Glucosinolates or erucic acid, which one contributes more to volatile flavor of fragrant rapeseed oil?

This study aims to investigate the effect of three rapeseed varieties with different erucic acid (EA) and glucosinolates (GLSs) content, and different degumming methods on the volatile flavor profiles of fragrant rapeseed oil (FRO). A total of 171 volatile compounds were identified by headspace solid-phase microextraction combine with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME/GC-MS), and 87 compounds were identified as key odorants owing to their relative odor activity values (ROAV) ≥ 1. Methyl furfuryl disulfide was identified in rapeseed oil for the first time, with highest ROAVs (up to 26805.46). The volatile flavor profile of rapeseed oil was affected by GLSs content to a certain extent rather than EA content. Rapeseed varieties with low-EA and high-GLSs are suitable to produce FRO. Silicon dioxide adsorbing was an effective alternative method to water degumming in FRO. This work provided a new idea for selection of raw materials and degumming methods in FRO production.

Remove Non-hydrated Phospholipids in Okra Seed Oil by Silicon Dioxide

Water degumming, mainly removes hydrated phospholipids, is the most common method applying in traditional edible oil production. Silicon dioxide (SiO₂) adsorption has been proved as a green and efficient method for removing phospholipids from rapeseed oil. But both methods exhibited poor effect on okra seed oil. Based on a hypothesis that SiO₂ can adsorb non-hydrated phospholipids, removal effect of non-hydrated phospholipids in okra seed oil was studied. Single factor test and response surface design were used to optimize the SiO₂ adsorbing process in water-degummed oil. Meanwhile, the qualities and flavor changes of okra seed oil before and after degumming were compared and analyzed. The results showed that the optimized degumming procedure was: 1.43% (w/w) of SiO₂ added into the water-degummed oil, and the mixture was stirred at 33.52℃ for 30.47 min. The maximum non-hydrated phospholipids removal rate reached 43.3%. Comparing with crude okra seed oil, the optimal degumming method resulted in the increase of peroxide value and the decrease of induction period (IP) of the oil. However, it had the same safety as the water and the SiO₂ degumming methods. It could retain 62% of total phenols, which was less than the water and the SiO₂ degumming methods (both about 79%). The differences of E-nose sensors among oils were most likely caused by the pyrazines. It is necessary to study the composition and properties of phospholipids and develop new methods to further improve the phospholipids removal rate of okra seed oil.

Preferential Subgenome Elimination and Chromosomal Structural Changes Occurring in Newly Formed Tetraploid Wheat-Aegilops ventricosa Amphiploid (AABBDvDvNvNv)

Artificial allopolyploids derived from the genera Triticum and Aegilops have been used as genetic resources for wheat improvement and are a classic example of evolution via allopolyploidization. In this study, we investigated chromosomes and subgenome transmission behavior in the newly formed allopolyploid of wheat group via multicolor Fluorescence in situ hybridization (mc-FISH), using pSc119.2, pTa535, and (GAA)₇ as probe combinations, to enabled us to precisely identify individual chromosomes in 381 S₃ and S₄ generations plants derived from reciprocal crosses between Ae. ventricosa (D^vD^vN^vN^v) and T. turgidum (AABB). A higher rate of aneuploidy, constituting 66.04–86.41% individuals, was observed in these two early generations. Of the four constituent subgenomes, D^v showed the highest frequency of elimination, followed by N^v and B, while A was the most stable. In addition, structural chromosomal changes occurred ubiquitously in the selfed progenies of allopolyploids. Among the constituent subgenomes, B showed the highest number of aberrations. In terms of chromosomal dynamics, there was no significant association between the chromosomal behavior model and the cytoplasm, with the exception of chromosomal loss in the D^v subgenome. The chromosome loss frequency in the D^v subgenome was significantly higher in the T. turgidum × Ae. ventricosa cross than in the Ae. ventricosa × T. turgidum cross. This result indicates that, although the D subgenome showed great instability, allopolyploids containing D subgenome could probably be maintained after a certain hybridization in which the D subgenome donor was used as the maternal parent at its onset stage. Our findings provide valuable information pertaining to the behavior patterns of subgenomes during allopolyploidization. Moreover, the allopolyploids developed here could be used as potential resources for the genetic improvement of wheat.

Molecular markers and cytogenetics to characterize a wheat-Dasypyrum villosum 3V (3D) substitution line conferring resistance to stripe rust

Dasypyrum villosum has been used as a valuable gene resource for disease resistances, yield increase and quality improvement in wheat. A novel wheat-D. villosum alien introgression line CD-3 was generated through hybridization between the common wheat Chinese Spring (CS) and a CS- D. villosum 3V addition line having considerably high stripe rust resistance, which enable the characterization of a potential new stripe rust resistance gene (s) derived from D. villosum. The results of non-denaturing fluorescent in situ hybridization (ND-FISH) showed that CD-3 contained 42 chromosomes, including a 3V chromosome pair, and the absence of both of the 3D chromosomes. PCR-based Landmark Unique Gene (PLUG) molecular marker analysis supported results from the FISH analysis, revealing CD-3 was a wheat-D. villosum 3V (3D) disomic substitution line. Resistant test of stripe rust on 52 plants of F2 generation (CD-3/CS), CD-3, CS and D.villosum have been conducted at seedling stage. 7 plants of F2 generation possessing two 3V chromosomes exhibited high resistance to stripe rust as CD-3 and D.villosum, 10 plants carrying one 3V chromosome and 35 plants without 3V chromosome were susceptive to stripe rust as CS. The result implied the high stripe rust resistance of CD-3 should be controlled by recessive gene(s) originating from D.villosum. To rapidly detect chromosome 3V in the genetic background of wheat, we developed a novel Sequence Characterized Amplified Region (SCAR) marker specific for 3V chromosome based on the sequence of a grain size-related gene DvGS5 in D. villosum, an orthologue of TaGS5 from wheat. The SCAR marker was designated DvGS5-1443, which could successfully amplify a unique 3V-specific fragment in CD-3 and D. villosum, suggesting that this SCAR marker could facilitate targeting the chromosome 3V in the genetic background of wheat for wheat improvement.

