Wu Z, Zakaria M, Bilki B, Clarida W, Dilsiz K, Durgut S, Gandrajula RP, Haytmyradov M, Khristenko V, Merlo JP, Mermerkaya H, Mestvirishvili A, Moeller A, Nachtman J, Ogul H, Onel Y, Ozok F, Penzo A, Snyder C, Tiras E, Wetzel J, Yi K, Anderson I, Anderson I, Barnett BA, Blumenfeld B, Eminizer N, Fehling D, Feng L, Gritsan AV, Maksimovic P, Martin C, Osherson M, Roskes J, Sady A, Sarica U, Swartz M, Xiao M, Xin Y, You C, Xiao M, Baringer P, Bean A, Benelli G, Bruner C, Kenny RP, Majumder D, Majumder D, Malek M, Murray M, Sanders S, Stringer R, Wang Q, Ivanov A, Kaadze K, Khalil S, Makouski M, Maravin Y, Mohammadi A, Saini LK, Skhirtladze N, Toda S, Lange D, Rebassoo F, Wright D, Anelli C, Baden A, Baron O, Belloni A, Calvert B, Eno SC, Ferraioli C, Gomez JA, Hadley NJ, Jabeen S, Jabeen S, Kellogg RG, Kolberg T, Kunkle J, Lu Y, Mignerey AC, Shin YH, Skuja A, Tonjes MB, Tonwar SC, Apyan A, Barbieri R, Baty A, Bierwagen K, Brandt S, Bierwagen K, Busza W, Cali IA, Demiragli Z, Di Matteo L, Gomez Ceballos G, Goncharov M, Gulhan D, Iiyama Y, Innocenti GM, Klute M, Kovalskyi D, Lai YS, Lee YJ, Levin A, Luckey PD, Marini AC, Mcginn C, Mironov C, Narayanan S, Niu X, Paus C, Ralph D, Roland C, Roland G, Salfeld-Nebgen J, Stephans GSF, Sumorok K, Varma M, Velicanu D, Veverka J, Wang J, Wang TW, Wyslouch B, Yang M, Zhukova V, Dahmes B, Evans A, Finkel A, Gude A, Hansen P, Kalafut S, Kao SC, Klapoetke K, Kubota Y, Lesko Z, Mans J, Nourbakhsh S, Ruckstuhl N, Rusack R, Tambe N, Turkewitz J, Acosta JG, Oliveros S, Avdeeva E, Bloom K, Bose S, Claes DR, Dominguez A, Fangmeier C, Gonzalez Suarez R, Kamalieddin R, Keller J, Knowlton D, Kravchenko I, Meier F, Monroy J, Ratnikov F, Siado JE, Snow GR, Alyari M, Dolen J, George J, Godshalk A, Harrington C, Iashvili I, Kaisen J, Kharchilava A, Kumar A, Rappoccio S, Roozbahani B, Alverson G, Barberis E, Baumgartel D, Chasco M, Hortiangtham A, Massironi A, Morse DM, Nash D, Orimoto T, Teixeira De Lima R, Trocino D, Wang RJ, Wood D, Zhang J, Hahn KA, Kubik A, Mucia N, Odell N, Pollack B, Pozdnyakov A, Schmitt M, Stoynev S, Sung K, Trovato M, Velasco M, Brinkerhoff A, Dev N, Hildreth M, Jessop C, Karmgard DJ, Kellams N, Lannon K, Marinelli N, Meng F, Mueller C, Musienko Y, Planer M, Reinsvold A, Ruchti R, Smith G, Taroni S, Valls N, Wayne M, Wolf M, Woodard A, Antonelli L, Brinson J, Bylsma B, Durkin LS, Flowers S, Hart A, Hill C, Hughes R, Ji W, Ling TY, Liu B, Luo W, Puigh D, Rodenburg M, Winer BL, Wulsin HW, Driga O, Elmer P, Hardenbrook J, Hebda P, Koay SA, Lujan P, Marlow D, Medvedeva T, Mooney M, Olsen J, Palmer C, Piroué P, Saka H, Stickland D, Tully C, Zuranski A, Malik S, Barnes VE, Benedetti D, Bortoletto D, Gutay L, Jha MK, Jones M, Jung K, Miller DH, Neumeister N, Primavera F, Radburn-Smith BC, Shi X, Shipsey I, Silvers D, Sun J, Svyatkovskiy A, Wang F, Xie W, Xu L, Parashar N, Stupak J, Adair A, Akgun B, Chen Z, Ecklund KM, Geurts FJM, Guilbaud M, Li W, Michlin B, Northup M, Padley BP, Redjimi R, Roberts J, Rorie J, Tu Z, Zabel J, Betchart B, Bodek A, de Barbaro P, Demina R, Eshaq Y, Ferbel T, Galanti M, Galanti M, Garcia-Bellido A, Han J, Harel A, Hindrichs O, Hindrichs O, Khukhunaishvili A, Petrillo G, Tan P, Verzetti M, Arora S, Barker A, Chou JP, Contreras-Campana C, Contreras-Campana E, Ferencek D, Gershtein Y, Gray R, Halkiadakis E, Hidas D, Hughes E, Kaplan S, Kunnawalkam Elayavalli R, Lath A, Nash K, Panwalkar S, Park M, Salur S, Schnetzer S, Sheffield D, Somalwar S, Stone R, Thomas S, Thomassen P, Walker M, Foerster M, Riley G, Rose K, Spanier S, York A, Bouhali O, Castaneda Hernandez A, Celik A, Dalchenko M, De Mattia M, Delgado A, Dildick S, Dildick S, Eusebi R, Gilmore J, Huang T, Kamon T, Krutelyov V, Krutelyov V, Mueller R, Osipenkov I, Pakhotin Y, Patel R, Patel R, Perloff A, Rose A, Safonov A, Tatarinov A, Ulmer KA, Akchurin N, Cowden C, Damgov J, Dragoiu C, Dudero PR, Faulkner J, Kunori S, Lamichhane K, Lee SW, Libeiro T, Undleeb S, Volobouev I, Appelt E, Delannoy AG, Greene S, Gurrola A, Janjam R, Johns W, Maguire C, Mao Y, Melo A, Ni H, Sheldon P, Snook B, Tuo S, Velkovska J, Xu Q, Arenton MW, Cox B, Francis B, Goodell J, Hirosky R, Ledovskoy A, Li H, Lin C, Neu C, Sinthuprasith T, Sun X, Wang Y, Wolfe E, Wood J, Xia F, Clarke C, Harr R, Karchin PE, Kottachchi Kankanamge Don C, Lamichhane P, Sturdy J, Belknap DA, Carlsmith D, Cepeda M, Dasu S, Dodd L, Duric S, Gomber B, Grothe M, Hall-Wilton R, Herndon M, Hervé A, Klabbers P, Lanaro A, Levine A, Long K, Loveless R, Mohapatra A, Ojalvo I, Perry T, Pierro GA, Polese G, Ruggles T, Sarangi T, Savin A, Sharma A, Smith N, Smith WH, Taylor D, Woods N. Event generator tunes obtained from underlying event and multiparton scattering measurements

