1
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Yang YC, Ciarletta AB, Temple PA, Chung MP, Kovacic S, Witek-Giannotti JS, Leary AC, Kriz R, Donahue RE, Wong GG. Human IL-3 (multi-CSF): identification by expression cloning of a novel hematopoietic growth factor related to murine IL-3. Cell 1986; 47:3-10. [PMID: 3489530 DOI: 10.1016/0092-8674(86)90360-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 578] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
A cDNA clone encoding a novel hematopoietic growth factor activity produced by a gibbon T cell line has been identified using a mammalian cell expression cloning system. The sequence of this cDNA proved to have significant homology to the sequence encoding murine interleukin 3 (IL-3). The human gene, which was readily identified because of its high degree of homology to the gibbon sequence, also displayed significant homology with the murine IL-3 sequence. The recombinant gibbon IL-3 protein proved to have multipotent colony stimulating activity when tested with normal human bone marrow cells, proving that this primate hematopoietin is not only structurally but also functionally related to murine IL-3.
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Comparative Study |
39 |
578 |
2
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Impey S, Smith DM, Obrietan K, Donahue R, Wade C, Storm DR. Stimulation of cAMP response element (CRE)-mediated transcription during contextual learning. Nat Neurosci 1998; 1:595-601. [PMID: 10196567 DOI: 10.1038/2830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 405] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies suggest that the CREB-CRE transcriptional pathway is pivotal in the formation of some types of long-term memory. However, it has not been demonstrated that stimuli that induce learning and memory activate CRE-mediated gene expression. To address this issue, we used a mouse strain transgenic for a CRE-lac Z reporter to examine the effects of hippocampus-dependent learning on CRE-mediated gene expression in the brain. Training for contextual conditioning or passive avoidance led to significant increases in CRE-dependent gene expression in areas CA1 and CA3 of the hippocampus. Auditory cue fear-conditioning, which is amygdala dependent, was associated with increased CRE-mediated gene expression in the amygdala, but not the hippocampus. These data demonstrate that learning in response to behavioral conditioning activates the CRE transcriptional pathway in specific areas of brain.
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27 |
405 |
3
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Donahue RE, Kessler SW, Bodine D, McDonagh K, Dunbar C, Goodman S, Agricola B, Byrne E, Raffeld M, Moen R. Helper virus induced T cell lymphoma in nonhuman primates after retroviral mediated gene transfer. J Exp Med 1992; 176:1125-35. [PMID: 1383375 PMCID: PMC2119385 DOI: 10.1084/jem.176.4.1125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 360] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Moloney Murine Leukemia Virus (MoMuLV) causes T cell neoplasms in rodents but is not known to be a pathogen in primates. The core protein and enzyme genes of the MoMuLV genome together with an amphotropic envelope gene are utilized to engineer the cell lines that generate retroviral vectors for use in current human gene therapy applications. We developed a producer clone that generates a very high concentration of retroviral vector particles to optimize conditions for gene insertion into pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells. This producer cell line also generates a much lower concentration of replication-competent virus that arose through recombination. Stem cells from rhesus monkeys were purified by immunoselection with an anti-CD34 antibody, incubated in vitro for 80-86 h in the presence of retroviral vector particles with accompanying replication-competent virus and used to reconstitute recipients whose bone marrow had been ablated by total body irradiation. The retroviral vector genome was detected in circulating cells of five of eight transplant recipients of CD34+ cells and in the circulating cells of two recipients of infected, unfractionated bone marrow mononuclear cells. Three recipients of CD34+ cells had a productive infection with replication-competent virus. Six or seven mo after transplantation, each of these animals developed a rapidly progressive T cell neoplasm involving the thymus, lymph nodes, liver, spleen, and bone marrow. Lymphoma cells contained 10-50 copies of the replication-competent virus, but lacked the retroviral vector genome. We conclude that replication-competent viruses arising from producer cells making retroviral vectors can be pathogenic in primates, which underscores the importance of carefully screening retroviral producer clones used in human trials to exclude contamination with replication-competent virus.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal
- Antigens, CD/analysis
- Antigens, CD34
- Antigens, Differentiation/analysis
- Base Sequence
- Bone Marrow Transplantation
- Cells, Cultured
- DNA, Neoplasm/genetics
- DNA, Neoplasm/isolation & purification
- DNA, Viral/genetics
- DNA, Viral/isolation & purification
- Genome, Viral
- Globins/genetics
- Helper Viruses/genetics
- Helper Viruses/isolation & purification
- Helper Viruses/pathogenicity
- Lymphoma, T-Cell/blood
- Lymphoma, T-Cell/microbiology
- Lymphoma, T-Cell/pathology
- Macaca mulatta
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Moloney murine leukemia virus/genetics
- Moloney murine leukemia virus/isolation & purification
- Moloney murine leukemia virus/pathogenicity
- Oligodeoxyribonucleotides
- Time Factors
- Transfection
- Virus Replication
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research-article |
33 |
360 |
4
