Study of High-Transverse-Momentum Higgs Boson Production in Association with a Vector Boson in the qqbb Final State with the ATLAS Detector

This Letter presents the first study of Higgs boson production in association with a vector boson (V=W or Z) in the fully hadronic qqbb final state using data recorded by the ATLAS detector at the LHC in proton-proton collisions at sqrt[s]=13  TeV and corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 137  fb^{-1}. The vector bosons and Higgs bosons are each reconstructed as large-radius jets and tagged using jet substructure techniques. Dedicated tagging algorithms exploiting b-tagging properties are used to identify jets consistent with Higgs bosons decaying into bb[over ¯]. Dominant backgrounds from multijet production are determined directly from the data, and a likelihood fit to the jet mass distribution of Higgs boson candidates is used to extract the number of signal events. The VH production cross section is measured inclusively and differentially in several ranges of Higgs boson transverse momentum: 250-450, 450-650, and greater than 650 GeV. The inclusive signal yield relative to the standard model expectation is observed to be μ=1.4_{-0.9}^{+1.0} and the corresponding cross section is 3.1±1.3(stat)_{-1.4}^{+1.8}(syst)  pb.

The beneficial effect of Allium Cepa bulb extract on reproduction of rats; A two-generation study on fecundity and sex hormones

Allium Cepa Linn. (Onions) has extensively been used in traditional medicine, is one of the important Allium species regularly used in our daily diet, and has been the source of robust phenolic compounds. The current study is intended to evaluate the fecundity-enhancing effect of A. Cepa on the reproductive performance of two successive generations of rats; F0 and F1. A. Cepa extract was initially tested for in vitro antioxidant assay via DPPH and ROS, followed by in vivo toxicity testing. In the fecundity assessment, eighteen pairs of male and female rats (n = 36, 1:1, F0 generation) were divided into three groups and dosed with 75mg/kg and 150 mg/kg daily of A. Cepa extract and saline respectively, up to pre-cohabitation, cohabitation, gestation and lactation period. The reproductive performance, including body weight, live birth index, fertility index, and litter size, was assessed. Various parameters like Hematological, Hormonal (FSH, LH, Testosterone, estradiol), antioxidant markers (SOD, Glutathione peroxidase) and lipid profile of F0 and F1 generations were assessed with evaluation of histopathology of male and female organs. Ethanolic extract of A. Cepa showed the greatest antioxidant potential in DPPH and ROS methods. The continued exposure of the F0 and F1 generations to A. Cepa extract did not affect body weight, fertility index, litter size, and survival index. However, semen pH, sperm motility, sperm count, sperm viability, and semen volume were significantly improved in both generations. We have found pronounced fecundity outcomes in both genders of F0 and F1 generations with A. Cepa 150mg/kg/day extract as compared to control. Results showed that A. Cepa significantly increased (P < 0.05) hemoglobin, follicular stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), plasma testosterone and glutathione peroxidase activities, while total lipid, LDL, and cholesterol were significantly decreased (P < 0.05) in both generations. Histology of both generations of animals reveals enhanced spermatogenesis and enhanced folliculogenesis with improved architecture. Altogether, the present results suggest that A. Cepa extract improved fecundity in both male and female rats by improving hormonal activities and oxidative stress.

Measurement of the Centrality Dependence of the Dijet Yield in p+Pb Collisions at sqrt[s_{NN}]=8.16 TeV with the ATLAS Detector

ATLAS measured the centrality dependence of the dijet yield using 165  nb^{-1} of p+Pb data collected at sqrt[s_{NN}]=8.16  TeV in 2016. The event centrality, which reflects the p+Pb impact parameter, is characterized by the total transverse energy registered in the Pb-going side of the forward calorimeter. The central-to-peripheral ratio of the scaled dijet yields, R_{CP}, is evaluated, and the results are presented as a function of variables that reflect the kinematics of the initial hard parton scattering process. The R_{CP} shows a scaling with the Bjorken x of the parton originating from the proton, x_{p}, while no such trend is observed as a function of x_{Pb}. This analysis provides unique input to understanding the role of small proton spatial configurations in p+Pb collisions by covering parton momentum fractions from the valence region down to x_{p}∼10^{-3} and x_{Pb}∼4×10^{-4}.

Combined Measurement of the Higgs Boson Mass from the H→γγ and H→ZZ^{*}→4ℓ Decay Channels with the ATLAS Detector Using sqrt[s]=7, 8, and 13 TeV pp Collision Data

A measurement of the mass of the Higgs boson combining the H→ZZ^{*}→4ℓ and H→γγ decay channels is presented. The result is based on 140  fb^{-1} of proton-proton collision data collected by the ATLAS detector during LHC run 2 at a center-of-mass energy of 13 TeV combined with the run 1 ATLAS mass measurement, performed at center-of-mass energies of 7 and 8 TeV, yielding a Higgs boson mass of 125.11±0.09(stat)±0.06(syst)=125.11±0.11  GeV. This corresponds to a 0.09% precision achieved on this fundamental parameter of the Standard Model of particle physics.

