Central osmotic regulation of sympathetic nerve activity

AIM

In this review, we will focus on the central neural mechanisms that couple osmotic perturbations to changes in sympathetic nerve discharge, and the possible impact these actions have in cardiovascular diseases such as arterial hypertension and congestive heart failure.

RESULTS

Changes in extracellular fluid osmolality lead to specific regulatory responses in defence of body fluid and cardiovascular homeostasis. Systemic hyperosmolality is well known to stimulate thirst and the release of antidiuretic hormone. These responses are largely due to osmosensing neurones in the forebrain lamina terminalis and hypothalamus and are critical elements in a control system that operates to restore body fluid osmolality. An equally important, but less characterized, target of central osmoregulatory processes is the sympathetic nervous system.

CONCLUSION

Understanding the neurobiology of sympathetic responses to changes in osmolality has important implications for body fluid and cardiovascular physiology. By stabilizing osmolality, vascular volume is preserved and thereby relatively normal levels of cardiac output and arterial pressure are maintained.

AT(1)-receptor blockade in the hypothalamic PVN reduces central hyperosmolality-induced renal sympathoexcitation

Autonomic neurons in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) are innervated by osmotic-sensitive regions of the lamina terminalis, receive input from ANG II-containing cells, and express AT(1) ANG II receptors. Therefore, we hypothesized that ANG II actions within the PVN could underlie hyperosmolality-induced increases in renal sympathetic nerve activity (RSNA). In anesthetized baroreceptor-denervated rats, graded concentrations of NaCl (0.30, 0.9, 1.5, and 2.1 osmol/l) were injected (300 microl) centrally via the internal carotid artery (ICA) and produced corresponding increases in mean arterial pressure (MAP) and RSNA. In addition, equivalent hyperosmotic loads (1.5 osmol/l) of NaCl, glucose, and mannitol each significantly (P < 0.05) increased MAP and RSNA. The same stimuli had no effect when administered intravenously. Bilateral PVN microinjections (100 nl) of the AT(1)-receptor antagonist losartan (80 nmol) before osmotic challenge had no effect on resting RSNA but significantly (P < 0.05) reduced RSNA responses to hyperosmotic NaCl (n = 7), glucose (n = 6), and mannitol (n = 6). Increases in RSNA evoked by hyperosmotic NaCl were significantly (P < 0.05) attenuated approximately 20 min after losartan injection and recovered within 60-120 min. In contrast, losartan outside the PVN as well as vehicle (saline) within the PVN failed to alter RSNA responses to ICA hyperosmotic NaCl. Results suggest that elevated RSNA after central sodium/osmotic activation is mediated, at least in part, by a synaptic mechanism involving AT(1)-receptor activation within the PVN.

Exercise performance of Tibetan and Han adolescents at altitudes of 3,417 and 4,300 m

The difference was studied between O2 transport in lifelong Tibetan adolescents and in newcomer Han adolescents acclimatized to high altitude. We measured minute ventilation, maximal O2 uptake, maximal cardiac output, and arterial O2 saturation during maximal exercise, using the incremental exercise technique, at altitudes of 3,417 and 4,300 m. The groups were well matched for age, height, and nutritional status. The Tibetans had been living at the altitudes for a longer period than the Hans (14.5 +/- 0.2 vs. 7.8 +/- 0.8 yr at 3,417 m, P < 0.01; and 14.7 +/- 0.3 vs. 5.3 +/- 0.7 yr at 4,300 m, P < 0.01, respectively). At rest, Tibetans had significantly greater vital capacity and maximal voluntary ventilation than the Hans at both altitudes. At maximal exercise, Tibetans compared with Hans had higher maximal O2 uptake (42.2 +/- 1.7 vs. 36.7 +/- 1.2 ml . min-1 . kg-1 at 3,417 m, P < 0.01; and 36.8 +/- 1.9 vs. 30.0 +/- 1. 4 ml . min-1 . kg-1 at 4,300 m, P < 0.01, respectively) and greater maximal cardiac output (12.8 +/- 0.3 vs. 11.4 +/- 0.2 l/min at 3,417 m, P < 0.01; 11.5 +/- 0.5 vs. 10.0 +/- 0.5 l/min at 4,300 m, P < 0. 05, respectively). Although the differences in arterial O2 saturation between Tibetans and Hans were not significant at rest and during mild exercise, the differences became greater with increases in exercise workload at both altitudes. We concluded that exposure to high altitude from birth to adolescence resulted in an efficient O2 transport and a greater aerobic exercise performance that may reflect a successful adaptation to life at high altitude.