New sets of parameters ("tunes") for the underlying-event (UE) modelling of the pythia8, pythia6 and herwig++ Monte Carlo event generators are constructed using different parton distribution functions. Combined fits to CMS UE proton-proton ([Formula: see text]) data at [Formula: see text] and to UE proton-antiproton ([Formula: see text]) data from the CDF experiment at lower [Formula: see text], are used to study the UE models and constrain their parameters, providing thereby improved predictions for proton-proton collisions at 13[Formula: see text]. In addition, it is investigated whether the values of the parameters obtained from fits to UE observables are consistent with the values determined from fitting observables sensitive to double-parton scattering processes. Finally, comparisons are presented of the UE tunes to "minimum bias" (MB) events, multijet, and Drell-Yan ([Formula: see text] lepton-antilepton+jets) observables at 7 and 8[Formula: see text], as well as predictions for MB and UE observables at 13[Formula: see text].

Development and evaluation of reverse transcription-loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay for rapid and real-time detection of Japanese encephalitis virus

The standardization and validation of a one-step, single-tube accelerated quantitative reverse transcription-loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) assay is reported for rapid and real-time detection of Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV). The RT-LAMP assay reported in this study is very simple and rapid; the amplification can be obtained in 30 min under isothermal conditions at 63 degrees C by employing a set of six primers targeting the E gene of JEV. The RT-LAMP assay demonstrated exceptionally higher sensitivity compared to that of RT-PCR, with a detection limit of 0.1 PFU. The specificities of the selected primer sets were established by cross-reactivity studies with other closely related members of the JEV serocomplex as well as by evaluation of healthy human volunteers. The comparative evaluation of the RT-LAMP assay for clinical diagnosis with a limited number of patient cerebrospinal fluid samples revealed 85% concordance with conventional RT-PCR, with a sensitivity and a specificity of 100% and 86%, respectively. The concentration of virus in most of the clinical samples was 10(2) to 10(5) PFU/ml, as determined from the standard curve based on the time of positivity in the samples. In addition, the monitoring of gene amplification can also be visualized with the naked eye by using SYBR green I fluorescent dye. Thus, due to easy operation without a requirement of sophisticated equipment and skilled personnel, the RT-LAMP assay reported here is a valuable tool for the rapid and real-time detection of JEV not only by well-equipped laboratories but also by peripheral diagnostic laboratories with limited financial resources in developing countries.