A two-generational reproductive study to assess the effects of Juglans regia on reproductive developments in the male and female rats

Environmental pollutants and lifestyle severely threaten human and animal health, leading to disturbances of various functions, including infertility. So, exploring a safe treatment that could effectively reverse infertility remains a challenge. The current study was intended to explore the fertility-enhancing effect of Juglans Regia oil in two successive generations of rats; F0 and F1. J. Regia oil was initially tested for in vitro antioxidant assay via ROS and DPPH, followed by in vivo toxicity testing. In the fertility assessment, eighteen pairs of male and female rats (n=36, 1:1, F0 generation) were divided into three groups and dosed with 1 mL/kg and 2 mL/kg daily of J. Regia oil and saline, respectively, up to pre-cohabitation, cohabitation, gestation and lactation periods. The reproductive performance, including body weight, live birth index, fertility index, and litter size, was assessed. Hormonal and antioxidant markers of F1 generations were assessed with the histopathological evaluation of male and female organs. The oil of J. Regia showed great antioxidant potential (P < 0.05) in DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) and ROS (Reactive Oxygen Species) methods (P<0.05). The continued exposure of the F0 and F1 generations to J. Regia oil did not affect body weight, fertility index, litter size, and survival index. We have found pronounced fertility outcomes in both genders of F0 and F1 generations with J. Regia 2 mL/kg/day in comparison to the control. Results showed that J. Regia significantly increased (P < 0.05) luteinizing hormone (LH), plasma testosterone, follicular stimulating hormone (FSH), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities in both generations. Histology of both generations reveals improved spermatogenesis and folliculogenesis with enhanced architecture. Altogether, the present results suggest that J. Regia improved fertility in both male and female rats by improving hormonal activities and oxidative stress.

Cucurbita maxima Seeds Reduce Anxiety and Depression and Improve Memory

The current study was planned to assess the neuropharmacological benefits of the Cucurbita maxima seed. These seeds have been conventionally used for the nutritional as well as amelioration of various diseases. However, there was a need to provide a pharmacological basis for such use. Four central nervous system-related functions, that is, anxiety, depression, memory, and motor coordination, were evaluated, and the levels of brain biogenic amines were also assessed. Anxiety was evaluated through selected experimental models, such as light and dark apparatus, elevated plus maze, head dip, and open field test. The head dip test was mainly used to assess exploratory behavior. Depression was assessed by two animal models, that is, the forced swim test and tail suspension test. Memory and learning ability were assessed by the passive avoidance test, stationary rod apparatus, and Morris's water maze test. Motor skilled learning was assessed by stationary rod and rotarod apparatus. Reversed phase high-pressure liquid chromatography was used to determine biogenic amine levels. Results reveal that C. maxima exhibited anxiolytic and antidepressant effects with memory improvement. There was a reduction in the weight of the animal following chronic administration. Furthermore, no remarkable effects were observed on motor coordination. Norepinephrine was found elevated, which may be linked to its antidepressant effects. These biological effects of C. maxima may be due to the presence of secondary metabolites, such as cucurbitacin, beta-sitosterol, polyphenolic compounds, citrulline, kaempferol, arginine, β-carotene, quercetin, and other antioxidants. The outcomes of the present study authenticate that the chronic use of C. maxima seeds reduces the intensity of neurological problems like anxiety and depression.

Tricuspid regurgitation worsening after transcatheter or surgical aortic valve replacement

Background

Tricuspid regurgitation (TR) often occurs concomitantly with severe aortic stenosis. Post-operative worsening of tricuspid regurgitation has been observed after surgical and transcatheter aortic valve replacement (SAVR, TAVR) [1,2].

Purpose

Pre-procedural severe tricuspid regurgitation has been shown to be a predictor of all-cause mortality in patients undergoing transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) [3,4]. However, little is known about the incidence of worsening tricuspid regurgitation after SAVR and TAVR and the impact on post-procedural outcomes. This study aims to evaluate, characterize and compare the incidence of worsening TR after TAVR and SAVR.

Methods

Retrospective single-center study of patients undergoing Transcatheter and Surgical Aortic Valve Replacement for severe aortic stenosis between 2014 and 2020. Incidence of tricuspid regurgitation was noted on echocardiogram at baseline and 1 year after TAVR or SAVR. This study enrolled 430 patients in the TAVR group and 237 patients in the SAVR group. The SAVR group only included patients who underwent isolated SAVR without any other valve intervention. Patients with severe TR at baseline were excluded from the study. Progression of TR severity was defined as deterioration by at least 1 grade of severity compared to baseline on echocardiography. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed to identify associations with worsening TR.