Higher exercise performance and lower VO2max in Tibetan than Han residents at 4,700 m altitude

To examine the hypothesis that the pathway of adaptation to high altitude in natives differs considerably from that in newcomers, we measured maximal O2 uptake (VO2max), minute ventilation, anaerobic threshold (AT), blood lactate, and blood gases during maximal exercise in 17 lifelong Tibetan residents and 14 acclimatized Han Chinese newcomers living at the altitude of 4,700 m. The two groups were similar in age, height, and weight, and the subjects were nonathletes. Although VO2max was significantly lower in the Tibetans than in the Hans (30.4 +/- 1.5 vs. 36.0 +/- 1.9 ml.min-1.kg-1 STPD; P < 0.05), at maximal exercise effort the exercise workload was greater (167.7 +/- 4.2 vs. 150.0 +/- 5.9 W; P < 0.05). The mean AT values (in % VO2max) in the Tibetan and Han subjects were 84.1 and 61.6%, respectively (P < 0.01). Minute ventilation at maximal exercise was significantly lower in the Tibetans than in the Hans (68.4 +/- 3.4 vs. 79.7 +/- 4.1 l/min BTPS; P < 0.05), whereas heart rate at maximal effort was equivalent in the two groups. The Tibetans showed lower blood lactate value than did the Hans both before and at the end of exercise. We conclude that the Tibetan natives have higher exercise performance and AT but lower VO2max and blood lactate concentration than do acclimatized Han newcomers. These results may reflect the effects of genetic or peripheral adaptation factors in the Tibetan natives.

Comparison of clinical outcomes of squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, and adenosquamous carcinoma of the uterine cervix after definitive radiotherapy: a population-based analysis

PURPOSE

To evaluate the clinical outcomes in patients with International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) stage I to IVA squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), adenocarcinoma (AC), and adenosquamous carcinoma (ASC) of the uterine cervix after definitive radiotherapy.

METHODS

Patients with a primary diagnosis of FIGO stage I-IVA SCC, AC, and ASC of the uterine cervix who had undergone definitive beam radiation with implants or isotopes between 1988 and 2013 were identified using the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses were performed to analyze the effect of histologic subtype on cause-specific survival (CSS) and overall survival (OS).

RESULTS

A total of 8751 were identified, and 86.0, 10.6, and 3.4 % of patients were SCC, AC, and ASC, respectively. AC patients were more often well differentiated, while more patients were poorly/undifferentiated in ASC subtype. A higher percentage of AC and ASC patients were stage I, and fewer had stage III compared to SCC. Univariate and multivariate Cox analyses showed that histologic subtype was an independent prognostic factor for CSS and OS. SCC subtype had a better CSS and OS compared to AC and ASC subtype. The survival between AC and ASC had no significant difference. The impact of the histologic subtype on CSS and OS was not affected by FIGO stage and the year of diagnosis.

CONCLUSION

AC and ASC subtypes are independent prognostic factors for cervical cancer patients treated with definitive radiotherapy. AC and ASC subtypes are associated with poor survival outcomes than those with SCC.

Role of nitric oxide in vascular hyper-responsiveness to norepinephrine in hypertensive Dahl rats

OBJECTIVE

To determine whether the abnormal vascular responses observed in salt-sensitive hypertension are caused by an impairment in vascular nitric oxide function.

DESIGN

Isometric tension was measured in aortic rings isolated from Dahl salt-sensitive and salt-resistant rats fed a regular-salt (0.4% NaCl) or a high-salt (8% NaCl) diet, with and without inhibition of endogenous nitric oxide synthesis.

METHODS AND RESULTS

Systolic arterial pressure, measured weekly by the tail-cuff method, increased markedly in DS rats with a high-salt diet but did not increase in the other groups. In aortic rings, norepinephrine evoked dose-dependent contractions which were significantly increased in rings from DS rats with a high-salt diet Pretreatment with Nomega-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, increased the norepinephrine-induced contraction in all groups and abolished differences in contractile responses between high-salt DS rats and the other groups. Acetylcholine induced endothelium-dependent relaxation, which was significantly depressed in high-salt DS rats. L-NAME attenuated the acetylcholine-induced relaxation in all groups and abolished the difference in relaxation response between high-salt DS rats and the other groups. Sodium nitroprusside-induced relaxation was significantly depressed in high-salt DS rats.