Extraction and validation of a new set of CMS pythia8 tunes from underlying-event measurements

New sets of CMS underlying-event parameters ("tunes") are presented for the pythia8 event generator. These tunes use the NNPDF3.1 parton distribution functions (PDFs) at leading (LO), next-to-leading (NLO), or next-to-next-to-leading (NNLO) orders in perturbative quantum chromodynamics, and the strong coupling evolution at LO or NLO. Measurements of charged-particle multiplicity and transverse momentum densities at various hadron collision energies are fit simultaneously to determine the parameters of the tunes. Comparisons of the predictions of the new tunes are provided for observables sensitive to the event shapes at LEP, global underlying event, soft multiparton interactions, and double-parton scattering contributions. In addition, comparisons are made for observables measured in various specific processes, such as multijet, Drell-Yan, and top quark-antiquark pair production including jet substructure observables. The simulation of the underlying event provided by the new tunes is interfaced to a higher-order matrix-element calculation. For the first time, predictions from pythia8 obtained with tunes based on NLO or NNLO PDFs are shown to reliably describe minimum-bias and underlying-event data with a similar level of agreement to predictions from tunes using LO PDF sets.

Protein aging by carboxymethylation of lysines generates sites for divalent metal and redox active copper binding: relevance to diseases of glycoxidative stress

Aging and age-related diseases are associated with the production of reactive oxygen species which modify lipids, proteins and DNA. Here we hypothesized the glyco- and lipoxidation product N(epsilon)-(carboxymethyl)lysine (CML) in proteins should bind divalent and redox active transition metal binding. CML-rich poly-L-lysine and bovine serum albumin (BSA) were chemically prepared and found to bind non-dialyzable Cu(2+), Zn(2+) and Ca(2+). CML-BSA-copper complexes oxidized ascorbate and depolymerized protein in the presence of H(2)O(2). CML-rich tail tendons implanted for 25 days into the peritoneal cavity of diabetic rats had a 150% increase in copper content and oxidized ascorbate three times faster than controls. CML-rich proteins immunoprecipitated from serum of uremic patients oxidized four times more ascorbate than control and generated spin adducts of DMPO in the presence of H(2)O(2). The chelator DTPA suppressed ascorbate oxidation thereby implicating transition metals in the process. In aging and disease, CML accumulation may result in a deleterious vicious cycle since CML formation itself is catalyzed by lipoxidation and glycoxidation.

Development and evaluation of SYBR Green I-based one-step real-time RT-PCR assay for detection and quantification of Chikungunya virus

The development of a one-step SYBR Green I-based real-time RT-PCR assay is reported for detection and quantification of Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) in acute-phase patient serum samples by targeting the E1 structural gene. A linear relationship was obtained between the virus concentration and cycle threshold (C(t)) value over a range of 10(7)-0.1PFU/ml. The reported assay was found to be 10-fold more sensitive compared to conventional RT-PCR with a detection limit of 0.1PFU/ml. The feasibility of this reported assay system for clinical diagnosis was validated with 51 suspected acute-phase serum samples of the recent CHIKV epidemic in southern India, 2006. The comparative evaluation with acute-phase patient serum samples revealed the higher sensitivity of real-time RT-PCR assay by picking up six additional samples with low copy number of template. None of the healthy serum samples analyzed in this study showed amplification. The quantification of the viral load in the acute-phase serum samples was also determined employing the standard curve, which varies from 0.1 to 10(7)PFU/ml. These findings demonstrated that the reported assay has the potential usefulness for clinical diagnosis due to simultaneous detection and quantification of Chikungunya virus in acute-phase patient serum samples.

What is the clinical significance of esophagogastric junction outflow obstruction? evaluation of 60 patients at a tertiary referral center

BACKGROUND

Esophagogastric junction (EGJ) outflow obstruction (EGJOO) is characterized by impaired EGJ relaxation with intact or weak peristalsis. Our aims were to evaluate: (i) prevalence, (ii) yield of fluoroscopy, endoscopy, and endoscopic ultrasound (EUS), (iii) outcomes, and (iv) whether this data differed based on quantitative EGJ relaxation.