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Donahue RE, Wang EA, Stone DK, Kamen R, Wong GG, Sehgal PK, Nathan DG, Clark SC. Stimulation of haematopoiesis in primates by continuous infusion of recombinant human GM-CSF. Nature 1986; 321:872-5. [PMID: 3487734 DOI: 10.1038/321872a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 294] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Certain proteins are known to play an important part in the proliferation, differentiation and functional activation of haematopoietic progenitor cells in vitro. These proteins include erythropoietin and various colony-stimulating factors (CSFs), one of which is granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF). Recently, both murine and human GM-CSF have been purified to homogeneity and complementary DNAs encoding them have been cloned. Although the in vitro activity of recombinant human GM-CSF has been investigated intensively, little is known about the functional activity of this protein in vivo. There is strong evidence that colony-stimulating activities produced by various human and murine tumour tissues and cell lines can stimulate granulopoiesis in mice, as can human urinary extracts. A partially purified preparation of human urinary colony-stimulating factor, however, proved only marginally effective in stimulating granulopoiesis in humans. All these studies suffer from the lack of a homogeneous preparation of colony-stimulating factor. It has recently been shown that recombinant murine multi-CSF or interleukin-3 can stimulate haematopoiesis in mice in vivo. Large-scale production of recombinant human GM-CSF now permits us to examine its effects in vivo using a primate model. We find that the continuous infusion of GM-CSF in healthy monkeys rapidly elicits a dramatic leukocytosis and a substantial reticulocytosis. A similar effect has been observed in one pancytopenic, immunodeficient rhesus macaque. These results suggest that GM-CSF could prove useful in several clinical situations.
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39 |
294 |
5
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Sieff CA, Emerson SG, Donahue RE, Nathan DG, Wang EA, Wong GG, Clark SC. Human recombinant granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor: a multilineage hematopoietin. Science 1985; 230:1171-3. [PMID: 3877981 DOI: 10.1126/science.3877981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 229] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Human recombinant granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) was tested for its ability to induce colony formation in human bone marrow that had been enriched for progenitor cells. In addition to its expected granulocyte-monocyte colony-stimulating activity, the recombinant GM-CSF had burst-promoting activity for erythroid burst-forming units and also stimulated colonies derived from multipotent (mixed) progenitors. In contrast, recombinant erythroid-potentiating activity did not stimulate erythroid progenitors. The experiments prove that human GM-CSF has multilineage colony-stimulating activity.
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40 |
229 |
6
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Bunnell BA, Muul LM, Donahue RE, Blaese RM, Morgan RA. High-efficiency retroviral-mediated gene transfer into human and nonhuman primate peripheral blood lymphocytes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1995; 92:7739-43. [PMID: 7644487 PMCID: PMC41221 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.92.17.7739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) are primary targets for gene therapy of inherited and acquired disorders of the immune system. We describe the development of an optimized transduction system that provides for high-efficiency retrovirus-mediated gene transfer into primary PBLs. This optimized transduction protocol combines centrifugation of the lymphocytes (1000 x g) at the inception of transduction with phosphate depletion, low-temperature incubation (32 degrees C), and the use of the packaging cell line PG13. Gene marking studies of human and primate PBLs using these optimized transduction conditions demonstrated that the transduction efficiency exceeded 50% of the total lymphocyte population. The optimized transduction efficiency of PBLs with amphotropic retroviral vectors was in excess of 25%. The transduction procedure does not alter phenotype, viability, or expansion of the transduced cells. Our data indicate that this optimized transduction system leads to high-efficiency gene transfer into primary human lymphocytes, which obviates the requirement for selection of transduced cells prior to gene-therapy procedures. Thus, large quantities of healthy retrovirally transduced lymphocytes containing a broad immunological repertoire can be generated for use in clinical protocols. Our results represent a significant improvement in the methodology for the transduction of lymphocytes for gene therapy.
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research-article |
30 |
212 |
7
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Donahue RE, Seehra J, Metzger M, Lefebvre D, Rock B, Carbone S, Nathan DG, Garnick M, Sehgal PK, Laston D. Human IL-3 and GM-CSF act synergistically in stimulating hematopoiesis in primates. Science 1988; 241:1820-3. [PMID: 3051378 DOI: 10.1126/science.3051378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin-3 (IL-3) is a member of a family of growth factors, each of which supports the proliferation and development of hematopoietic precursors in culture. Although the biologic effects of the different hematopoietic growth factors have been well documented in different culture systems, it has only recently become possible to study the activities of these molecules in vivo. In comparison with the later acting hematopoietic growth factors granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, IL-3 elicited a delayed and relatively modest leukocytosis when continuously infused intravenously in primates. The IL-3 infusion, however, greatly potentiated the responsiveness of the animal to subsequent administration of a low dose of GM-CSF. These results suggest that IL-3 expands an early cell population in vivo that subsequently requires the action of a later acting factor such as GM-CSF to complete its development. Optimal stimulation of hematopoiesis may be achieved with combinations of hematopoietic growth factors.