CONCLUSIONS

Vascular hypercontractile responses to norepinephrine in DS hypertensive rats can, in part, be explained by an impairment in endothelial nitric oxide production.

Identification and characterization of two functionally distinct groups of spinal cord-projecting paraventricular nucleus neurons with sympathetic-related activity

Activation of spinal cord-projecting neurons of the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) has been implicated in a host of sympathetic nervous system functions. Here, we report two distinct activity patterns among electrophysiologically identified PVN spinal neurons that may contribute to the varied functional responses elicited by PVN activation. Extracellular single-unit recording was performed in anesthetized rats, and PVN neurons were antidromically identified by electrical stimulation of the spinal cord (T1-3 or T10-12). Axonal conduction velocity was determined for each identified neuron and revealed two distinct groups of cells, designated Group I (n=19) and Group II (n=34). Conduction velocity was significantly (P<0.01) different between Group I (3.67+/-0.29 m/s) and Group II (0.45+/-0.01 m/s) cells and indicates that axons of Group I cells are larger and/or more heavily myelinated than those of Group II, which appear to be unmyelinated. The majority of Group I (15/19: 79%) and Group II (23/34: 68%) cells discharged spontaneously. Basal firing rates were significantly different between groups (Group I: 2.7+/-0.85 versus Group II: 1.8+/-0.64 spikes s(-1); P<0.05). Spike-triggered averaging of renal sympathetic nerve activity revealed sympathetic-related discharge among a majority of Group I (11/15:73%) and Group II (17/23: 74%) neurons. In addition, seven of 11 Group I cells showed cardiac-related discharge. Pulse-rhythmic discharge was not detectable in any Group II cells tested (n=17). Among 11 Group I cells tested for barosensitivity, discharge in eight (73%) was graded by changes in mean arterial pressure. None of the 16 Group II cells tested for arterial pressure sensitivity responded.We conclude that the PVN spinal pathway is comprised of at least two functionally distinct cell types. The response profile and activity patterns of Group I cells suggest involvement in regulating vasomotor components of sympathetic outflow. By comparison, the activity of Groups II cells suggests a possible role in non-vasomotor sympathetic control.

L-Arginine improves endothelial function in renal artery of hypertensive Dahl rats

OBJECTIVES

To clarify whether endothelium-derived contracting factor (EDCF) is developed in renal artery of hypertensive Dahl rats and whether prolonged oral L-arginine treatments prevent development of EDCF and hypertension.

DESIGN

The effect of prolonged salt treatment with or without L-arginine on the renal artery was examined.

METHODS AND RESULTS

Dahl salt-sensitive and -resistant rats were fed a 0.4 or an 8% NaCl diet for 4 weeks. High sodium intake increased arterial pressure in Dahl salt-sensitive rats. The rings of renal arteries were suspended for isometric tension recording. Only in the hypertensive rats, more than 1 micromol/l acetylcholine induced an endothelium-dependent contraction response. The contraction was completely inhibited by indomethacin or ONO-3708 [prostaglandin H2 (PGH2)/thromboxane A2 (TXA2) receptor antagonist], and partially inhibited by OKY-046 (TXA2 synthetase inhibitor). Acetylcholine-induced relaxation was significantly depressed in hypertensive rats, which was partially improved by SQ29548 (PGH2/TXA2 receptor antagonist). Oral L-arginine, but not ONO-8809 (orally active PGH2/TXA2 receptor antagonist) treatment, inhibited the contraction and amended the relaxation. The endothelium-independent contraction to TXA2 receptor agonist U46619 and relaxation to nitroprusside were not altered by L-arginine treatment The L-Arginine treatment reduced blood pressure and sodium retention with increases in urinary NO2-/NO3- and cGMP excretion. Hydralazine treatment also inhibited development of EDCF.

CONCLUSIONS

The present results suggest that impaired endothelium-dependent relaxation to acetylcholine is caused in part by induction of EDCF synthesis/release in renal arteries of hypertensive Dahl rats. L-arginine can attenuate sodium retention and development of hypertension, which lead to a decrease in EDCF synthesis in renal arteries.

Type-1.5 superconductivity

We demonstrate the existence of a novel superconducting state in high quality two-component MgB2 single crystalline superconductors where a unique combination of both type-1 (lambda{1}/xi{1}<1/sqrt[2]) and type-2 (lambda{2}/xi{2}>1/sqrt[2]) superconductor conditions is realized for the two components of the order parameter. This condition leads to a vortex-vortex interaction attractive at long distances and repulsive at short distances, which stabilizes unconventional stripe- and gossamerlike vortex patterns that we have visualized in this type-1.5 superconductor using Bitter decoration and also reproduced in numerical simulations.