METHODS

Studies that met criteria for EGJOO were identified. Demographics, encounters, endoscopy, radiology, treatment decisions, and outcomes were extracted.

KEY RESULTS

Sixty studies were identified. Dysphagia was the most common symptom. Forty patients underwent barium esophagram (BE): normal (11), hiatal hernia (20), spasm/dysmotility (17), EGJ narrowing (10), compression (2), Schatzki's ring (5), malrotation (1), gastric volvulus (1), mass (1). Esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) was performed in 41 patients: normal (19), hiatal hernia (13), Schatzki's ring (6), esophagitis (3), esophageal candidiasis (3), mass (1). EUS was performed in 20 patients and was frequently normal. Twenty-two patients underwent intervention. While transient improvement was noted in the majority, persistent improvement was seen in only one of nine patients (dilatation), four of six patients (botulinum toxin), and three patients who underwent per-oral endoscopic myotomy. No patients treated with medical therapy alone had improvement in dysphagia. There was no difference in symptoms or outcomes based on quantitative EGJ relaxation.

CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES

The manometric criterion EGJOO defines a heterogeneous clinical group. While BE, EGD, and EUS all provide complementary information, a significant percentage of these studies will be normal. For patients with dysphagia, outcome may depend on EGJ disruption. There were no differences in symptoms our outcomes based on quantitative EGJ relaxation.

Canine external carotid vasoconstriction to methysergide, ergotamine and dihydroergotamine: role of 5-HT1B/1D receptors and alpha2-adrenoceptors

The antimigraine drugs methysergide, ergotamine and dihydroergotamine (DHE) produce selective vasoconstriction in the external carotid bed of vagosympathectomized dogs anaesthetized with pentobarbital and artificially respired, but the receptors involved have not yet been completely characterized. Since the above drugs display affinity for several binding sites, including alpha-adrenoceptors and several 5-HT1 and 5-HT2 receptor subtypes, this study has analysed the mechanisms involved in the above responses. Intracarotid (i.c.) infusions during 1 min of methysergide (31-310 microg min(-1)), ergotamine (0.56-5.6 microg min(-1)) or DHE (5.6-31 microg min(-1)) dose-dependently reduced external carotid blood flow (ECBF) by up to 46+/-4, 37+/-4 and 49+/-5%, respectively. Blood pressure and heart rate remained unchanged. The reductions in ECBF by methysergide were abolished and even reversed to increases in animals pre-treated with GR127935 (10 microg kg(-1), i.v.). The reductions in ECBF by ergotamine and DHE remained unchanged in animals pre-treated (i.v.) with prazosin (300 microg kg(-1)), but were partly antagonized in animals pre-treated with either GR127935 (10 or 30 microg kg(-1)) or yohimbine (1000 microg kg(-1)). Pre-treatment with a combination of GR127935 (30 microg kg(-1)) and yohimbine (1000 microg kg(-1)) abolished the responses to both ergotamine and DHE. The above doses of antagonists were shown to produce selective antagonism at their respective receptors. These results suggest that the external carotid vasoconstrictor responses to methysergide primarily involve 5-HT1B/1D receptors, whereas those to ergotamine and DHE are mediated by 5-HT1B/1D receptors as well as alpha2-adrenoceptors.

Development and evaluation of SYBR Green I-based one-step real-time RT-PCR assay for detection and quantitation of Japanese encephalitis virus

One-step SYBR Green I-based real-time RT-PCR assay for rapid detection as well as quantitation of Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) in acute-phase patient CSF samples by targeting the NS3 gene was developed. The assay developed in this study was found to be more sensitive as compared to conventional RT-PCR. The specificity of the reported assay system was established through melting curve analysis as well as by cross-reactivity studies with related members of Flavivirus. The applicability of Real-time PCR assay for clinical diagnosis was validated with 32 suspected acute-phase CSF samples of Gorakhpur epidemic, India, 2005. The improved sensitivity of real-time RT-PCR was reflected by picking up 10 additional samples with low copy number of template in comparison to conventional RT-PCR. The quantitation of the viral load in acute-phase CSF samples was done using a standard curve obtained by plotting cycle threshold (C(t)) values versus copy numbers of the RNA template. This is the first report on the application of real-time RT-PCR for detection as well as quantitation of JEV from patient CSF samples. These findings demonstrate the potential clinical application of the reported assay as a sensitive diagnostic test for rapid and real-time detection and quantitation of JEV in acute-phase clinical samples.