Results

Mean age of TAVR patients was higher than the SAVR patients (79±9 vs 68±12 years, p&lt;0.0001). TAVR patients also had a significantly higher EuroSCORE than the SAVR patients (8.0±7 vs 3.5±4, p&lt;0.0001). TAVR group was more likely to have atrial fibrillation than the SAVR group (34% vs 24%, p=0.006). Baseline right ventricular dysfunction and right ventricular enlargement were significantly higher in the TAVR group compared to the SAVR group [9% vs 4%, (p=0.009) and 10% vs 6%, (p=0.04), respectively]. Progression of TR severity occurred in 21.8% (94/430) of TAVR patients and 31.2% (74/237) of SAVR patients. Majority of these patients progressed from absent TR to mild TR [13.2% (57) in TAVR group vs 19.8% (47) in SAVR group (p=0.02)]. 6.3% (27) of patients in the TAVR group and 8.8% (21) of patients in the SAVR group had mild to moderate worsening of TR (p=0.22). 1.63% (7) in the TAVR group and 2.1% (5) in the SAVR group had progression from moderate to severe TR (p=0.65). On multivariable analysis, SAVR (Odds ratio, 2.46 [CI, 1.6–3.7]) and age (Odds ratio, 1.03 [CI, 1.03–1.05]) were associated with worsening TR severity.

Conclusions

In this retrospective observational study, SAVR and age were found to be associated with worsening tricuspid regurgitation. Majority of these patients progressed from absent TR to mild TR after SAVR. Further studies are necessary to determine long term outcomes of worsening tricuspid regurgitation after TAVR and SAVR.

Funding Acknowledgement

Type of funding sources: None.

Effect of Curcuma longa on glycemia, neuropathic sensation and advanced glycation end product in diabetic patients

Diabetes is a chronic disorder affecting a large number of people throughout the world. According to the American Diabetes Association, overeating is the major diet-related risk factor for type 2 diabetes. To ensure the efficacy of C. longa. in the improvement of glycemic control, neuropathic sensation, and reduction in the formation of advanced glycation end products 90 people that meet inclusion criteria were divided into 2 groups, the control group was only given antidiabetic drugs without C. longa supplement and the treatment group were given C. longa supplement as well as recommended hypoglycemic drugs for 120 days. Results reveal that in all combinations of antidiabetic medicine the addition of curcumin has significantly reduced the level of hemoglobin A₁C as compared to the control group. Similarly, there has been a significant reduction in the formation of advanced glycation end products at the end of the study. While a significant improvement in neuropathic sensation has also been observed. Hence it may be concluded that C. longa can be efficiently used in chronic patients with diabetes as a supplement to manage the symptoms and complications of type II diabetes.

Role of Curcuma Longa in Type 2 Diabetes and its Associated Complications

Background: Occurrence of Diabetes and its related complications increased all over the world due to recent lifestyle trends.  A higher proportion of ultra-processed foods in the diet have been associated with a higher risk of T2D. A lack of fiber and a surplus of refined simple carbohydrate are contributing to obesity and diabetes diagnosis. Hence there is need to evaluate different nutraceuticals for the management of Diabetes. Methodology: A Scopus, pub Med/Medline and Google Scholar electronic database search was done by using the key word role of Curcuma Longa in diabetes type 2 and its associated complications to review the related articles. Summary: Curcumin a yellow color powder is one of the most important components of Curcuma Longa L; and commonly utilized as food additive in Asian countries. Pre-treatment of human umbilical vein endothelial cells curcumin leads to decrease in intracellular MGO level induced by exogenous MGO and also modify the carboxymethyl cellulose formation. Curcumin nutritional supplement fully normalized arterial AGEs. Curcumin reduced AGEs increase in the heart of diabetic rats. Curcumin reduces the development of diabetes in pre-diabetic population. Conclusion: The literature review shows that the Curcuma Longa L; revealed anti-diabetic and antioxidant effects and prevent the development of diabetes associated complications in different animal model.

Habitat selection by Asiatic black bear (Ursus thibetanus) in Siran and Kaghan Valleys, Pakistan

Asiatic black bear is present in variety of habitats like broad-leaves and coniferous forests, extending form sea level to 4300m elevation and change their habitat for food purpose seasonally. The present study was conducted at Kaghan and Siran Valleys, District Mansehra, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan to assess habitat of black bear. Line transect method was used for observation of bear signs. Twelve meter circular radius plots were selected for the concern vegetation's i.e. (trees, shrubs and herbs) and three to six plots were placed in each transect. At the result of sign survey, thirteen different categories of bear signs were recorded and encounter rate was calculated for each sign. A total of 1858 signs were observed during field surveys. Total (81%) coniferous species were recoded among trees, with the highest appearance of Pinus wallichiana (34.22%) and Spruce spp (27.76%), similarly broad leaves trees (18.56%) were also recoded from habitat plots. Most of the signs were encountered in bushy areas, whereas high number of Viburnum Spp (60.29%) was present. It is indicated that black bear prefers blend of Coniferous Trees, Viburnum and Ferns Species; probably because these plants provide enough food, protection, and meticulous shelter because more than 80% of habitat composed of these three species. Currently habitat destruction and increase in human population are the up-growing issues for wild animals (especially Asiatic black bear), which is highly sensitive to such problems. High levels of conservation efforts are recommended for the protection of black bear habitat and to avoid human interference in their territory.