SB203580, a p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase inhibitor, suppresses the development of endometriosis by down-regulating proinflammatory cytokines and proteolytic factors in a mouse model

BACKGROUND

p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK), a regulator of inflammation, may play a role in the pathogenesis of endometriosis (EM). We studied the effect of SB203580, a p38 MAPK inhibitor, on the development of EM in a mouse model.

METHODS

EM was induced in BALB/c mice by peritoneal injection of endometrium-rich fragments. Mice (n = 15) were injected i.p. for 24 days with SB203580 and 15 mice served as positive controls (EM group). Sham-operated mice received carrier only. Peritoneal fluid (PF) cells were collected for protein/mRNA analysis. Interleukin (IL)-1β, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) and MMP-9 proteins were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and mRNAs by RT-PCR. Phosphorylation of p38 MAPK was evaluated by western blotting.

RESULTS

SB203580 decreased the weight and size (P < 0.05 versus EM) of endometriotic lesions in BALB/c mice. IL-1β, TNF-α, MMP-2 and MMP-9 mRNA levels were decreased in peritoneal cells of the SB203580 versus EM group (P < 0.01, P < 0.05, P < 0.05 and P < 0.05, respectively). Concentrations of IL-1β, TNF-α, MMP-2 and MMP-9 proteins in PF were reduced in the SB203580 versus EM group (P < 0.05, P < 0.01, P < 0.05 and P < 0.05, respectively). Compared with the sham-operated group, phosphorylation of p38 MAPK in the EM group was increased, and this was down-regulated by SB203580 (P < 0.01).

CONCLUSIONS

SB203580 may suppress the development of EM by inhibiting expression of proinflammatory cytokines and proteolytic factors. p38 MAPK might play a key role in progression of EM.

Endothelium-derived contracting factor in carotid artery of hypertensive Dahl rats

The present study is designed to investigate whether acetylcholine (ACh) elicits an endothelium-derived contracting factor (EDCF) and whether it contributes to decreased relaxant response induced by ACh in Dahl rats. Dahl salt-sensitive (DS) and -resistant (DR) rats were fed a 0.4% NaCl or an 8% NaCl diet for 4 weeks. High sodium intake significantly increased blood pressure in DS rats but not in DR rats. The carotid rings were suspended for isometric tension recording. ACh caused an endothelium-dependent contraction in carotid rings from hypertensive DS rats but not from normotensive Dahl rats. Atropine, indomethacin, SQ29548, or ONO-3708 (prostaglandin H(2) [PGH(2)]/thromboxane A(2) [TXA(2)] receptor antagonist) abolished ACh-induced contraction, and OKY-046 (inhibitor of TXA(2) synthetase) partially attenuated the contraction. High sodium intake significantly enhanced contraction evoked by U46619, a PGH(2)/TXA(2) receptor agonist, in both DS and DR rats. In contrast, ACh-induced relaxation was significantly depressed in the rings from hypertensive DS rats, and ONO-3708 partially improved the depressed relaxation. Administration of ONO-8809 (an orally active PGH(2)/TXA(2) receptor antagonist; 30 micrograms per body per day) for 4 weeks neither reduced blood pressure nor improved the depressed ACh-induced relaxation in hypertensive DS rats. These results suggest that ACh causes release of EDCF in carotid rings of hypertensive DS rats, which is likely to be PGH(2) and TXA(2). The EDCF contributed in part to the depressed ACh-induced relaxation.

Biotransformation optimization of betulin into betulinic acid production catalysed by cultured Armillaria luteo-virens Sacc ZJUQH100-6 cells

AIMS

Betulinic acid has attracted attention in terms of its important biological and pharmacological characteristics. The main objective of this work was to optimize the variables of biotransformation process in order to enhance betulinic acid production from betulin catalysed by fungus Armillaria luteo-virens Sacc ZJUQH100-6.

METHODS AND RESULTS

Fractional factorial design and response surface methodology were applied to optimize the main parameters that affect betulinic acid production in the growing-cells system. Results indicated that the addition of Tween 80 and substrate concentration were identified as the significant factors on betulinic acid formation, and the central composite experimental design was then adopted to derive a statistical model for optimizing biotransformation conditions. The optimum conditions were observed at pH 6·0, 0·57% Tween 80, 15 mg l(-1) betulin and at 3 days of stage of inoculation.