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37 |
209 |
8
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Hughes GH, Cutter G, Donahue R, Friedman GD, Hulley S, Hunkeler E, Jacobs DR, Liu K, Orden S, Pirie P. Recruitment in the Coronary Artery Disease Risk Development in Young Adults (Cardia) Study. CONTROLLED CLINICAL TRIALS 1987; 8:68S-73S. [PMID: 3440391 DOI: 10.1016/0197-2456(87)90008-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Coronary Artery Disease Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) is a longitudinal study designed to trace the development of risk factors for coronary heart disease in 5100 individuals 18-30 years old. The study will compare, by cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses, trends and processes involved in risk factor development by sex, race, age, and other sociodemographic characteristics. Participants for the approximately 4 1/2-hour baseline examination were randomly selected and recruited by telephone from census tracts in Minneapolis and Chicago, by telephone exchanges within the Birmingham city limit, and from lists of the Kaiser-Permanente Health Plan membership in Oakland and Berkeley. A major issue was the desirability of sampling approximately equal numbers by age, race, sex, and education as compared with sampling numbers representative of the population base. The recruitment goal of 5100 was achieved on schedule.
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38 |
196 |
9
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Donahue RE, Johnson MM, Zon LI, Clark SC, Groopman JE. Suppression of in vitro haematopoiesis following human immunodeficiency virus infection. Nature 1987; 326:200-3. [PMID: 2434864 DOI: 10.1038/326200a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Viral infections are frequently associated with haematological disorders. Abnormalities including leukopenia, anaemia and thrombocytopenia are commonly observed in patients with the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) or the AIDS-related complex (ARC). The underlying cause of these haematological abnormalities is poorly understood. We report here that bone marrow progenitors isolated from AIDS or ARC patients are responsive to recombinant human granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (rGM-CSF) and recombinant erythropoietin. Antibodies present in the serum of patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), however, could suppress the growth of these progenitors, but not the growth of progenitors from HIV seronegative controls. A component of this immune-mediated suppression appears to be antibodies directed towards the envelope glycoprotein (gp120) of HIV.
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38 |
156 |
10
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Dunbar CE, Seidel NE, Doren S, Sellers S, Cline AP, Metzger ME, Agricola BA, Donahue RE, Bodine DM. Improved retroviral gene transfer into murine and Rhesus peripheral blood or bone marrow repopulating cells primed in vivo with stem cell factor and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1996; 93:11871-6. [PMID: 8876230 PMCID: PMC38151 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.93.21.11871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
In previous studies we showed that 5 days of treatment with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) and stem cell factor (SCF) mobilized murine repopulating cells to the peripheral blood (PB) and that these cells could be efficiently transduced with retroviral vectors. We also found that, 7-14 days after cytokine treatment, the repopulating ability of murine bone marrow (BM) increased 10-fold. In this study we examined the efficiency of gene transfer into cytokine-primed murine BM cells and extended our observations to a nonhuman primate autologous transplantation model. G-CSF/SCF-primed murine BM cells collected 7-14 days after cytokine treatment were equivalent to post-5-fluorouracil BM or G-CSF/SCF-mobilized PB cells as targets for retroviral gene transfer. In nonhuman primates, CD34-enriched PB cells collected after 5 days of G-CSF/SCF treatment and CD34-enriched BM cells collected 14 days later were superior targets for retroviral gene transfer. When a clinically approved supernatant infection protocol with low-titer vector preparations was used, monkeys had up to 5% of circulating cells containing the vector for up to a year after transplantation. This relatively high level of gene transfer was confirmed by Southern blot analysis. Engraftment after transplantation using primed BM cells was more rapid than that using steady-state bone marrow, and the fraction of BM cells saving the most primitive CD34+/CD38- or CD34+/CD38dim phenotype increased 3-fold. We conclude that cytokine priming with G-CSF/SCF may allow collection of increased numbers of primitive cells from both the PB and BM that have improved susceptibility to retroviral transduction, with many potential applications in hematopoietic stem cell-directed gene therapy.