Concentration and composition of atmospheric aerosols from the 1995 SEAVS experiment and a review of the closure between chemical and gravimetric measurements

We summarize the results from the various measurements and the inter-sampler comparisons from Southeastern Aerosol and Visibility Study (SEAVS), a study with one of its objectives to test for closure among chemical, gravimetric and optical measurements of atmospheric aerosol particles. Sulfate and organics are the dominant components of the SEAVS fine particles (nominally, particles with aerodynamic diameter < or = 2.5 microns) but between 28 and 42% (range over various samplers) of the gravimetrically measured total fine particle concentration is unidentified by the chemical measurements. Estimates of water associated with inorganic components and measurement imprecision do not totally explain the observed difference between gravimetric and chemical measurements. We examine the theoretical and empirical basis for assumptions commonly made in the published literature to extrapolate total fine particle concentration on the basis of chemical measurements of ions, carbon and elements. We then explore the more general question of closure using the SEAVS data as well as data from other, similar studies reported in the literature. In so combining the SEAVS measurements with other similar studies, we find a strong association between organic carbon and the unidentified component, that is, the fraction of the total fine particle concentration not identified by chemical measurements. We offer several tenable hypotheses for the relationship between the organic and unidentified components that deserve to be tested in future work. Specifically, we hypothesize that (1) errors in the sampling and analysis of organic carbon; (2) estimates of organic mass from measurements of organic carbon; and/or (3) water absorption by organics may all contribute to the observed relationship.