CONCLUSIONS

Under the optimized conditions, the highest productivity of betulinic acid predicted was 9·32%, which increased by 74·53% in comparison with that of the nonoptimized. The verified experiment revealed that the model can well simulate betulin biotransformation. Moreover, the bioconversion of betulin and betulin-28-monooxygenase activities was compared between the optimized and the nonoptimized conditions.

SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY

Current data imply that betulinic acid production from betulin can be effectively enhanced through biotransformation optimization strategy.

Sphenoid sinus ectopic pituitary adenomas: CT and MRI findings

Ectopic pituitary adenomas (EPAs) are rare lesions. The purpose of this study was to describe the CT and MRI features of sphenoid sinus EPAs. Eight patients with histology-proven EPAs in the sphenoid sinus, all of whom underwent CT and MRI, were reviewed retrospectively. The following imaging features were analysed: (i) size, (ii) margin, (iii) CT attenuation characteristics and (iv) MRI signal intensity. In addition, the involvement of adjacent structures and the time-intensity curve (TIC) of dynamic contrast-enhanced (DCE) MRI were analysed. All EPAs had well-defined margins and showed no relationship to the intrasellar pituitary gland. The mean size was 28 mm (range, 20-46 mm). On non-enhanced CT, the lesions appeared isodense to grey matter in 7 (88%) patients and hypodense in 1 (12%) patient. Only two patients underwent post-contrast CT, and they showed moderate enhancement. On T1 weighted images, EPAs appeared isointense in 6 (75%) patients and hypointense in 2 (25%). On T2 weighted images, the lesions appeared hyperintense in 2 (25%) patients and isointense in 6 (75%). EPAs showed mild to moderate heterogeneous contrast enhancement and exhibited a cribriform-like appearance. Two patients underwent DCE MRI; the TIC showed a rapidly enhancing and slow washout pattern. The following features were also seen: an empty sella, bone changes and involvement of the cavernous sinus (5 patients; 62.5%). In conclusion, a high index of suspicion for EPA and a familiarity with the imaging findings may help to diagnose this rare entity accurately.

Ultrahigh-energy photons up to 1.4 petaelectronvolts from 12 γ-ray Galactic sources

The extension of the cosmic-ray spectrum beyond 1 petaelectronvolt (PeV; 10¹⁵ electronvolts) indicates the existence of the so-called PeVatrons-cosmic-ray factories that accelerate particles to PeV energies. We need to locate and identify such objects to find the origin of Galactic cosmic rays¹. The principal signature of both electron and proton PeVatrons is ultrahigh-energy (exceeding 100 TeV) γ radiation. Evidence of the presence of a proton PeVatron has been found in the Galactic Centre, according to the detection of a hard-spectrum radiation extending to 0.04 PeV (ref. ²). Although γ-rays with energies slightly higher than 0.1 PeV have been reported from a few objects in the Galactic plane^3-6, unbiased identification and in-depth exploration of PeVatrons requires detection of γ-rays with energies well above 0.1 PeV. Here we report the detection of more than 530 photons at energies above 100 teraelectronvolts and up to 1.4 PeV from 12 ultrahigh-energy γ-ray sources with a statistical significance greater than seven standard deviations. Despite having several potential counterparts in their proximity, including pulsar wind nebulae, supernova remnants and star-forming regions, the PeVatrons responsible for the ultrahigh-energy γ-rays have not yet been firmly localized and identified (except for the Crab Nebula), leaving open the origin of these extreme accelerators.

ZEB1 promotes epithelial-mesenchymal transition in cervical cancer metastasis

OBJECTIVE

To investigate role of Zinc finger E-box binding homeobox 1 (ZEB1) in cervical cancer tissue (squamous cell carcinoma, SCC).

DESIGN

Exploratory study.

SETTING

University hospital.

PATIENT(S)

Sixty patients with SCC, including stage CINIII (n = 10), IB1 (n = 10), IB2 (n = 10), IIA1 (n = 10), IIA2 (n = 10), and IIB (n = 10) were studied.

INTERVENTION(S)

Caski cells were transfected with recombinant shZEB1 lentivirus or shCtrl lentivirus to generate stable ZEB1-knockdown Caski cells.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S)

ZEB1 expression was analyzed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry in cervical cancer tissues. ZEB1 expression in Caski cells was down-regulated by short-hairpin RNA (shRNA) interference, and changes in ZEB1 expression corresponded with changes in the proliferation and migratory ability of Caski cells.