Population distribution and habitat analysis of Rufous treepie (Dendrocitta vagabunda) in Abbottabad, Pakistan

The Rufous treepie (Dendrocitta vagabunda) belongs to family corvidae, order Passeriformes which includes about 100 species. The current study was conducted to gather information about the Population distribution and habitat analysis of D. vagabunda at District Abbottabad, Pakistan. The data were collected on monthly basis both morning and evening times (2018-2019). "The ''Point count Method" was used for population estimation and ''Quadrates Method" for habitat analysis of study area. The result shows an average month-wise population density of D. vagabunda was maximum at Jhangra 0.14±0.039/ha, whereas minimum at Havelian 0.11±0.022/ha. There was no significant difference (p>0.05) among monthly population densities of D. vagabunda, however, a significant difference (p<0.05) was found between morning and evening times population of the specie. The present study revealed that importance value index (IVI) of plants species at Sherwan, Bakot, Havelian, Langra and Jhangra were 59.6±12.6, 50.1±6.9, 53.4±6.3, 66.8±10 and 60.1±7.7. Likewise, the frequency of shrubs at Sherwan, Bakot, Havelian, Langra and Jhangra were 33.3±4.2, 45±9.4, 46.7±8.2, 55.6±22.2 and 37.5±8.5. Similarly, the frequency of herbs at Sherwan, Bakot, Havelian, Langra and Jhangra were 40.4±6.0, 37.5±5.6, 53.3±7.4, 48.5±5.2 and 46.9±7.4 respectively. Our results show the study area as suitable habitat for D. vagabunda.

Analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects and safety profile of Cucurbita maxima and Cucumis sativus seeds

The premise of the pharmacology of natural product is to explore benefits of natural resources for the mankind. Medicines extracted from natural resources are considered as primary source for drug discovery. Thus, the current study was designed to evaluate the safety profile and explore the analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity of ethanol extract of Cucurbita maxima (C. maxima) and Cucumis sativus (C. sativus) seeds. These seeds are edible, good in taste and have been used for several therapeutic purposes. Acute toxicity of the seeds was evaluated by Lorke’s method while Eddy’s hot plate and tail immersion methods were used to assess analgesic activity in mice. Anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated by rat hind paw edema method. The seed extracts of C. maxima and C. sativus were found to be safe and showed significant analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity in comparison with the control group. The therapeutic effects of these extracts were almost comparable to aspirin and brufen. Therefore, the seeds can be used as effective analgesic and anti-inflammatory agents.

In-vitro bioassays of aqueous and ethanol extracts of Aseel dates

Aseel is amongst the most vital date variety of Pakistan. Beside its nutritional value, it also got remedial uses therefore for the first time different in-vitro bioassays were performed to assess its medicinal value. Aqueous (DFAE) and ethanol (DFEE) extracts of fresh Aseel dates were used for the purpose. Microplate alamar blue assay was done for antibacterial activity, Brine shrimp lethality test for cytotoxicity and MTT assays with different cancer cell lines were used for anti-cancer activity. Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity were also evaluated by free radical scavenging bioassay and chemiluminescence technique. Alamar blue assay of both extracts exhibited weak antibacterial activity against E.coli, S, flexenari and S. aureus. Brine shrimp lethality revealed absence of cytotoxicity at 1000μ/mL concentration. DFEE 50 μ/mL was effective against MCF-7,MDA-MB-231, PC3, 3T3 and Hela cancer cell lines showing 17.59%, 20.90%, 37.60%, 22.35% and 36.70% inhibition whereas DFAE exhibits 20.46%, 30.86%, 15.21%, 29.70% and 16.40 % inhibition respectively. Similarly both extracts also showed varying degree of anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activity against standard drug. The results are suggestive of weak bioactivity of Aseel date extracts might because of reduced potency however further studies are required for better understanding of observed results and separation of active ingredients from Aseel dates.

