Bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome and survival following lung transplantation for patients with sarcoidosis

BACKGROUND

End-stage sarcoidosis is characterized by severe pulmonary fibrosis and is often poorly responsive to medical therapy. Lung transplantation, therefore, may be the only treatment option. Currently, there are few studies evaluating long-term outcomes following transplantation for these patients. Our aim was to evaluate post-transplant morbidity and survival of patients with sarcoid compared to recipients transplanted for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF).

METHODS

We retrospectively examined 300 lung transplant recipients using a dedicated database. Over a 10-year period, 15 (5.0%) patients with sarcoidosis and 48 (16%) patients with IPF were identified. Primary outcome measures included rate and time to onset of bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome (BOS) and survival.

RESULTS

Recipients in the sarcoid group were younger and predominantly female compared to recipients in the IPF group. Five of 15 (33%) sarcoid patients developed BOS versus 15 of 48 (31%) IPF patients (p=1.0). There was no significant difference in the time to BOS onset. Median survival was 1,365 days for the sarcoid group and 1,593 days for the IPF group (Hazard Ratio 0.94 by Kaplan-Meier analysis; [95% CI] 0.33-2.67; p = 0.90).

CONCLUSIONS

We observe similar long term outcomes following lung transplantation for sarcoid and IPF recipients. Transplantation remains a treatment option for end-stage sarcoidosis, as BOS and survival rates are comparable to IPF.

Influence of a rural primary care clerkship on medical students' intentions to practice in a rural community

The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship of a rural clerkship to medical students' interest in establishing careers in rural communities. The Association of American Medical Colleges Medical School Graduation Questionnaire (GQ) for years 1988 through 1997 was examined to compare the career plans of students graduating from Morehouse School of Medicine (MSM) with those of all students graduating from United States medical schools before the period 1988 through 1992 and after the period 1993 through 1997, after the inception of the rural clerkship at MSM. Select GQ data items examined include student demographics, medical school experiences, and career plans. Statistical analyses were used to compare pre- and post-clerkship responses for MSM students and to compare their responses with the national trends. Results indicate that, following a transition period, MSM students showed an increased preference for a future career in a rural community. A smaller upward trend in the national data was observed. There appears to be an association between the rural clerkship experience at MSM and the stated preferred career choices of the students.

Beta-agonist-induced alterations in organ weights and protein content: comparison of racemic clenbuterol and its enantiomers

Clenbuterol is a relatively selective beta2-adrenergic partial agonist that has bronchodilator activity. This drug has been investigated as a potential countermeasure to microgravity- or disuse-induced skeletal muscle atrophy because of presumed anabolic effects. The purpose of this study was to: 1) analyze the anabolic effect of clenbuterol's (-)-R and (+)-S enantiomers (0.2 mg/kg) on muscles (cardiac and skeletal) and other organs; and 2) compare responses of enantiomers to the racemate (0.4 mg/kg and 1.0 mg/kg). Male Sprague Dawley rats were treated with: a) racemic clenbuterol (rac-clenbuterol, 0.4 or 1.0 mg/kg); b) enantiomers [clenbuterol (-)-R or (+)-S]; or c) vehicle (1.0 mL/kg buffered saline). Anabolic activity was determined by measuring tissue mass and protein content. HPLC teicoplanin chiral stationary phase was used to directly resolve racemic clenbuterol to its individual enantiomers. In skeletal muscle, both enantiomers had equal anabolic activity, and the effects were muscle- and anatomic region-specific in magnitude. Although the enantiomers did not affect the ventricular mass to body weight ratio, clenbuterol (+)-S induced a small but significant increase in ventricular mass. Both clenbuterol enantiomers produced significant increases in skeletal muscle mass, while being less active in producing cardiac ventricular muscle hypertrophy than the racemic mixture.

Role of body fat in the prediction of the metabolic response for immersion in cold water

Several empirical models for predicting the metabolic response to a lowered body temperature have been evaluated against available data of young healthy males immersed in cold water under resting conditions. Nude immersions took place in 20 and 24 degrees C water for 1 h, and clothed immersions took place in 10 and 15 degrees C for 3 h. The data were pooled according to low and high percent body fat (%BF). Decreases in the mean weighted skin temperature (Tsk) ranged from 5.3 to 11.9 degrees C and decreases in the core temperature (Tc) ranged from 0.56 to 1.54 degrees C, while increases in the metabolic rate over the immersion period ranged from 34 to 256 W. Through regression analysis, an inverse relationship between %BF and the metabolic response for a given lowered Tsk and lowered Tc was established. When this relationship was explicitly applied to the models, significant improvements in their predictive capability were found. Variables such as body weight, body surface area, and the rate of change of Tsk were not found to contribute to the predictive capability of the models.