RESULT(S)

Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry results revealed that ZEB1 expression and the ratio of Vimentin to E-cadherin were high in 27 of 50 SCC patients and correlated with advanced International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics stage, tumor size >4 cm, and parametrial invasion. However, the expression of ZEB1 in cervical cancer tissue was independent of age and SCC antigen level. Transfection of ZEB1 shRNA in Caski cells significantly decreased the messenger RNA and protein expression of ZEB1, parallel with increased expression of the epithelial marker E-cadherin and decreased expression of the mesenchymal marker Vimentin. Furthermore, the proliferation and migratory ability of Caski cells were significantly lower in the transfected group than in the nontransfected control group.

CONCLUSION(S)

Down-regulation of ZEB1 expression may protect the invasive front of the tumors from converting to a mesenchymal phenotype by reducing the proliferation and motility of cervical cancer cells, suggesting that ZEB1 might be a potential therapeutic target for SCC.

Peta-electron volt gamma-ray emission from the Crab Nebula

The Crab Nebula is a bright source of gamma rays powered by the Crab Pulsar's rotational energy through the formation and termination of a relativistic electron-positron wind. We report the detection of gamma rays from this source with energies from 5 × 10^-4 to 1.1 peta-electron volts with a spectrum showing gradual steepening over three energy decades. The ultrahigh-energy photons imply the presence of a peta-electron volt electron accelerator (a pevatron) in the nebula, with an acceleration rate exceeding 15% of the theoretical limit. We constrain the pevatron's size between 0.025 and 0.1 parsecs and the magnetic field to ≈110 microgauss. The production rate of peta-electron volt electrons, 2.5 × 10³⁶ ergs per second, constitutes 0.5% of the pulsar spin-down luminosity, although we cannot exclude a contribution of peta-electron volt protons to the production of the highest-energy gamma rays.

Orexin A increases sympathetic nerve activity through promoting expression of proinflammatory cytokines in Sprague Dawley rats

AIM

Accumulating evidence suggests that orexin signalling is involved in the regulation of blood pressure and cardiovascular function. However, the underlying mechanisms are not clear. Here, we test the hypothesis that upregulated orexin A signalling in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) increases sympathetic nerve activity (SNA) through stimulating expression of proinflammatory cytokines (PICs).

METHODS

In vivo sympathetic nerve recordings were performed to test the impact of PVN orexin signalling on sympathetic outflow in Sprague Dawley (SD) rats. Real-time PCR was carried out to assess effects of central administration of orexin A on PVN PICs expression in SD rats. To test whether orexin A-induced increases in PICs were exclusively mediated by orexin receptor 1 (OX1R), OX1R-expressing PC12 (PC12-OX1R) cells were incubated with different dose of orexin A, and then, PICs mRNA and immunoreactivity were measured.

RESULTS

Orexin A microinjection (25 pmol) into the PVN significantly increased splanchnic SNA (93.5%) and renal SNA (83.3%) in SD rats, and these increases were attenuated by OX1R antagonist SB408124. Intracerebroventricular injection of orexin A (0.2 nmol) into SD rats increased mRNA levels of PICs including IL-1-β (2.7-fold), IL-6 (1.7-fold) and TNF-α (1.5-fold), as well as Fra1 (1.6-fold) in the PVN. Orexin A treatment in PC12-OX1R cells resulted in a dose- and time-dependent increase in the expression of PICs and Fra1, a subunit of AP1 transcriptional factor. The increase in the PICs was blocked by AP1 blocker curcumin.

CONCLUSION

Paraventricular nucleus orexin system activation is involved in SNA regulation maybe through triggering AP1-PICs pathway.

The Development of an International Oncofertility Competency Framework: A Model to Increase Oncofertility Implementation

BACKGROUND

Despite international evidence about fertility preservation (FP), several barriers still prevent the implementation of equitable FP practice. Currently, oncofertility competencies do not exist. The aim of this study was to develop an oncofertility competency framework that defines the key components of oncofertility care, develops a model for prioritizing service development, and defines the roles that health care professionals (HCPs) play.