Analgesic, anti-inflammatory and toxic effects of ethanol extracts of Cucumis melo and Citrullus lanatus seeds

Plants are vital in drug discovery, since many safe and bioactive molecules have been discovered from plants in past, hence this study was designed to evaluate analgesic, anti-inflammatory and toxic effects of Cucumis melo and Citrullus lanatus. Seeds of these plants were selected due to their traditional value for medicinal use. Analgesic activity was determined in mice by Eddy's Hot plate and tail flick method, while anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated by hind paw edema method. Both seed extracts produced highly significant analgesic effects comparable to standard drugs at all three doses by both methods. The extract of C. lanatus showed significant anti-inflammatory activity at 100 mg while showed highly significant activity at 200 mg between 3 to 24 hours as compared to standard drugs. Both extracts did not reveal any mortality up to 1000mg/kg, while there was also no change in normal the gross behavior pattern of the animals at the dose of 50 and 100mg/kg, however there was increase in passivity, sedation and startle response at 200mg/kg. Analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of extracts may be due to presence of cucurbitacin A, B or E in both seeds which are thought to inhibit COX 2. Results indicate that seeds of C. melo and C. lanatus may be effectively used as adjuvant analgesic and anti-inflammatory agents in situation of chronic pain and inflammation.

Evaluation of wound healing effects of Syzygium cumini and laser treatment in diabetic rats

This study was aimed to investigate the antioxidant effects of Syzygium cumini (S. cumini) seeds extract along with wound healing score in correlation to glutathione and blood glucose levels in diabetic rats. Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 8 groups (n=6) and diabetes was induced by a single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (40 mg kg-1 body weight). An alcoholic extract of S. cumini was administered to punch plier induced wounded rats and changes in serum glutathione levels, wound healing score and blood glucose levels were examined. Laser treatment of 500 mW for 5 minutes was given once a day for 12 days at 810 and 630 nm respectively. Statistical analysis was performed using one way ANOVA. A p-value <0.05 was considered significant and p-value <0.001 was considered highly significant. There was significant increase in glutathione levels and wound healing score when S. cumini extract was administered oral and topical along with topical laser therapy. There was significant reduction in the blood glucose levels upon administration of S. cumini extract in diabetic rats. This study concludes that there was a positive relation between the glutathione levels and wound healing score, since there was increase in wound healing score with the increase in the glutathione levels.

WB-PBPK approach in predicting zidovudine pharmacokinetics in preterm neonates

Antiretroviral therapy has been the mainstay of treatment for neonates born to HIV infected mothers. Neonates born prematurely to HIV positive mothers are underdeveloped not only in anatomical terms but also in their physiological systems. Zidovudine, the first antiretroviral drug in clinical therapy for the treatment of HIV has been approved for use in preterm neonates both prophylactically and therapeutically. The present work describes the whole body physiologically based pharmacokinetic (WB-PBPK) model development for zidovudine in preterm neonates of varying gestational ages, to observe the pharmacokinetic behavior of the drug in this vulnerable group of the population. Along with the height, weight, post-natal, and gestational ages of the preterm neonates, metabolic enzymes CYP2A6, CYP2C8, etc. were incorporated for each neonate. The composition of the different organs in terms of water and lipid components, blood flow rates, etc. were specified during simulations according to the gestational ages of these neonates. The following PK parameters were estimated for preterm neonates using simulated plasma profiles: AUC 2686.41 ± 123.49 μmol min/L, C_max 6.46 ± 0.74 μmol/L, half-life 8.98 ± 2.36 hr, mean residence time 12.23 ± 3.43 hr, and total plasma clearance 1.48 ± 0.19 ml/min/kg in comparison with the observed PK parameters of a clinical study by Mirochknic et al. in preterm neonates with AUC 2020.04 μmol/min/L, C_max 6.10 μmol/L, and total plasma clearance 1.62 ml/min/kg. PBPK simulations provide an opportunity to visualize the possible impact of physiological maturity levels at varying gestational ages on the pharmacokinetic behavior of zidovudine in preterm neonates.

Assessment of anti-coagulant activity of Nelumbo nucifera fruit

The herbal agents rich in flavonoids are progressively becoming popular these days as they are considered to have anti-oxidant effects and also lack bothersome effects. That's why existing research was encircled around the anti-coagulant effect of Nelumbo nucifera fruit (NNF) as it is also a rich source of flavonoids and cultivated in abundance especially in tropical regions of Asia but its usefulness as anti-coagulant agent was never determined pharmacologically. Anticoagulant assessment was done in thirty five male Wister rats which were separated equally in 5 groups. Results of the current study revealed that NNF 200mg/kg significantly prolonged prothrombin time and thrombin time, whereas fibrinogen level was highly significantly reduced as compared to control. Fibrinogen level was also reduced highly significantly with NNF 100 mg/kg as compared to control without affecting other parameters of coagulation i.e. activated partial thromboplastin time, prothrombin time and thrombin time. NNF exhibited strong anti-coagulant activity which may be due to the inhibitory effects on platelet activation, adhesion and aggregation along with inhibitory effects on thromboxane A2 formation. Presence of alkaloid i.e. neferine and flavonoids in it may be a reason of its anti-coagulant activity but more pre-clinical and clinical evaluation needs to be conducted to establish these findings.

