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Connerney JEP, Adriani A, Allegrini F, Bagenal F, Bolton SJ, Bonfond B, Cowley SWH, Gerard JC, Gladstone GR, Grodent D, Hospodarsky G, Jorgensen JL, Kurth WS, Levin SM, Mauk B, McComas DJ, Mura A, Paranicas C, Smith EJ, Thorne RM, Valek P, Waite J. Jupiter's magnetosphere and aurorae observed by the Juno spacecraft during its first polar orbits. Science 2018; 356:826-832. [PMID: 28546207 DOI: 10.1126/science.aam5928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The Juno spacecraft acquired direct observations of the jovian magnetosphere and auroral emissions from a vantage point above the poles. Juno's capture orbit spanned the jovian magnetosphere from bow shock to the planet, providing magnetic field, charged particle, and wave phenomena context for Juno's passage over the poles and traverse of Jupiter's hazardous inner radiation belts. Juno's energetic particle and plasma detectors measured electrons precipitating in the polar regions, exciting intense aurorae, observed simultaneously by the ultraviolet and infrared imaging spectrographs. Juno transited beneath the most intense parts of the radiation belts, passed about 4000 kilometers above the cloud tops at closest approach, well inside the jovian rings, and recorded the electrical signatures of high-velocity impacts with small particles as it traversed the equator.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E P Connerney
- Space Research Corporation, Annapolis, MD 21403, USA. .,NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
| | - A Adriani
- Institute for Space Astrophysics and Planetology, National Institute for Astrophysics, Rome, 00133, Italy
| | - F Allegrini
- Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78238, USA
| | - F Bagenal
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80303, USA
| | - S J Bolton
- Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78238, USA
| | - B Bonfond
- Institut d'Astrophysique et de Geophysique, Universite de Liege, Liege, B-4000 Belgium
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- Institut d'Astrophysique et de Geophysique, Universite de Liege, Liege, B-4000 Belgium
| | - G R Gladstone
- Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78238, USA
| | - D Grodent
- Institut d'Astrophysique et de Geophysique, Universite de Liege, Liege, B-4000 Belgium
| | | | - J L Jorgensen
- National Space Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, 2800, Denmark
| | - W S Kurth
- University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - S M Levin
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory/California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
| | - B Mauk
- Johns Hopkins University, Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
| | - D J McComas
- Department of Astrophysical Sciences, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - A Mura
- Institute for Space Astrophysics and Planetology, National Institute for Astrophysics, Rome, 00133, Italy
| | - C Paranicas
- Johns Hopkins University, Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
| | - E J Smith
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory/California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
| | - R M Thorne
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - P Valek
- Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78238, USA
| | - J Waite
- Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78238, USA
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Van Compernolle B, An X, Bortnik J, Thorne RM, Pribyl P, Gekelman W. Erratum: Excitation of Chirping Whistler Waves in a Laboratory Plasma [Phys. Rev. Lett. 114, 245002 (2015)]. Phys Rev Lett 2016; 117:059901. [PMID: 27517795 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.117.059901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This corrects the article DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.114.245002.
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Van Compernolle B, Bortnik J, Pribyl P, Gekelman W, Nakamoto M, Tao X, Thorne RM. Direct detection of resonant electron pitch angle scattering by whistler waves in a laboratory plasma. Phys Rev Lett 2014; 112:145006. [PMID: 24765981 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.112.145006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Resonant interactions between energetic electrons and whistler mode waves are an essential ingredient in the space environment, and in particular in controlling the dynamic variability of Earth's natural radiation belts, which is a topic of extreme interest at the moment. Although the theory describing resonant wave-particle interaction has been present for several decades, it has not been hitherto tested in a controlled laboratory setting. In the present Letter we report on the first laboratory experiment to directly detect resonant pitch angle scattering of energetic (∼keV) electrons due to whistler mode waves. We show that the whistler mode wave deflects energetic electrons at precisely the predicted resonant energy, and that varying both the maximum beam energy, and the wave frequency, alters the energetic electron beam very close to the resonant energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Van Compernolle
- Department of Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - J Bortnik
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - P Pribyl
- Department of Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - W Gekelman
- Department of Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - M Nakamoto
- Department of Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - X Tao
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - R M Thorne
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
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Reeves GD, Spence HE, Henderson MG, Morley SK, Friedel RHW, Funsten HO, Baker DN, Kanekal SG, Blake JB, Fennell JF, Claudepierre SG, Thorne RM, Turner DL, Kletzing CA, Kurth WS, Larsen BA, Niehof JT. Electron acceleration in the heart of the Van Allen radiation belts. Science 2013; 341:991-4. [PMID: 23887876 DOI: 10.1126/science.1237743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 403] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The Van Allen radiation belts contain ultrarelativistic electrons trapped in Earth's magnetic field. Since their discovery in 1958, a fundamental unanswered question has been how electrons can be accelerated to such high energies. Two classes of processes have been proposed: transport and acceleration of electrons from a source population located outside the radiation belts (radial acceleration) or acceleration of lower-energy electrons to relativistic energies in situ in the heart of the radiation belts (local acceleration). We report measurements from NASA's Van Allen Radiation Belt Storm Probes that clearly distinguish between the two types of acceleration. The observed radial profiles of phase space density are characteristic of local acceleration in the heart of the radiation belts and are inconsistent with a predominantly radial acceleration process.