John J, Sulak L, Alimena J, Berry E, Bhattacharya S, Christopher G, Cutts D, Demiragli Z, Dhingra N, Ferapontov A, Garabedian A, Heintz U, Laird E, Landsberg G, Mao Z, Narain M, Sagir S, Sinthuprasith T, Speer T, Swanson J, Breedon R, Breto G, De La Barca Sanchez MC, Chauhan S, Chertok M, Conway J, Conway R, Cox PT, Erbacher R, Gardner M, Ko W, Lander R, Mulhearn M, Pellett D, Pilot J, Ricci-Tam F, Shalhout S, Smith J, Squires M, Stolp D, Tripathi M, Wilbur S, Yohay R, Cousins R, Everaerts P, Farrell C, Hauser J, Ignatenko M, Rakness G, Takasugi E, Valuev V, Weber M, Burt K, Clare R, Ellison J, Gary JW, Hanson G, Heilman J, Ivova Rikova M, Jandir P, Kennedy E, Lacroix F, Long OR, Luthra A, Malberti M, Negrete MO, Shrinivas A, Sumowidagdo S, Wimpenny S, Branson JG, Cerati GB, Cittolin S, D’Agnolo RT, Holzner A, Kelley R, Klein D, Letts J, Macneill I, Olivito D, Padhi S, Palmer C, Pieri M, Sani M, Sharma V, Simon S, Tadel M, Tu Y, Vartak A, Welke C, Würthwein F, Yagil A, Zevi Della Porta G, Barge D, Bradmiller-Feld J, Campagnari C, Danielson T, Dishaw A, Dutta V, Flowers K, Franco Sevilla M, Geffert P, George C, Golf F, Gouskos L, Incandela J, Justus C, Mccoll N, Mullin SD, Richman J, Stuart D, To W, West C, Yoo J, Apresyan A, Bornheim A, Bunn J, Chen Y, Duarte J, Mott A, Newman HB, Pena C, Pierini M, Spiropulu M, Vlimant R, Wilkinson R, Xie S, Zhu RY, Azzolini V, Calamba A, Carlson B, Ferguson T, Iiyama Y, Paulini M, Russ J, Vogel H, Vorobiev I, Cumalat JP, Ford WT, Gaz A, Krohn M, Luiggi Lopez E, Nauenberg U, Smith JG, Stenson K, Wagner SR, Alexander J, Chatterjee A, Chaves J, Chu J, Dittmer S, Eggert N, Mirman N, Nicolas Kaufman G, Patterson JR, Ryd A, Salvati E, Skinnari L, Sun W, Teo WD, Thom J, Thompson J, Tucker J, Weng Y, Winstrom L, Wittich P, Winn D, Abdullin S, Albrow M, Anderson J, Apollinari G, Bauerdick LAT, Beretvas A, Berryhill J, Bhat PC, Bolla G, Burkett K, Butler JN, Cheung HWK, Chlebana F, Cihangir S, Elvira VD, Fisk I, Freeman J, Gottschalk E, Gray L, Green D, Grünendahl S, Gutsche O, Hanlon J, Hare D, Harris RM, Hirschauer J, Hooberman B, Jindariani S, Johnson M, Joshi U, Klima B, Kreis B, Kwan S, Linacre J, Lincoln D, Lipton R, Liu T, Lopes De Sá R, Lykken J, Maeshima K, Marraffino JM, Martinez Outschoorn VI, Maruyama S, Mason D, McBride P, Merkel P, Mishra K, Mrenna S, Nahn S, Newman-Holmes C, O’Dell V, Prokofyev O, Sexton-Kennedy E, Soha A, Spalding WJ, Spiegel L, Taylor L, Tkaczyk S, Tran NV, Uplegger L, Vaandering EW, Vidal R, Whitbeck A, Whitmore J, Yang F, Acosta D, Avery P, Bortignon P, Bourilkov D, Carver M, Curry D, Das S, De Gruttola M, Di Giovanni GP, Field RD, Fisher M, Furic IK, Hugon J, Konigsberg J, Korytov A, Kypreos T, Low JF, Matchev K, Mei H, Milenovic P, Mitselmakher G, Muniz L, Rinkevicius A, Shchutska L, Snowball M, Sperka D, Yelton J, Zakaria M, Hewamanage S, Linn S, Markowitz P, Martinez G, Rodriguez JL, Adams JR, Adams T, Askew A, Bochenek J, Diamond B, Haas J, Hagopian S, Hagopian V, Johnson KF, Prosper H, Veeraraghavan V, Weinberg M, Baarmand MM, Hohlmann M, Kalakhety H, Yumiceva F, Adams MR, Apanasevich L, Berry D, Betts RR, Bucinskaite I, Cavanaugh R, Evdokimov O, Gauthier L, Gerber CE, Hofman DJ, Kurt P, O’Brien C, Sandoval Gonzalez ID, Silkworth C, Turner P, Varelas N, Bilki B, Clarida W, Dilsiz K, Haytmyradov M, Khristenko V, Merlo JP, Mermerkaya H, Mestvirishvili A, Moeller A, Nachtman J, Ogul H, Onel Y, Ozok F, Penzo A, Rahmat R, Sen S, Tan P, Tiras E, Wetzel J, Yi K, Anderson I, Barnett BA, Blumenfeld B, Bolognesi S, Fehling D, Gritsan AV, Maksimovic P, Martin C, Swartz M, Xiao M, Baringer P, Bean A, Benelli G, Bruner C, Gray J, Kenny RP, Majumder D, Malek M, Murray M, Noonan D, Sanders S, Sekaric J, Stringer R, Wang Q, Wood JS, Chakaberia I, Ivanov A, Kaadze K, Khalil S, Makouski M, Maravin