In vivo study to compare the effects of Choline with Fluoxetine and Clozapine for the modulation of cognitive behavior (Learning Memory and Exploratory Behavior)

Cognitive behavior is associated with physiological processes that affect the working performance of an individual. Cognitive control is used to override self-serving impulses and behave in socially desirable manner. The objective of the study is to compare the effects of Choline with Fluoxetine and Clozapine for the modulation of cognitive behavior including learning, memory, locomotor, exploratory behavior and anxiety. The study was based on twenty four albino rats divided into four equal groups: (1) Control kept on normal saline (2) Fluoxetine (3) Clozapine (4) Choline. Morris Water Maze (WM) test was used for the psychological assessment based on neural mechanism involved in spatial learning and memory. Open field activity test evaluated locomotor and exploratory behavior. The behavior modulation in WM test and open field activity test was determined at 1st, 3rd, 5th and 7th week. Fluoxetine, Clozapine and Choline were used as drugs and administered to the rat groups mentioned earlier. The modulation of behavior in WM test and Open field activity test was recorded at 1st, 3rd, 5th and 7th week after administering the drugs. Impairment in learning behavior in Fluoxetine treated group was observed at 1st, 3rd, 5th and 7th week and in Clozapine group at 1st and 2nd week when compared to Control (Saline) group. Rise in latency time was observed in Fluoxetine treated group but was not significant. Clozapine and Choline had exhibited beneficial effects in memory retention and prevention of learning impairment. The findings have led to the conclusion that Choline and Clozapine improve the memory retention after continuous administration of 5 and 7 weeks. Moreover, Clozapine has different receptor specificity as compared to Choline. However, both improve the learning capability and enhance the memory in rats. Meanwhile, Fluoxetine did not show any considerable enhancement of memory.

Effect of Nelumbo nucifera fruit on scopolamine induced memory deficits and motor coordination

From prehistoric time till today herbal medications are supposed to have neuroprotective effects both by inhibiting acetyl cholinesterase enzyme or antioxidant ability and are also affordable. Thus extensive studies are necessary to investigate the pharmacological effects of herbal plants. The goal of the present study was to ascertain the outcome of Nelumbo nucifera fruit (NNF) on scopolamine induced amnestic rats along with motor coordination in mice in order to explore its pharmacological use in disorders like Alzheimer's disease (AD). The effect of NNF on learning and memory was assessed by Morris water maze test using 35 Wister rats weighing 200-230 g evenly divided in to five groups. While motor coordination was assessed using Rot rod test, 35 male locally bred albino mice weighing 20-25 g were equally divided in to five groups. Group I was kept as control (10 ml/kg gum tragacanth). Group II, III and IV were labeled as treated groups (NNF 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg). Group V served as reference group (piracetam 200 mg/kg). All drugs were given by oral route as a single dose for 15 days in both experiments to rats and mice, however scopolamine (1 mg/kg IP) was used in Morris water maze test 40 min after the administration of drugs to rats for the induction of amnesia. In Morris water maze test, N. nucifera fruit caused highly significant and significant decrease in escape latency in the amnestic rats at 200 and 100 mg/kg as compared to control. In Rota rod test, N. nucifera fruit did not exhibit any notable changes in the riding time at any dose as compared to control. N. nucifera fruit have demonstrated ameliorating effects on memory without affecting muscle coordination. Hence NNF seems to have great potential for therapeutic application in memory disorders, such as AD which may be due to its ability to enhance cholinergic neurotransmission and exerting antioxidant effect and thus encourage more preclinical and clinical trials in this field.

Preventive and therapeutic effects of aqueous extract of Spinacia oleracea on Psoriatic patches in albino rats

Psoriasis has become a topic of global concern because of consistency in its prevalence according to Global Report on Psoriasis 2016, however, till date, no therapy has provided complete cure of this disease and no useful measure was discovered to prevent it or eliminate the risk of its relapse. Hence, the present study was designed to evaluate anti-psoriatic effects of Spinacia oleracea due to its anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, anti-proliferative and skin-strengthening contents. Psoriasis was induced by oral potassium iodide solution which was then determined by two methods i.e. percentage reduction in psoriatic patch size and psoriasis area and severity index (PASI) score to measure the decrease in severity. Twenty albino rats were used in each method, grouped as standard, curative, preventive and control with five rats in each group. Therapeutic and preventive doses for S. oleracea in both the methods were calculated according to daily intake guidelines of National Cancer Institute, USA, and German Nutrition Society, DGE guidelines respectively with slight modification. Methotrexate was used as standard drug along with folic acid to avoid toxic effects. This study reveals that S. oleracea has both therapeutic and preventive effects. It may be concluded that S. oleracea can be effectively used as sole therapy for psoriasis.

