Effect of second hand smoke on systemic, oral and psychological health of primary school children in western Uttar Pradesh. A biochemical analysis

BACKGROUND

Second Hand smoke (SHS) exposure to children causes several systemic problems like asthma, dental problems like caries and effects overall well being. This study was conducted to study impact of SHS on primary school children by associating it with dental caries, cotinine level, asthma severity and overall well being.

METHODS

Case control study was conducted amongst 200 children 9-15 years old that came to dental college in Muradnagar. Children who lived in smoking households were identified as SHS subjects-100 children and those who lived in non smoking households were identified as control group- 100 children. Parents completed questionnaire regarding their smoking status. In children's questionnaire severity of asthma was determined by using expert panel report (EPR3), dental caries was recorded by dmft index and psychological assessment of children was done using WHO- 5 well being index. Collection of unstimulated saliva of children was done in sterile plastic tubes and cotinine level was measured using enzyme-linked-immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Students t test and one way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used for analysing data.

RESULTS

Mean number of children suffering from asthma was higher in SHS subjects in comparison to control group i.e. 348.9 ±166.509 and 247.3±15.86 respectively. dmft and WHO- well being scores increased as level of cotinine increased. Mean cotinine level was higher in SHS subjects than control group i.e. 348.9 ±166.509 and 247.3±15.86 respectively.

CONCLUSIONS

SHS has an adverse impact on young children reflected by poor dmft scores and psychological well being, increased cotinine levels and asthma severity in comparison to control group.

Effectiveness of various health education methods amongst primary healthcare workers of western Uttar Pradesh, Delhi (National Capital Region), India: A promotive intervention study

Objectives:

The purpose of this study was to assess the effectiveness of various health education methods for improving oral health knowledge of accredited social health activists (ASHA) and Anganwadi workers of Muradnagar Block, Ghaziabad-Delhi NCR.

Methods:

A promotive interventional study was conducted amongst 301 ASHA and Anganwadi workers of Muradnagar block at three steps such as baseline, oral health education programme (OHEP), and reinforcement to assess their oral health knowledge using predesigned, close-ended, validated, questionnaire. Four different methods were used in OHEP to disseminate knowledge, namely, health talks, posters, and pamphlets, PowerPoint presentations, and a combination of all methods. Post-assessment was done one week after OHEP followed by reinforcement after 1 month which was followed by final post-assessment after 1 week. Students’ independent t-test and one-way ANOVA were used for analysing data.

Results:

At baseline, primary healthcare workers had mean knowledge scores as 14.67 ± 1.152 which was increased to 20.96 ± 1.053 after the intervention and 27.6 ± 0.762 after reinforcement. There was an increase of 7.6% and 14.3% of primary healthcare workers giving correct responses after OHEP and reinforcement, respectively.

Conclusions:

The combination method was the most effective in improving oral health knowledge of study population followed by posters and pamphlets and the least effective method was PowerPoint presentation. Dentists can play a vital role in mobilising the primary healthcare workers by consequently contributing towards improving the oral health status of the community.

Effect of orthodontic treatment needs on oral health related quality of life among the young population in Delhi NCR-region of North India

Aim:

To assess the effect of orthodontic treatment needs on oral health-related quality of life among the young people of Delhi NCR.

Methods:

The study was conducted on 12–15 years of individuals attending dental clinic/hospital in Delhi NCR region. Data were collected using Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need -Dental Component and oral health impact profile 14 questionnaire. The Chi-square test was used to analyze the qualitative data. SPSS software version 20 was used for statistical analysis.

Results:

Orthodontic treatment needs had an almost similar impact on the daily activities of both males and females. The sense of taste was not significantly affected by the need for orthodontic treatment in either males or females. The proportions of orthodontic patients found to have the painful arch, embarrassment, tension, and self-conscious both in males and females.

Conclusion:

There is a significant correlation of orthodontic treatment needs among oral health-related quality of life.

Association between maternal dental anxiety and its effect on the oral health status of their child: An institutional cross sectional study

Aim:

To assess the association between maternal dental anxiety and its effect on the oral health status of their child, in Murad nagar –An institutional cross-sectional study.

Materials and Methods:

Among the randomly selected 200 mother-child pairs, a cross-sectional study was done. The children of 2–5 years were selected for the study. A five-level Modified Dental Anxiety Scale (MDAS), Hindi edition, was used to assess dental anxiety among the mothers. Clinical examination of the wards was finished by using a modified gingival record and WHO dentition status (2013). The SPSS software version 20 was used for statistical analysis.

Results:

Approximately, 61% of the children were males, and 39% were females. The modified gingival index (MGI) score was high, if there should arise an occurrence of high MDAS values. The mean MGI score was most astounding in phobic class of MDAS and least in the not anxious classification. The MGI score expanded on increment in maternal anxiety. Dental caries expanded in kids, if there should be an occurrence of high maternal dental uneasiness. The MDAS demonstrated a critical association with clinical oral health results of the child. The children whose mothers were “extremely anxious” (phobic) had the highest mean decayed, missing, or filled teeth.

Conclusion:

Maternal dental anxiety significantly affects the oral health status of their ward.

Prevalence of periodontal status among nicotine dependent individuals of 35-44 years attending community dental camps in Ghaziabad district, Uttar Pradesh

Background:

Tobacco is the second driving reasons for mortality worldwide and its broad utilization in the smoking and smokeless form have added to the expanding weight of non-communicable disease.

Aim:

To study the prevalence of periodontal status among nicotine dependent individuals of 35-44 years attending community dental camps in Ghaziabad District, Uttar Pradesh.

Methods:

A cross-sectional study was conducted on 800 individuals with the age range of 35-44 years. A pre-tested questionnaire was used to gather information about the sociodemographic profile and the pattern of substance use. Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence-Smokeless Tobacco (FTND-ST) and for smokers; Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND) for testing dependence. Periodontal status was assessed by Community Periodontal Index (Modified CPI WHO 2013) and loss of attachment (LOA). Statistical analysis was done by the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20.0.

Result:

The prevalence of periodontal disease was found to be 78.5% with maximum disease prevalence among males of 42-44 age. Majority of male consumed a smokeless form of tobacco (50.23%), followed by smoke (14.19%) form whereas females predominantly consumed smokeless form (37.36%). The mean number of teeth with pocket (3.37 ± 1.86) and mean of loss of attachment of more than 9 mm (0.67 ± 0.88) was higher among smokeless form of tobacco users as compared to other habit groups

Conclusion:

Higher prevalence of periodontal disease was seen among nicotine dependent individuals. A model for a comprehensive program in the dental office including the five A's and five R's for tobacco counseling must be applied at every institute.