Y, Saini LK, Skhirtladze N, Svintradze I, Gronberg J, Lange D, Rebassoo F, Wright D, Baden A, Belloni A, Calvert B, Eno SC, Gomez JA, Hadley NJ, Jabeen S, Kellogg RG, Kolberg T, Lu Y, Mignerey AC, Pedro K, Skuja A, Tonjes MB, Tonwar SC, Apyan A, Barbieri R, Bierwagen K, Busza W, Cali IA, Di Matteo L, Gomez Ceballos G, Goncharov M, Gulhan D, Klute M, Lai YS, Lee YJ, Levin A, Luckey PD, Paus C, Ralph D, Roland C, Roland G, Stephans GSF, Sumorok K, Velicanu D, Veverka J, Wyslouch B, Yang M, Zanetti M, Zhukova V, Dahmes B, Gude A, Kao SC, Klapoetke K, Kubota Y, Mans J, Nourbakhsh S, Rusack R, Singovsky A, Tambe N, Turkewitz J, Acosta JG, Oliveros S, Avdeeva E, Bloom K, Bose S, Claes DR, Dominguez A, Gonzalez Suarez R, Keller J, Knowlton D, Kravchenko I, Lazo-Flores J, Meier F, Ratnikov F, Snow GR, Zvada M, Dolen J, Godshalk A, Iashvili I, Kharchilava A, Kumar A, Rappoccio S, Alverson G, Barberis E, Baumgartel D, Chasco M, Massironi A, Morse DM, Nash D, Orimoto T, Trocino D, Wang RJ, Wood D, Zhang J, Hahn KA, Kubik A, Mucia N, Odell N, Pollack B, Pozdnyakov A, Schmitt M, Stoynev S, Sung K, Velasco M, Won S, Brinkerhoff A, Chan KM, Drozdetskiy A, Hildreth M, Jessop C, Karmgard DJ, Kellams N, Lannon K, Lynch S, Marinelli N, Musienko Y, Pearson T, Planer M, Ruchti R, Smith G, Valls N, Wayne M, Wolf M, Woodard A, Antonelli L, Brinson J, Bylsma B, Durkin LS, Flowers S, Hart A, Hill C, Hughes R, Kotov K, Ling TY, Luo W, Puigh D, Rodenburg M, Winer BL, Wolfe H, Wulsin HW, Driga O, Elmer P, Hardenbrook J, Hebda P, Koay SA, Lujan P, Marlow D, Medvedeva T, Mooney M, Olsen J, Piroué P, Quan X, Saka H, Stickland D, Tully C, Werner JS, Zuranski A, Brownson E, Malik S, Mendez H, Ramirez Vargas JE, Barnes VE, Benedetti D, Bortoletto D, Gutay L, Hu Z, Jha MK, Jones M, Jung K, Kress M, Leonardo N, Miller DH, Neumeister N, Primavera F, Radburn-Smith BC, Shi X, Shipsey I, Silvers D, Svyatkovskiy A, Wang F, Xie W, Xu L, Zablocki J, Parashar N, Stupak J, Adair A, Akgun B, Ecklund KM, Geurts FJM, Li W, Michlin B, Padley BP, Redjimi R, Roberts J, Zabel J, Betchart B, Bodek A, de Barbaro P, Demina R, Eshaq Y, Ferbel T, Galanti M, Garcia-Bellido A, Goldenzweig P, Han J, Harel A, Hindrichs O, Khukhunaishvili A, Korjenevski S, Petrillo G, Verzetti M, Vishnevskiy D, Ciesielski R, Demortier L, Goulianos K, Mesropian C, Arora S, Barker A, Chou JP, Contreras-Campana C, Contreras-Campana E, Duggan D, Ferencek D, Gershtein Y, Gray R, Halkiadakis E, Hidas D, Kaplan S, Lath A, Panwalkar S, Park M, Salur S, Schnetzer S, Sheffield D, Somalwar S, Stone R, Thomas S, Thomassen P, Walker M, Rose K, Spanier S, York A, Bouhali O, Castaneda Hernandez A, Dalchenko M, De Mattia M, Dildick S, Eusebi R, Flanagan W, Gilmore J, Kamon T, Khotilovich V, Krutelyov V, Montalvo R, Osipenkov I, Pakhotin Y, Patel R, Perloff A, Roe J, Rose A, Safonov A, Suarez I, Tatarinov A, Ulmer KA, Akchurin N, Cowden C, Damgov J, Dragoiu C, Dudero PR, Faulkner J, Kovitanggoon K, Kunori S, Lee SW, Libeiro T, Volobouev I, Appelt E, Delannoy AG, Greene S, Gurrola A, Johns W, Maguire C, Mao Y, Melo A, Sharma M, Sheldon P, Snook B, Tuo S, Velkovska J, Arenton MW, Boutle S, Cox B, Francis B, Goodell J, Hirosky R, Ledovskoy A, Li H, Lin C, Neu C, Wolfe E, Wood J, Clarke C, Harr R, Karchin PE, Kottachchi Kankanamge Don C, Lamichhane P, Sturdy J, Belknap DA, Carlsmith D, Cepeda M, Dasu S, Dodd L, Duric S, Friis E, Hall-Wilton R, Herndon M, Hervé A, Klabbers P, Lanaro A, Lazaridis C, Levine A, Loveless R, Mohapatra A, Ojalvo I, Perry T, Pierro GA, Polese G, Ross I, Sarangi T, Savin A, Smith WH, Taylor D, Vuosalo C, Woods N, Roinishvili V. Precise determination of the mass of the Higgs boson and tests of compatibility of its couplings with the standard model predictions using proton collisions at 7 and 8[Formula: see text]