Effect of Trigonella foenum-graecum Linn. seeds methanol extract on learning and memory

Prevention and delay in the onset of memory disorders will have a great impact on society by reducing the disease burden and finances. Drugs available for the treatment of learning and memory disorders are few. There is need to develop a better drug, several studies have shown the therapeutic effectiveness of herbal extracts for the learning and memory disorders because of their neuroprotective effects, hence herbs should be evaluated scientifically to form a basis for the future discovery of newer drugs. In this study, effect of Trigonella-foenum graecum L. seeds methanol extract (TFGS-ME) was evaluated in mice on learning and memory process by both exteroceptive and interoceptive behavioral models at three different doses. Elevated plus maze test was employed to assess the effect on learning and memory as an exteroceptive behavioral test. Scopolamine-induced amnesia was performed to assess effect on learning and memory as interoceptive behavior test. In both tests, it was found that animals received extract at 200 mg/kg exhibited a highly noteworthy decline in transfer latency on both acquisition and retention days in contrast to control animals, suggestive of improved learning and memory process. Results were equivalent to the standard drug piracetam at similar dose indicating that TFGS-ME improves learning and memory process and has significant potential as an antiamnesic agent. Hence there is need to separate the dietary components which may play a vibrant role in the future invention of novel drugs.

Antihyperlipidemic and anti-hyperglycemic effects of Cymbopogon jwarancusa in high-fat high-sugar diet model

Hyperlipidemia is the root cause for development of atherosclerosis, coronary heart disease, diabetes mellitus, obesity, hypertension and cerebral palsy. Cymbopogon jwarancusa is an aromatic grass (Rusha grass, khavi grass) belonging to family Poaceaea. C. jwarancusa essential oil is famous for its use in perfumery, soaps cosmetics, detergents, medicine and pharmaceuticals. The anti-pyretic, anti-fungal, antibacterial, anti-oxidant and cytotoxic activities of C. jwarancusa have been reported in literature. In the present study different doses of C. jwarancusa extract have been investigated for anti-hyperlipidemic and anti-hyperglycemic activities in high-fat high sugar diet model in rats. Hyperlipidemia and hyperglycemia were assessed by measuring body weight, serum lipid profile and fasting blood glucose levels. Administration of ethanol leaves extract of C. jwarancusa exhibited significant dose-dependent reduction in body weight, lipid parameters and blood sugar levels. Hence it may be concluded that C. jwarancusa aids in ameliorating hyperlipidemic, hyperglycemic conditions and has potential to reduce the risk of cardiovascular problems.

Effect of Punica granatum, Citrus limon and their combinations on the plasma Gonadotropins in female rabbits

Fruits produce revitalizing effects, hence the impact of Punica granatum, Citrus limon and their combinations have been investigated on the plasma levels of gonadotropin, testosterone and sexual development capacity in female rabbits. Ninety female rabbits were randomly assigned into nine groups, each comprising of ten animals. One group was given saline and designated as control. Three groups were given P. granatum 2mL /kg, 5mL/kg, 8mL/kg, other three groups received C. limon 0.2mL/kg, 0.4mL/kg, 0.6mL/kg respectively, remaining groups received C. limon and P. granatum in combination i.e. 0.4mL/kg C. limon + 5mL/kg P. granatum and 0.2mL/kg C. limon + 8mL/kg P. granatum. Juices were administered once daily by mouth from day 0 of pups delivered to postnatal day15. Blood samples were gathered from ear vein at day11 and day15. There was significant increase in follicle stimulating hormone by P. granatum at 5 and 8mL/kg on day 11 and 15, by C. limon at 0.4 and 0.6mL/kg on day11, 0.4mL/kg at day15, by combination doses of C. limon and P. granatum 0.4 +5mL/kg at day 11, 0.4+5 mL/kg and 0.2 + 8mL/kg at day15. There was also significant increase in luteinizing hormone by P. granatum at 2, 5 and 8mL/kg and by C. limon 0.4mL/kg at day11. There was highly significant increase on day 11 in LH at combination doses of C. limon and P. granatum 0.4 + 5mL/kg. There was significant increase in testosterone level by P. granatum at 2, 5 and 8mL/kg on day 11 and 5mL/kg on day15 and highly significant increase at 2 and 8mL/kg. C. limon caused significant increase in testosterone at 0.4 mL/kg on day11, 0.2 and 0.6mL/kg on day 15 and highly significant increase at 0.4mL/kg on day15. Whereas combinations doses of C. limon and P. granatum at 0.4+5mL/kg caused highly significant increase in testosterone level as compare to control. Results of present study revealed increase in plasma gonadotropin and testosterone levels showing increase in sexual capacity of female rabbits which could be mainly accounted for high vitamin C and flavonoids contents of these juices.