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Affiliation(s)
- G D Reeves
- Space Science and Applications Group, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA.
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Baker DN, Kanekal SG, Hoxie VC, Henderson MG, Li X, Spence HE, Elkington SR, Friedel RHW, Goldstein J, Hudson MK, Reeves GD, Thorne RM, Kletzing CA, Claudepierre SG. A long-lived relativistic electron storage ring embedded in Earth's outer Van Allen belt. Science 2013; 340:186-90. [PMID: 23450000 DOI: 10.1126/science.1233518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Since their discovery more than 50 years ago, Earth's Van Allen radiation belts have been considered to consist of two distinct zones of trapped, highly energetic charged particles. The outer zone is composed predominantly of megaelectron volt (MeV) electrons that wax and wane in intensity on time scales ranging from hours to days, depending primarily on external forcing by the solar wind. The spatially separated inner zone is composed of commingled high-energy electrons and very energetic positive ions (mostly protons), the latter being stable in intensity levels over years to decades. In situ energy-specific and temporally resolved spacecraft observations reveal an isolated third ring, or torus, of high-energy (>2 MeV) electrons that formed on 2 September 2012 and persisted largely unchanged in the geocentric radial range of 3.0 to ~3.5 Earth radii for more than 4 weeks before being disrupted (and virtually annihilated) by a powerful interplanetary shock wave passage.
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Affiliation(s)
- D N Baker
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA.
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Thorne RM, Church SR, Malloy WJ, Tsurutani BT. The local time variation of ELF emissions during periods of substorm activity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/ja082i010p01585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Thorne RM, Larsen TR. an investigation of relativistic electron precipitation events and their association with magnetospheric substorm activity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/ja081i031p05501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Bortnik J, Chen L, Li W, Thorne RM, Meredith NP, Horne RB. Modeling the wave power distribution and characteristics of plasmaspheric hiss. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2011ja016862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Li W, Bortnik J, Thorne RM, Angelopoulos V. Global distribution of wave amplitudes and wave normal angles of chorus waves using THEMIS wave observations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2011ja017035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Subbotin DA, Shprits YY, Gkioulidou M, Lyons LR, Ni B, Merkin VG, Toffoletto FR, Thorne RM, Horne R, Hudson MK. Simulation of the acceleration of relativistic electrons in the inner magnetosphere using RCM-VERB coupled codes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2010ja016350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D. A. Subbotin
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences; University of California; Los Angeles California USA
| | - Y. Y. Shprits
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences; University of California; Los Angeles California USA
- Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics; University of California; Los Angeles California USA
| | - M. Gkioulidou
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences; University of California; Los Angeles California USA
| | - L. R. Lyons
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences; University of California; Los Angeles California USA
| | - B. Ni
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences; University of California; Los Angeles California USA
| | - V. G. Merkin
- Center for Space Physics; Boston University; Boston Massachusetts USA
| | - F. R. Toffoletto
- Department of Space Physics and Astronomy; William Marsh Rice University; Houston Texas USA
| | - R. M. Thorne
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences; University of California; Los Angeles California USA
| | - R.B. Horne
- British Antarctic Survey; Natural Environment Research Council; Cambridge UK
| | - M. K. Hudson
- Department of Physics and Astronomy; Dartmouth College; Hanover New Hampshire USA
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Nishimura Y, Bortnik J, Li W, Thorne RM, Lyons LR, Angelopoulos V, Mende SB, Bonnell JW, Le Contel O, Cully C, Ergun R, Auster U. Identifying the driver of pulsating aurora. Science 2010; 330:81-4. [PMID: 20929809 DOI: 10.1126/science.1193186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Pulsating aurora, a spectacular emission that appears as blinking of the upper atmosphere in the polar regions, is known to be excited by modulated, downward-streaming electrons. Despite its distinctive feature, identifying the driver of the electron precipitation has been a long-standing problem. Using coordinated satellite and ground-based all-sky imager observations from the THEMIS mission, we provide direct evidence that a naturally occurring electromagnetic wave, lower-band chorus, can drive pulsating aurora. Because the waves at a given equatorial location in space correlate with a single pulsating auroral patch in the upper atmosphere, our findings can also be used to constrain magnetic field models with much higher accuracy than has previously been possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Nishimura