MATERIALS AND METHOD

A quantitative modified Delphi methodology was used to conduct two rounds of an electronic survey, querying and synthesizing opinions about statements regarding oncofertility care with HCPs and patient and family advocacy groups (PFAs) from 16 countries (12 high and 4 middle income). Statements included the roles of HCPs and priorities for service development care across ten domains (communication, oncofertility decision aids, age-appropriate care, referral pathways, documentation, oncofertility training, reproductive survivorship care and fertility-related psychosocial support, supportive care, and ethical frameworks) that represent 33 different elements of care.

RESULTS

The first questionnaire was completed by 457 participants (332 HCPs and 125 PFAs). One hundred and thirty-eight participants completed the second questionnaire (122 HCPs and 16 PFAs). Consensus was agreed on 108 oncofertility competencies and the roles HCPs should play in oncofertility care. A three-tier service development model is proposed, with gradual implementation of different components of care. A total of 92.8% of the 108 agreed competencies also had agreement between high and middle income participants.

CONCLUSION

FP guidelines establish best practice but do not consider the skills and requirements to implement these guidelines. The competency framework gives HCPs and services a structure for the training of HCPs and implementation of care, as well as defining a model for prioritizing oncofertility service development.

IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE

Despite international evidence about fertility preservation (FP), several barriers still prevent the implementation of equitable FP practice. The competency framework gives 108 competencies that will allow health care professionals (HCPs) and services a structure for the development of oncofertility care, as well as define the role HCPs play to provide care and support. The framework also proposes a three-tier oncofertility service development model which prioritizes the development of components of oncofertility care into essential, enhanced, and expert services, giving clear recommendations for service development. The competency framework will enhance the implementation of FP guidelines, improving the equitable access to medical and psychological oncofertility care.

Lipoxin A4 Suppresses Estrogen-Induced Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition via ALXR-Dependent Manner in Endometriosis

OBJECTIVE

Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is essential for embryogenesis, fibrosis, and tumor metastasis. Aberrant EMT phenomenon has been reported in endometriotic tissues of patients with endometriosis (EM). In this study, we further investigated the molecular mechanism of which lipoxin A₄ (LXA₄) suppresses estrogen (E₂)-induced EMT in EM.

STUDY DESIGN

The EMT markers were analyzed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and Western blot in eutopic endometrial epithelial cells (EECs) or investigated by immunohistochemistry and qRT-PCR in endometriotic lesion of EM mice. The invasion and migration under different treatments were assessed by transwell assays with or without Matrigel. The messenger RNA (mRNA) and activities of matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP-2) and MMP-9 were determined by qRT-PCR and gelatin zymography, respectively. Luciferase reporter assay was used to measure the activity of zinc finger E-box binding homeobox 1(ZEB1) promoter. The level of E₂ in endometriotic tissues was assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.

RESULTS

In eutopic EECs, stimulatory effects of E₂ on EMT progress, migration, and invasion were all diminished by LXA₄. Lipoxin A₄ reduced E₂-induced ZEB1 promoter activity. Lipoxin A₄ also attenuated the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase induced by E₂. Co-incubation with Boc-2 rather than DMF antagonized the influence of LXA₄. Animal experiments showed that LXA₄ inhibited the EMT progress, MMP expression, and proteinase activities of endometriotic lesion in an LXA₄ receptor (ALXR) manner, which suppressed the progression of EM. ZEB1 mRNA expression was upregulated and well correlated with E₂ level in human endometrium.

CONCLUSION

Lipoxin A₄ suppresses E₂-induced EMT via ALXR-dependent manner in eutopic EECs, which reveals a novel biological effect of LXA₄ in EM.

Molecular mapping of two cultivar-specific avirulence genes in the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe grisea

Rice blast, caused by the fungus Magnaporthe grisea, is a globally important disease of rice that causes annual yield losses. The segregation of genes controlling the virulence of M. grisea on rice was studied to establish the genetic basis of cultivar specificity in the interaction of rice and M. grisea. The segregation of avirulence and virulence was studied in 87 M. grisea F(1) progeny isolates from a cross of two isolates, Guy11 and JS153, using resistance-gene-differential rice cultivars. The segregation ratio indicated that avirulence and virulence in the rice cultivars Aichi-asahi and K59, respectively, are controlled by single major genes. Genetic analyses of backcrosses and full-sib crosses in these populations were also performed. The chi(2 )test of goodness-of-fitness for a 1:1 ratio indicated that one dominant gene controls avirulence in Aichi-asahi and K59 in this population. Based on the resistance reactions of rice differential lines harboring known resistance genes to the parental isolates, two genetically independent avirulence genes, AVR-Pit and AVR-Pia, were identified. Genetic linkage analysis showed that the SSR marker m355-356 is closely linked to AVR-Pit, on the telomere of chromosome 1 at a distance of approximately 2.3 cM. The RAPD marker S487, which was converted to a sequence-characterized amplified region (SCAR) marker, was found to be closely linked to AVR-Pia, on the chromosome 7 telomere at a distance of 3.5 cM. These molecular markers will facilitate the positional cloning of the two AVR genes, and can be applied to molecular-marker-assisted studies of M. grisea populations.