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MESH Headings
- ADP-ribosyl Cyclase
- ADP-ribosyl Cyclase 1
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1/biosynthesis
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1/genetics
- Animals
- Antigens, CD
- Antigens, CD34/analysis
- Antigens, Differentiation/analysis
- Bone Marrow
- Cell Line
- Cells, Cultured
- Drug Resistance, Multiple/genetics
- Female
- Genetic Vectors
- Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor/pharmacology
- Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation
- Hematopoietic Stem Cells
- Humans
- Kanamycin Kinase
- Macaca mulatta
- Membrane Glycoproteins
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Mutant Strains
- N-Glycosyl Hydrolases/analysis
- Phosphotransferases (Alcohol Group Acceptor)/biosynthesis
- Rats
- Recombinant Proteins/pharmacology
- Retroviridae
- Stem Cell Factor/pharmacology
- Stem Cells
- Transfection/methods
- Transplantation, Autologous
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research-article |
29 |
138 |
11
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Nienhuis AW, Donahue RE, Karlsson S, Clark SC, Agricola B, Antinoff N, Pierce JE, Turner P, Anderson WF, Nathan DG. Recombinant human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) shortens the period of neutropenia after autologous bone marrow transplantation in a primate model. J Clin Invest 1987; 80:573-7. [PMID: 3301903 PMCID: PMC442271 DOI: 10.1172/jci113106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The effect of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) on hematopoietic reconstitution after autologous bone marrow transplantation was evaluated in a primate model. Animals were given a continuous intravenous infusion of recombinant human GM-CSF for several days both before and after transplantation or only after the transplant procedure. Marrow ablation was accomplished by total body irradiation. In both groups of animals, the neutrophil count reached 1,000/mm3 by 8-9 d posttransplant compared with an interval of 17 and 24 d for two concurrent controls. After withdrawal of GM-CSF, neutrophil counts fell to values comparable to those observed in untreated controls. Accelerated recovery of platelet production was also observed in four of the five animals. Two additional animals were initially given GM-CSF several weeks posttransplantation because of inadequate engraftment. Prompt and sustained increases in neutrophil and platelet counts were observed. We conclude that GM-CSF may be useful in accelerating bone marrow reconstitution.
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research-article |
38 |
123 |
12
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Wu T, Kim HJ, Sellers SE, Meade KE, Agricola BA, Metzger ME, Kato I, Donahue RE, Dunbar CE, Tisdale JF. Prolonged high-level detection of retrovirally marked hematopoietic cells in nonhuman primates after transduction of CD34+ progenitors using clinically feasible methods. Mol Ther 2000; 1:285-93. [PMID: 10933944 DOI: 10.1006/mthe.2000.0034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Low-level retroviral transduction and engraftment of hematopoietic long-term repopulating cells in large animals and humans remain primary obstacles to the successful application of hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) gene transfer in humans. Recent studies have reported improved efficiency by including stromal cells (STR), or the fibronectin fragment CH-296 (FN), and various cytokines such as flt3 ligand (FLT) during ex vivo culture and transduction in nonhuman primates. In this work, we extend our studies using the rhesus competitive repopulation model to further explore optimal and clinically feasible peripheral blood (PB) progenitor cell transduction methods. First, we compared transduction in the presence of either preformed autologous STR or immobilized FN. Long-term clinically relevant gene marking levels in multiple hematopoietic lineages from both conditions were demonstrated in vivo by semiquantitative PCR, colony PCR, and genomic Southern blotting, suggesting that FN could replace STR in ex vivo transduction protocols. Second, we compared transduction on FN in the presence of IL-3, IL-6, stem cell factor (SCF), and FLT (our best cytokine combination in prior studies) with a combination of megakaryocyte growth and development factor (MGDF), SCF, and FLT. Gene marking levels were equivalent in these animals, with no significant effect on retroviral gene transfer efficiency assessed in vivo by the replacement of IL-3 and IL-6 with MGDF. Our results indicate that SCF/G-CSF-mobilized PB CD34+ cells are transduced with equivalent efficiency in the presence of either STR or FN, with stable long-term marking of multiple lineages at levels of 10-15% and transient marking as high as 54%. These results represent an advance in the field of HSC gene transfer using methods easily applied in the clinical setting.
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25 |
99 |
13
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An DS, Wersto RP, Agricola BA, Metzger ME, Lu S, Amado RG, Chen IS, Donahue RE. Marking and gene expression by a lentivirus vector in transplanted human and nonhuman primate CD34(+) cells. J Virol 2000; 74:1286-95. [PMID: 10627539 PMCID: PMC111463 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.74.3.1286-1295.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, gene delivery vectors based on human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) have been developed as an alternative mode of gene delivery. These vectors have a number of advantages, particularly in regard to the ability to infect cells which are not actively dividing. However, the use of vectors based on human immunodeficiency virus raises a number of issues, not the least of which is safety; therefore, further characterization of marking and gene expression in different hematopoietic lineages in primate animal model systems is desirable. We use two animal model systems for gene therapy to test the efficiency of transduction and marking, as well as the safety of these vectors. The first utilizes the rhesus animal model for cytokine-mobilized autologous peripheral blood CD34(+) cell transplantation. The second uses the SCID-human (SCID-hu) thymus/liver chimeric graft animal model useful specifically for human T-lymphoid progenitor cell reconstitution. In the rhesus macaques, detectable levels of vector were observed in granulocytes, lymphocytes, monocytes, and, in one animal with the highest levels of marking, erythrocytes and platelets. In transplanted SCID-hu mice, we directly compared marking and gene expression of the lentivirus vector and a murine leukemia virus-derived vector in thymocytes. Marking was observed at comparable levels, but the lentivirus vector bearing an internal cytomegalovirus promoter expressed less efficiently than did the murine retroviral vector expressed from its own long terminal repeats. In assays for infectious HIV type 1 (HIV-1), no replication-competent HIV-1 was detected in either animal model system. Thus, these results indicate that while lentivirus vectors have no apparent deleterious effects and may have advantages over murine retroviral vectors, further study of the requirements for optimal use are warranted.