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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Li W, Thorne RM, Nishimura Y, Bortnik J, Angelopoulos V, McFadden JP, Larson DE, Bonnell JW, Le Contel O, Roux A, Auster U. THEMIS analysis of observed equatorial electron distributions responsible for the chorus excitation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009ja014845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- W. Li
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences; University of California; Los Angeles California USA
| | - R. M. Thorne
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences; University of California; Los Angeles California USA
| | - Y. Nishimura
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences; University of California; Los Angeles California USA
- Solar-Terrestrial Environment Laboratory; Nagoya University; Nagoya Japan
| | - J. Bortnik
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences; University of California; Los Angeles California USA
| | - V. Angelopoulos
- Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, Department of Earth and Space Sciences; University of California; Los Angeles California USA
| | - J. P. McFadden
- Space Sciences Laboratory; University of California; Berkeley California USA
| | - D. E. Larson
- Space Sciences Laboratory; University of California; Berkeley California USA
| | - J. W. Bonnell
- Space Sciences Laboratory; University of California; Berkeley California USA
| | - O. Le Contel
- Laboratoire de Physique des Plasmas, Ecole Polytechnique; Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris 6, CNRS; Vélizy France
| | - A. Roux
- Laboratoire de Physique des Plasmas, Ecole Polytechnique; Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris 6, CNRS; Vélizy France
| | - U. Auster
- Institut für Geophysik und extraterrestrische Physik; Technischen Universität Braunschweig; Braunschweig Germany
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Affiliation(s)
| | - R. M. Thorne
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Science; University of California; Los Angeles California USA
| | - W. Li
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Science; University of California; Los Angeles California USA
| | - Y. Miyoshi
- Solar-Terrestrial Environment Laboratory; Nagoya University; Nagoya Japan
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Bortnik J, Li W, Thorne RM, Angelopoulos V, Cully C, Bonnell J, Le Contel O, Roux A. An Observation Linking the Origin of Plasmaspheric Hiss to Discrete Chorus Emissions. Science 2009; 324:775-8. [PMID: 19423824 DOI: 10.1126/science.1171273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Bortnik
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - W. Li
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - R. M. Thorne
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - V. Angelopoulos
- Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics/Earth and Space Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - C. Cully
- Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Box 537, SE-751 21, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - J. Bonnell
- Space Science Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - O. Le Contel
- Centre d'Etude des Environnements Terrestre et Planétaires, Velizy, France
| | - A. Roux
- Centre d'Etude des Environnements Terrestre et Planétaires, Velizy, France
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Affiliation(s)
- W. Li
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences; University of California Los Angeles; Los Angeles California USA
| | - Y. Y. Shprits
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences; University of California Los Angeles; Los Angeles California USA
| | - R. M. Thorne
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences; University of California Los Angeles; Los Angeles California USA
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Thorne RM, Shprits YY, Meredith NP, Horne RB, Li W, Lyons LR. Refilling of the slot region between the inner and outer electron radiation belts during geomagnetic storms. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006ja012176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. M. Thorne
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences; University of California; Los Angeles California USA
| | - Y. Y. Shprits
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences; University of California; Los Angeles California USA
| | - N. P. Meredith
- British Antarctic Survey; Natural Environment Research Council; Cambridge UK
| | - R. B. Horne
- British Antarctic Survey; Natural Environment Research Council; Cambridge UK
| | - W. Li
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences; University of California; Los Angeles California USA
| | - L. R. Lyons
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences; University of California; Los Angeles California USA