Lipoxin A4 regulates expression of the estrogen receptor and inhibits 17β-estradiol induced p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphorylation in human endometriotic stromal cells

OBJECTIVE

To study the role of lipoxin A4 (LXA4) in endometriosis.

DESIGN

Molecular analysis in human samples and primary human endometriotic stromal cells (ESCs).

SETTING

University hospital.

PATIENT(S)

Forty-nine premenopausal women (30 patients with endometriosis and 19 controls).

INTERVENTION(S)

Normal and ectopic endometrial biopsies obtained during surgery performed during the proliferative phase of the menstrual cycle; ESCs used for in vitro studies.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S)

Levels of LXA4 measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA); mRNA levels of the estrogen receptor (ER), progestogen receptor (PR), tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), and interleukin 6 (IL-6) quantified by quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR); and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK) phosphorylation evaluated by Western blotting.

RESULT(S)

The LXA4 expression level decreased in ectopic tissue as well as ERα and PR, although the expression of ERβ increased in ectopic endometrium compared with the controls. Investigations with correlation analysis revealed the expression of LXA4 was positively correlated with ERα and negatively correlated with ERβ in vivo. Moreover, administering LXA4 could augment ERβ expression in ESCs and inhibit the 17β-estradiol-induced phosphorylation of p38 MAPK very likely through ERβ.

CONCLUSION(S)

Our findings indicate that LXA4 regulates ERβ expression and inhibits 17β-estradiol-induced phosphorylation of p38 MAPK, very likely through ERβ in ESCs.

Potassium supplementation increases sodium excretion and nitric oxide production in hypertensive Dahl rats

The present study was designed to investigate whether antihypertensive and natriuretic effects of K were achieved by elevation of nitric oxide (NO) production in Dahl salt-sensitive (DS) rats. The rats were placed in individual metabolic cage and fed a high sodium diet with or without K supplementation for 4 weeks. K supplementation counteracted the blood-pressure raising effect of NaCl. K supplementation significantly enhanced sodium excretion and reduced sodium retention, increased the urinary nitrite plus nitrate excretion and kidney constitutive NO synthase activity in salt-loaded DS rats. These effect did not occur in the rats fed a low sodium diet with K supplementation. These results suggest that K supplementation attenuates development of hypertension with reduction of sodium retention in salt-loaded DS rats, which is mediated by the recovery of salt-induced NO production mechanism.

New access to 7,17-seco norditerpenoid alkaloids via reduction of the corresponding 8-chloro derivatives

New access to the 7, 17-seco norditerpenoid alkaloids 9 (60%) from yunnaconitine (5), as well as 14 (46%) and 15 (22%) from isotalatizidine (10), via selective hydrolysis, chlorination and reduction with NaBH4 is described.

Novel products from oxidation of the norditerpenoid alkaloid pseudaconine with HIO4

Oxidation of pseudaconine 8, a norditerpenoid alkaloid, with HIO4 led to a series of novel interesting products, depending greatly on reaction medium and work-up conditions. Treatment of 8 in MeOH-H2O (1:1) with NaIO4 gave compounds 10 and 11, but compound 12 was obtained quantitatively when the final reaction solution was alkalized with conc. NH4OH. The imine 12 was also obtained in 100% yield by treating 8 in 5% HCl solution with NaIO4 followed by alkalizing the reaction products to pH>9 with conc. NH4OH. When the work up pH was 7-8, only N,O-mixed acetal-ketal 13 was formed in 96% yield, which was converted quantitatively to 12 by further alkalizing. When the reaction mixture was alkalized to pH 7-8 with Na2CO3, a hemiacetalketal 14 was afforded quantitatively, which was converted to 15 in 87% yield by further treatment with Na2CO3 or 5% NaOH methanol. Compound 15 could be converted back to 14 by treatment with 10% HCl solution. Acetylation of the imine 12 gave the compounds 16 and 17 in 15% and 19% yields, respectively. All of the new compounds were isolated and fully characterized.