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research-article |
25 |
90 |
14
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Persons DA, Allay JA, Riberdy JM, Wersto RP, Donahue RE, Sorrentino BP, Nienhuis AW. Use of the green fluorescent protein as a marker to identify and track genetically modified hematopoietic cells. Nat Med 1998; 4:1201-5. [PMID: 9771757 DOI: 10.1038/2704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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27 |
89 |
15
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Miller JL, Donahue RE, Sellers SE, Samulski RJ, Young NS, Nienhuis AW. Recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV)-mediated expression of a human gamma-globin gene in human progenitor-derived erythroid cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1994; 91:10183-7. [PMID: 7524085 PMCID: PMC44982 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.91.21.10183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Effective gene therapy for the severe hemoglobin (Hb) disorders, sickle-cell anemia and thalassemia, will require an efficient method to transfer, integrate, and express a globin gene in primary erythroid cells. To evaluate recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) for this purpose, we constructed a rAAV vector encoding a human gamma-globin gene (pJM24/vHS432A gamma). Its 4725-nucleotide genome consists of two 180-bp AAV inverted terminal repeats flanking the core elements of hypersensitive sites 2, 3, and 4 from the locus control region of the beta-globin gene cluster, linked to a mutationally marked A gamma-globin gene (A gamma) containing native promoter and RNA processing signals. CD34+ human hematopoietic cells were exposed to rAAV particles at a multiplicity of infection of 500-1000 and cultured in semisolid medium containing several cytokines. A reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction assay distinguished mRNA signals derived from transduced and endogenous human gamma-globin genes. Twenty to 40% of human erythroid burst-forming unit-derived colonies expressed the rAAV-transduced A gamma-globin gene at levels 4-71% that of the endogenous gamma-globin genes. The HbF content of pooled control colonies was 26%, whereas HbF was 40% of the total in pooled colonies derived from rAAV transduced progenitors. These data establish that rAAV containing elements from the locus control region linked to a gamma-globin gene are capable of transferring and expressing that gene in primary human hematopoietic cells resulting in a substantial increase in HbF content.
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research-article |
31 |
84 |
16
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Takatoku M, Sellers S, Agricola BA, Metzger ME, Kato I, Donahue RE, Dunbar CE. Avoidance of stimulation improves engraftment of cultured and retrovirally transduced hematopoietic cells in primates. J Clin Invest 2001; 108:447-55. [PMID: 11489938 PMCID: PMC209360 DOI: 10.1172/jci12593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent reports suggest that cells in active cell cycle have an engraftment defect compared with quiescent cells. We used nonhuman primates to investigate this finding, which has direct implications for clinical transplantation and gene therapy applications. Transfer of rhesus CD34(+) cells to culture in stem cell factor (SCF) on the CH-296 fibronectin fragment (FN) after 4 days of culture in stimulatory cytokines maintained cell viability but decreased cycling. Using retroviral marking with two different gene transfer vectors, we compared the engraftment potential of cytokine-stimulated cells versus those transferred to nonstimulatory conditions (SCF on FN alone) before reinfusion. In vivo competitive repopulation studies showed that the level of marking originating from the cells continued in culture for 2 days with SCF on FN following a 4-day stimulatory transduction was significantly higher than the level of marking coming from cells transduced for 4 days and reinfused without the 2-day culture under nonstimulatory conditions. We observed stable in vivo overall gene marking levels of up to 29%. This approach may allow more efficient engraftment of transduced or ex vivo expanded cells by avoiding active cell cycling at the time of reinfusion.