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Bortnik J, Thorne RM, O'Brien TP, Green JC, Strangeway RJ, Shprits YY, Baker DN. Observation of two distinct, rapid loss mechanisms during the 20 November 2003 radiation belt dropout event. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2006ja011802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Shprits YY, Thorne RM, Friedel R, Reeves GD, Fennell J, Baker DN, Kanekal SG. Outward radial diffusion driven by losses at magnetopause. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2006ja011657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 302] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Loto'aniu TM, Thorne RM, Fraser BJ, Summers D. Estimating relativistic electron pitch angle scattering rates using properties of the electromagnetic ion cyclotron wave spectrum. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2005ja011452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- R. M. Thorne
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences; University of California; Los Angeles California USA
| | - T. P. O'Brien
- Space Science Department; The Aerospace Corporation; El Segundo California USA
| | - Y. Y. Shprits
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences; University of California; Los Angeles California USA
| | - D. Summers
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics; Memorial University of Newfoundland; St. John's, Newfoundland Canada
| | - R. B. Horne
- British Antarctic Survey; Natural Environment Research Council; Cambridge UK
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Lyons LR, Lee DY, Thorne RM, Horne RB, Smith AJ. Solar wind-magnetosphere coupling leading to relativistic electron energization during high-speed streams. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1029/2005ja011254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Jordanova VK, Farrugia CJ, Thorne RM, Khazanov GV, Reeves GD, Thomsen MF. Modeling ring current proton precipitation by electromagnetic ion cyclotron waves during the May 14-16, 1997, storm. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1029/2000ja002008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Jordanova VK, Torbert RB, Thorne RM, Collin HL, Roeder JL, Foster JC. Ring current activity during the earlyBz< 0 phase of the January 1997 magnetic cloud. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1029/1999ja900339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Tsurutani BT, Lakhina GS, Ho CM, Arballo JK, Galvan C, Boonsiriseth A, Pickett JS, Gurnett DA, Peterson WK, Thorne RM. Broadband plasma waves observed in the polar cap boundary layer: Polar. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1029/97ja03063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Kozyra JU, Jordanova VK, Home RB, Thorne RM. Modeling of the contribution of electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) waves to stormtime ring current erosion. Magnetic Storms 1997. [DOI: 10.1029/gm098p0187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
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Abstract
It has been suggested that harmonic radiation from the earth's 50- and 60-hertz power transmission lines might significantly influence the distribution of electrons in the radiation belts. On the basis of observations presented here, it seems advisable to accept such a hypothesis with caution. New evidence suggests that power-line radiation does not play any major role in the nonadiabatic dynamics of radiation belt electrons.
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Abstract
During geomagnetically disturbed periods the precipitational loss of energetic electrons from the outer radiation belt of the earth can readily provide the major ionization source for the mesosphere and upper stratosphere. One particularly intense manifestation of this interaction between the radiation belts and the lower atmosphere is the relativistic electron precipitation (REP) event which occurs at subauroral latitudes during magnetospheric substorm activity. At relativistic energies the precipitating electrons produce copious fluxes of energetic bremsstrahlung x-rays, the major portion of which penetrate deep into the stratosphere before undergoing excitation and ionization collisions with the neutral atmosphere. If such REP events occur more than a few percent of the time, they can, on an annual basis, provide a local source of upper stratospheric nitric oxide molecules (via the dissociation of molecular nitrogen) comparable to that from either galactic cosmic rays or energetic solar proton events. Since nitric oxide plays a major role in the removal of stratospheric ozone, it appears that the influence of REP events must also be considered in future photochemical modeling of the terrestrial ozone layer.
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Bienstock BJ, Marriott RT, St John DE, Thorne RM, Venkateswaran SV. Changes in the electron content of the ionosphere. Nature 1970; 226:1111-2. [PMID: 16057689 DOI: 10.1038/2261111a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/1970] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B J Bienstock
- Department of Meteorology, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
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