Isolation of two new retrotransposon sequences and development of molecular and cytological markers for Dasypyrum villosum (L.)

Dasypyrum villosum is a valuable genetic resource for wheat improvement. With the aim to efficiently monitor the D. villosum chromatin introduced into common wheat, two novel retrotransposon sequences were isolated by RAPD, and were successfully converted to D. villosum-specific SCAR markers. In addition, we constructed a chromosomal karyotype of D. villosum. Our results revealed that different accessions of D. villosum showed slightly different signal patterns, indicating that distribution of repeats did not diverge significantly among D. villosum accessions. The two SCAR markers and FISH karyotype of D. villosum could be used for efficient and precise identification of D. villosum chromatin in wheat breeding.

Identification of Novel Chromosomal Aberrations Induced by (60)Co-γ-Irradiation in Wheat-Dasypyrum villosum Lines

Mutations induced by radiation are widely used for developing new varieties of plants. To better understand the frequency and pattern of irradiation-induced chromosomal rearrangements, we irradiated the dry seeds of Chinese Spring (CS)-Dasypyrum villosum nullisomic-tetrasomic (6A/6D) addition (6V) line (2n = 44), WD14, with (60)Co-γ-rays at dosages of 100, 200, and 300 Gy. The M₀ and M₁ generations were analyzed using Feulgen staining and non-denaturing fluorescence in situ hybridization (ND-FISH) by using oligonucleotide probes. Abnormal mitotic behavior and chromosomes with structural changes were observed in the M₀ plants. In all, 39 M₁ plants had structurally changed chromosomes, with the B genome showing the highest frequency of aberrations and tendency to recombine with chromosomes of the D genome. In addition, 19 M₁ plants showed a variation in chromosome number. The frequency of chromosome loss was considerably higher for 6D than for the alien chromosome 6V, indicating that 6D is less stable after irradiation. Our findings suggested that the newly obtained γ-induced genetic materials might be beneficial for future wheat breeding programs and functional gene analyses.

100 Gy 60 Co γ-ray induced novel mutations in tetraploid wheat

10 accessions of tetraploid wheat were radiated with 100 Gy (60)Co γ -ray. The germination energy, germination rate, special characters (secondary tillering, stalk with wax powder, and dwarf), meiotic process, and high-molecular-weight glutenin subunits (HMW-GSs) were observed. Different species has different radiation sensibility. With 1 seed germinated (5%), T. dicoccum (PI434999) is the most sensitive to this dose of radiation. With a seed germination rate of 35% and 40%, this dose also affected T. polonicum (As304) and T. carthlicum (As293). Two mutant dwarf plants, T. turgidum (As2255) 253-10 and T. polonicum (As302) 224-14, were detected. Abnormal chromosome pairings were observed in pollen mother cells of both T. dicoccoides (As835) 237-9 and T. dicoccoides (As838) 239-8 with HMW-GS 1Ax silent in seeds from them. Compared with the unirradiated seed of T. polonicum (As304) CK, a novel HMW-GS was detected in seed of T. polonicum (As304) 230-7 and its electrophoretic mobility was between 1By8 and 1Dy12 which were the HMW-GSs of Chinese Spring. These mutant materials would be resources for wheat breeding.

Genetic algorithm-based efficient feature selection for classification of pre-miRNAs

In order to classify the real/pseudo human precursor microRNA (pre-miRNAs) hairpins with ab initio methods, numerous features are extracted from the primary sequence and second structure of pre-miRNAs. However, they include some redundant and useless features. It is essential to select the most representative feature subset; this contributes to improving the classification accuracy. We propose a novel feature selection method based on a genetic algorithm, according to the characteristics of human pre-miRNAs. The information gain of a feature, the feature conservation relative to stem parts of pre-miRNA, and the redundancy among features are all considered. Feature conservation was introduced for the first time. Experimental results were validated by cross-validation using datasets composed of human real/pseudo pre-miRNAs. Compared with microPred, our classifier miPredGA, achieved more reliable sensitivity and specificity. The accuracy was improved nearly 12%. The feature selection algorithm is useful for constructing more efficient classifiers for identification of real human pre-miRNAs from pseudo hairpins.

Endoscopic removal of foreign bodies in the mentally and physically handicapped

Although foreign bodies of the gastrointestinal tract are common in children, they are rare in the adult. Complications of the foreign bodies are well recognized to be a cause of obstruction, bleeding and perforation of the intestine, or furthermore, they sometimes lead to death unfortunately. On the other hand, it is very difficult to diagnose and treat foreign bodies in the handicapped because of disability of complaining the symptoms. This paper reports a 31-year-old severe handicapped man suffering from foreign bodies in the esophagus and the small intestine, and was successful removed by endoscope.