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research-article |
24 |
84 |
17
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Donahue RE, Dunbar CE. Update on the use of nonhuman primate models for preclinical testing of gene therapy approaches targeting hematopoietic cells. Hum Gene Ther 2001; 12:607-17. [PMID: 11426461 DOI: 10.1089/104303401300057289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Transfer of genes into hematopoietic stem cells or primary lymphocytes has been a primary focus of the gene therapy field for more than a decade because of the wide variety of congenital and acquired diseases that potentially could be cured by successful gene transfer into these cell populations. However, despite success in murine models and in vitro, progress has been slow, and early clinical trials were disappointing due to inefficient gene transfer into long-term repopulating cells. The unique predictive value of nonhuman primate or other large animal models has become more apparent, and major advances in gene transfer efficiency have been made by utilizing these powerful but expensive and complex systems. This review summarizes more recent findings from nonhuman primate investigations focusing on hematopoietic stem cells or lymphocytes as target populations, and highlights specific preclinical issues, including safety. Results from studies using standard retroviral vectors, lentiviral vectors, adenoviral vectors, and adeno-associated viral vectors are discussed. Judicious application of these models should continue to be a priority, and advances should now be tested in proof-of-concept clinical trials.
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Review |
24 |
69 |
18
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McFadden CS, Donahue R, Hadland BK, Weston R. A molecular phylogenetic analysis of reproductive trait evolution in the soft coral genus Alcyonium. Evolution 2001; 55:54-67. [PMID: 11263746 DOI: 10.1111/j.0014-3820.2001.tb01272.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The soft coral genus Alcyonium is among the most reproductively diverse invertebrate taxa known: The genus includes species that vary both in mode of reproduction (including broadcast spawners, internal brooders, and external brooders) and sexual expression (gonochores, hermaphrodites, and a unisexual parthenogen). Such diversity offers a unique opportunity to examine associations between reproductive and morphological traits in a phylogenetic context. We used an approximately 900-bp sequence of the nuclear ribosomal gene complex spanning the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions to construct a molecular phylogeny for 14 European and North American species of Alcyonium onto which we mapped the known distribution of reproductive and morphological traits. The phylogeny suggests that hermaphroditism or parthenogenesis has evolved independently at least twice in this genus, and always in internally brooding species. Broadcast spawning and external brooding only occur in species with large colony size, whereas all species with small colony size brood their larvae internally. Internal brooding and small size appear to be ancestral in this genus; if this is the case, an association between broadcast spawning and large colony size has evolved independently in at least two clades. This tendency of small adults to brood their larvae while large adults broadcast spawn them into the plankton has been observed in a variety of solitary invertebrate taxa, but to date has not been documented in any other colonial invertebrates. Moreoever, it has been suggested that organisms with a colonial growth form should not experience the allometric constraints on brood space that have been proposed to explain the association between adult size and mode of reproduction in solitary organisms. Unlike many other colonial groups, however, module (polyp) size is strongly correlated with colony size in Alcyonium, and constraints on brooding may be imposed by module, rather than colony, allometry. The very close genetic relationship (< 1% sequence divergence) and shared polymorphisms among A. digitatum (a large, gonochoric broadcast spawner), A. siderium, and A. sp. A (intermediate-sized and small hermaphroditic, internal brooders) suggest that evolutionary transitions between broadcast spawning and brooding and between gonochorism and hermaphroditism can occur easily and rapidly in this group.
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Huhn RD, Tisdale JF, Agricola B, Metzger ME, Donahue RE, Dunbar CE. Retroviral marking and transplantation of rhesus hematopoietic cells by nonmyeloablative conditioning. Hum Gene Ther 1999; 10:1783-90. [PMID: 10446918 DOI: 10.1089/10430349950017464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to engraft significant numbers of genetically modified hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells without the requirement for fully myeloablative conditioning therapy is a highly desirable goal for the treatment of many nonmalignant hematologic disorders. The aims of this study were to examine, in nonhuman primates (rhesus), (1) the effects of pretreatment of host animals with cytokines (G-CSF and SCF), i.e., before nonmyeloablative irradiation, on the degree and duration of neo gene marking of circulating leukocytes after autologous cell reinfusion and (2) to compare transduction of primitive hematopoietic target cells in the presence of our standard transduction cytokine combination of IL-3, IL-6, and stem cell factor (SCF) and in the presence of an alternative combination containing SCF, G-CSF, and the thrombopoietin analog MGDF. Cytokine-mobilized rhesus peripheral blood progenitor/stem cells (PBSCs) were enriched for CD34+ cells and transduced with neo vectors (either G1Na or LNL6) for 96 hr in cultures containing rhIL-3, rhIL-6, and rhSCF or MGDF, rhSCF, and rhG-CSF and cryopreserved. Four animals underwent minimal myeloablative conditioning with 500 cGy irradiation with or without pretreatment with SCF and G-CSF, followed by reinfusion of the cryopreserved cells on the subsequent day. Neutrophil nadirs (< or =500/mm3) were 0-3 days in duration; there were no significant periods of severe thrombocytopenia. Marking of circulating granulocytes and mononuclear cells was extensive and durable in all animals (exceeding 12% in the mononuclear cells of one animal) and persisted beyond the final sampling time in all animals (up to 33 weeks). No difference in extent or duration of marking was attributable to either cytokine presensitization of recipients prior to irradiation, or to the substitution of MDGF and G-CSF for IL-3 and IL-6 during transduction.