Properties of the Higgs boson with mass near 125[Formula: see text] are measured in proton-proton collisions with the CMS experiment at the LHC. Comprehensive sets of production and decay measurements are combined. The decay channels include [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], and [Formula: see text] pairs. The data samples were collected in 2011 and 2012 and correspond to integrated luminosities of up to 5.1[Formula: see text] at 7[Formula: see text] and up to 19.7[Formula: see text] at 8[Formula: see text]. From the high-resolution [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] channels, the mass of the Higgs boson is determined to be [Formula: see text]. For this mass value, the event yields obtained in the different analyses tagging specific decay channels and production mechanisms are consistent with those expected for the standard model Higgs boson. The combined best-fit signal relative to the standard model expectation is [Formula: see text] at the measured mass. The couplings of the Higgs boson are probed for deviations in magnitude from the standard model predictions in multiple ways, including searches for invisible and undetected decays. No significant deviations are found.

Assessment of the severity of hand injuries using "hand injury severity score", and its correlation with the functional outcome

INTRODUCTION

Objective assessment of hand injuries is a complex subject. However, an objective assessment, leading to a score, can help in predicting outcome and can be used as a research tool. Campbell and Kay have devised one such score known as "hand injury severity score" or HISS [J. Hand. Surg. [Br.] 21 (3) (1996) 295]. A study on this score has been carried out in our institute. The idea was to see if the hand injury severity score, correlates with the functional outcome as measured by disability arm shoulder and hand score (DASH), after a period of minimum 2 years.

METHOD

All the hand injury patients admitted in the hospital were assessed at the time of admission, and objective information was documented on a hand injury documentation form. The form captured all the data required to calculate "hand injury severity score" . A sample of 70 patients admitted during the first 6 months of 1999 was taken and their scores were calculated. The sample was selected such, that it had a reasonable representation of hand injuries of all severities. After obtaining a due approval from ethics committee, all these 70 patients were sent a DASH questionnaire. A total of 23 patients replied. Spearman's rank correlation test was used to analyse the correlation between the severity of hand injury as assessed using HISS, and functional outcome as measured using DASH. Correlations between the outcome and skeletal component score, outcome and motor component scores, and outcome and Integument component scores, were assessed separately.

RESULTS

The study shows a statistically significant association ( r = 0.7182, P = 0.000165) between the severities of injury and the functional outcome. The functional outcome also shows a statistically significant association with the severity of injury to skeletal component (r = 0.5151, P = 0.014083) and motor component (r = 0.6797, P = 0.000507). However, the severity of injury to integument component, as measured by HISS, does not show any association with the outcome (r = 0.3571, P = 0.102736). This study supports the overall structure of the HISS. However an improvement in the integument component scoring is required to improve overall accuracy.

Observation of tt[over ¯]H Production

The observation of Higgs boson production in association with a top quark-antiquark pair is reported, based on a combined analysis of proton-proton collision data at center-of-mass energies of sqrt[s]=7, 8, and 13 TeV, corresponding to integrated luminosities of up to 5.1, 19.7, and 35.9  fb^{-1}, respectively. The data were collected with the CMS detector at the CERN LHC. The results of statistically independent searches for Higgs bosons produced in conjunction with a top quark-antiquark pair and decaying to pairs of W bosons, Z bosons, photons, τ leptons, or bottom quark jets are combined to maximize sensitivity. An excess of events is observed, with a significance of 5.2 standard deviations, over the expectation from the background-only hypothesis. The corresponding expected significance from the standard model for a Higgs boson mass of 125.09 GeV is 4.2 standard deviations. The combined best fit signal strength normalized to the standard model prediction is 1.26_{-0.26}^{+0.31}.

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Sharma M, Sheldon P, Snook B, Tuo S, Velkovska J, Arenton MW, Boutle S, Cox B, Francis B, Goodell J, Hirosky R, Ledovskoy A, Li H, Lin C, Neu C, Wood J, Harr R, Karchin PE, Kottachchi Kankanamge Don C, Lamichhane P, Sturdy J, Belknap DA, Carlsmith D, Cepeda M, Dasu S, Duric S, Friis E, Hall-Wilton R, Herndon M, Hervé A, Klabbers P, Lanaro A, Lazaridis C, Levine A, Loveless R, Mohapatra A, Ojalvo I, Perry T, Pierro GA, Polese G, Ross I, Sarangi T, Savin A, Smith WH, Woods N. Observation of the diphoton decay of the Higgs boson and measurement of its properties

Observation of the diphoton decay mode of the recently discovered Higgs boson and measurement of some of its properties are reported. The analysis uses the entire dataset collected by the CMS experiment in proton-proton collisions during the 2011 and 2012 LHC running periods. The data samples correspond to integrated luminosities of 5.1[Formula: see text]at [Formula: see text] and 19.7[Formula: see text]at 8[Formula: see text] . A clear signal is observed in the diphoton channel at a mass close to 125[Formula: see text] with a local significance of [Formula: see text], where a significance of [Formula: see text] is expected for the standard model Higgs boson. The mass is measured to be [Formula: see text] , and the best-fit signal strength relative to the standard model prediction is [Formula: see text][Formula: see text][Formula: see text]. Additional measurements include the signal strength modifiers associated with different production mechanisms, and hypothesis tests between spin-0 and spin-2 models.