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Jamerson BD, Nides M, Jorenby DE, Donahue R, Garrett P, Johnston JA, Fiore MC, Rennard SI, Leischow SJ. Late-term smoking cessation despite initial failure: an evaluation of bupropion sustained release, nicotine patch, combination therapy, and placebo. Clin Ther 2001; 23:744-52. [PMID: 11394732 DOI: 10.1016/s0149-2918(01)80023-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of long-term use of bupropion sustained release (SR), the nicotine patch, and the combination of these 2 treatments in patients who initially failed treatment. METHODS This was a post hoc analysis of a multicenter, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial in 893 smokers. Patients were randomly assigned to 9 weeks of treatment with placebo (n = 160), bupropion SR (n = 244), nicotine patch (n = 244), or a combination of nicotine patch and bupropion SR (n = 245). The study was originally designed with a follow-up period of 52 weeks. In this analysis, short-term success was defined as smoking cessation after 14 or 21 days of therapy and long-term success was defined as smoking cessation after >21 days of therapy. Patients who did not achieve short-term success were evaluated for long-term success at week 9 (end of treatment), 6 months, and 1 year after the start of the study. RESULTS The mean age of the smokers was 44 years. The majority (93%) of patients were white, and 52% were female. The study subjects smoked an average of 27 cigarettes per day. Among the 467 patients who initially failed treatment in the first 3 weeks, treatment with bupropion SR alone and in combination with the nicotine patch produced significant increases in successful smoking cessation rates from weeks 4 to 9 (19% bupropion SR or combination, 7% nicotine patch, 7% placebo), at month 6 (11% bupropion SR, 13% combination, 2% nicotine patch, 3% placebo), and at month 12 (10% bupropion SR, 7% combination, 2% nicotine patch, 1% placebo) (P < 0.05 for bupropion SR and combination vs nicotine patch or placebo). CONCLUSION Among patients who initially failed treatment, continued therapy with bupropion SR, either alone or in combination with the nicotine patch, resulted in significantly higher short- and long-term smoking cessation rates than treatment with the nicotine patch alone or placebo.
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Wersto RP, Rosenthal ER, Seth PK, Eissa NT, Donahue RE. Recombinant, replication-defective adenovirus gene transfer vectors induce cell cycle dysregulation and inappropriate expression of cyclin proteins. J Virol 1998; 72:9491-502. [PMID: 9811682 PMCID: PMC110446 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.72.12.9491-9502.1998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
First-generation adenovirus (Ad) vectors that had been rendered replication defective by removal of the E1 region of the viral genome (DeltaE1) or lacking the Ad E3 region in addition to E1 sequences (DeltaE1DeltaE3) induced G2 cell cycle arrest and inhibited traverse across G1/S in primary and immortalized human bronchial epithelial cells. Cell cycle arrest was independent of the cDNA contained in the expression cassette and was associated with the inappropriate expression and increase in cyclin A, cyclin B1, cyclin D, and cyclin-dependent kinase p34(cdc2) protein levels. In some instances, infection with DeltaE1 or DeltaE1 DeltaE3 Ad vectors produced aneuploid DNA histogram patterns and induced polyploidization as a result of successive rounds of cell division without mitosis. Cell cycle arrest was absent in cells infected with a second-generation DeltaE1Ad vector in which all of the early region E4 except the sixth open reading frame was also deleted. Consequently, E4 viral gene products present in DeltaE1 or DeltaE1 DeltaE3 Ad vectors induce G2 growth arrest, which may pose new and unintended consequences for human gene transfer and gene therapy.
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An DS, Kung SK, Bonifacino A, Wersto RP, Metzger ME, Agricola BA, Mao SH, Chen IS, Donahue RE. Lentivirus vector-mediated hematopoietic stem cell gene transfer of common gamma-chain cytokine receptor in rhesus macaques. J Virol 2001; 75:3547-55. [PMID: 11264344 PMCID: PMC114846 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.75.8.3547-3555.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonhuman primate model systems of autologous CD34+ cell transplant are the most effective means to assess the safety and capabilities of lentivirus vectors. Toward this end, we tested the efficiency of marking, gene expression, and transplant of bone marrow and peripheral blood CD34+ cells using a self-inactivating lentivirus vector (CS-Rh-MLV-E) bearing an internal murine leukemia virus long terminal repeat derived from a murine retrovirus adapted to replicate in rhesus macaques. In vitro cytokine stimulation was not required to achieve efficient transduction of CD34+ cells resulting in marking and gene expression of the reporter gene encoding enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) following transplant of the CD34+ cells. Monkeys transplanted with mobilized peripheral blood CD34+ cells resulted in EGFP expression in 1 to 10% of multilineage peripheral blood cells, including red blood cells and platelets, stable for 15 months to date. The relative level of gene expression utilizing this vector is 2- to 10-fold greater than that utilizing a non-self-inactivating lentivirus vector bearing the cytomegalovirus immediate-early promoter. In contrast, in animals transplanted with autologous bone marrow CD34+ cells, multilineage EGFP expression was evident initially but diminished over time. We further tested our lentivirus vector system by demonstrating gene transfer of the human common gamma-chain cytokine receptor gene (gamma(c)), deficient in X-linked SCID patients and recently successfully used to treat disease. Marking was 0.42 and.001 HIV-1 vector DNA copy per 100 cells in two animals. To date, all EGFP- and gamma(c)-transplanted animals are healthy. This system may prove useful for expression of therapeutic genes in human hematopoietic cells.
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Heim DA, Hanazono Y, Giri N, Wu T, Childs R, Sellers SE, Muul L, Agricola BA, Metzger ME, Donahue RE, Tisdale JF, Dunbar CE. Introduction of a xenogeneic gene via hematopoietic stem cells leads to specific tolerance in a rhesus monkey model. Mol Ther 2000; 1:533-44. [PMID: 10933978 DOI: 10.1006/mthe.2000.0072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Host immune responses against foreign transgenes may be a major obstacle to successful gene therapy. To clarify the impact of an immune response to foreign transgene products on the survival of genetically modified cells, we studied the in vivo persistence of cells transduced with a vector expressing a foreign transgene compared to cells transduced with a nonexpressing vector in the clinically predictive rhesus macaque model. We constructed retroviral vectors containing the neomycin phosphotransferase gene (neo) sequences modified to prevent protein expression (nonexpressing vectors). Rhesus monkey lymphocytes or hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) were transduced with nonexpressing and neo-expressing vectors followed by reinfusion, and their in vivo persistence was studied. While lymphocytes transduced with a nonexpressing vector could be detected for more than 1 year, lymphocytes transduced with a neo-expressing vector were no longer detectable within several weeks of infusion. However, five of six animals transplanted with HSCs transduced with nonexpression or neo-expression vectors, and progeny lymphocytes marked with either vector persisted for more than 2 years. Furthermore, in recipients of transduced HSCs, infusion of mature lymphocytes transduced with a second neo-expressing vector did not result in elimination of the transduced lymphocytes. Our data show that introduction of a xenogeneic gene via HSCs induces tolerance to the foreign gene products. HSC gene therapy is therefore suitable for clinical applications where long-term expression of a therapeutic or foreign gene is required.
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Donahue RE, Wang EA, Kaufman RJ, Foutch L, Leary AC, Witek-Giannetti JS, Metzger M, Hewick RM, Steinbrink DR, Shaw G. Effects of N-linked carbohydrate on the in vivo properties of human GM-CSF. COLD SPRING HARBOR SYMPOSIA ON QUANTITATIVE BIOLOGY 1986; 51 Pt 1:685-92. [PMID: 3495394 DOI: 10.1101/sqb.1986.051.01.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Segraves RT, Kavoussi R, Hughes AR, Batey SR, Johnston JA, Donahue R, Ascher JA. Evaluation of sexual functioning in depressed outpatients: a double-blind comparison of sustained-release bupropion and sertraline treatment. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2000; 20:122-8. [PMID: 10770448 DOI: 10.1097/00004714-200004000-00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Sexual dysfunction is a frequently reported side effect of many antidepressants, including serotonin reuptake inhibitors. Bupropion, an antidepressant of the aminoketone class, is relatively free of adverse sexual effects. In a randomized, double-blind, multicenter trial, sustained-release bupropion (bupropion SR) and sertraline, a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, were found to be similarly efficacious in the treatment of outpatients with moderate to severe depression. This report describes the results of a double-blind comparison of the sexual side effect profiles of bupropion SR and sertraline. Two hundred forty-eight patients who had received a diagnosis of moderate to severe major depression were randomly assigned to receive treatment with bupropion SR (100-300 mg/day) or sertraline (50-200 mg/day) for 16 weeks. Eligible patients were required to be in a stable relationship and to have normal sexual functioning. Sexual functioning was assessed by the investigator at each clinic visit using investigator-rated structured interviews. A significantly greater percentage of sertraline-treated patients (63% and 41% of men and women, respectively) developed sexual dysfunction compared with bupropion SR-treated patients (15% and 7%, respectively). Sexual dysfunction was noted as early as day 7 in sertraline-treated patients at a dose of 50 mg/day and persisted until the end of the 16-week treatment phase. Four patients, all of whom were treated with sertraline, discontinued from the study prematurely because of sexual dysfunction. Given the similar efficacy of the two drugs in treating depression, bupropion SR may be a more appropriate antidepressant choice than sertraline in patients for whom sexual dysfunction is a concern.
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