In vivo evaluation of antihyperlipidemic, antihyperglycemic and hepatoprotective effects of Vernonia anthelmintica seeds in diet model

Anti-hyperglycemic, anti-hyperlipidemic and hepatoprotective effects of Vernonia anthelmintica seeds were evaluated in diet rat model. The study included forty eight Sprague Dawley rats of either sex with eight animals in each group. Except for control the disease control, standard and treatment groups were treated with high-fat high-sugar diet for 8 weeks. After confirmation of hyperlipidemia and hyperglycemia, the standard group received atorvastatin (2.1 mg.kg^-1), treatment groups received hexane extract, ethanol extract and water decoction of Vernonia anthelmintica seeds (300mg.kg^-1) for next 30 days. Disease control and control were given normal saline in volume equivalent to other groups. High-fat high-sugar diet was continued in all groups except control for 30 day period. Lipid profile, liver function tests and fasting blood sugar were analyzed in fasting blood samples. Cardiac risk parameters were calculated and results were analyzed by one way ANOVA using SPSS. All three tested extracts showed significant decrease in fasting blood glucose, LDL-C, triglycerides, VLDL-C and cardiac risk parameters as compared to disease control. However, HDL-C and cholesterol levels in treatment groups were found to be significantly increased compared to disease control. Furthermore, treatment groups showed significantly decreased AST and ALP levels compared to disease control. Hexane extract, ethanol extracts and water decoction of Vernonia anthelmintica seeds exhibited potential anti-hyperglycemic, anti-hyperlipidemic effects with favorable hepatic profile. However, further studies should be designed to strengthen these findings on mechanistic ground.

Acute Aluminium Phosphide Poisoning: An Update

Acute aluminium phosphide poisoning is an extremely lethal poisoning. Ingestion is usually suicidal in intent, uncommonly accidental and rarely homicidal. Unfortunately the absence of a specific antidote results in very high mortality and the key to treatment lies in rapid decontamination and institution of resuscitative measures. This article aims to identify the salient features and mechanism of aluminium phosphide poisoning along with its management strategies and prognostic variables.

Anti-epileptic activity of Nelumbo nucifera fruit

Epilepsy is the most commonly encountered neurological disorder affecting around 70 million people worldwide, out of which approximately 80% belongs to developing countries. Several shortcomings appeared with the use of conventional antiepileptic agents like, inadequate seizure control, side effects and cost which limit their use. Thus extensive studies are necessary to investigate the pharmacological effects of plants, which would facilitate discovery of novel drugs from herbal source permitting their use to benefit mankind. Hence current study was focused to evaluate the anti-epileptic potential of Nelumbo nucifera fruit in order to ascertain its therapeutic potential. Anti-epileptic activity was assessed using strychnine induced seizure model in 35 male Wister rats divided in five groups i.e. control, reference and 3 test groups. Each group was composed of 7 animals and was given 2% gum tragacanth (control), diazepam 1 mg/kg PO (reference) and N. nucifera fruit 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg PO (test) OD for 15 days. N. nucifera fruit extract at 200 mg/kg exhibited extremely noteworthy delay in the inception of convulsions as compared to control however duration of convulsions was increased significantly but intensity of convulsions was reduced resulting in better survival rate i.e. 42.85% which was comparable to diazepam. Therefore it can be concluded that N. nucifera fruit may be valuable in managing epilepsy but further studies are required on large number of animals to confirm these findings.

Report - Antidiabetic effects of native date fruit Aseel (Phoenix dactylifera L.) in normal and hyperglycemic rats

Change in dietary pattern, sedentary life style and increasing stresses are contributing factors for high prevalence of diabetes mellitus. Diabetic complications often lead to cardiovascular diseases, hypertension and hyperlipidemia that are the leading cause death and disability all over the world. Apart from pharmacotherapy, use of antihyperglycemic medicinal food is a new aspect in diabetes management and prevention of its complications. Phoenix dactylifera (date palm) has been traditionally used for different diseases because of the presence of bioactive agents like anthocyanin, phenols, sterols, carotenoids, procyanidins and flavonoids however its potential as a medicinal food is still unclear. Native date fruit variety Aseel oral suspension was evaluated using 32 normoglycemic and hyperglycemic Sprague dawley rats with two doses (300 and 600mg/kg) against control, disease control and standard drug (Glibenclamide 2.5mg/kg). Outcomes of normoglycemic studies reveals insignificant glucose lowering effects however hyperglycemic studies (glucose challenge and Alloxan inducted hyperglycemia) demonstrates significant glucose lowering effect of Aseel date especially with 300mg/kg dose. Data obtained during this study reveal significant anti-hyperglycemic effects of Aseel dates in diabetes management however further preclinical and clinical studies are required to verify the same.

Bile acids and bile alcohols from Muraenesox bagio, Pomadasys argenteus and Lobeo rohita

Gallbladders bile of three well known commercial fish of South Asia region named Muraenesox bagio (locally called bam), Pomadasys argenteus (dother) and Lobeo rohita (rohu) were analysed on GC-MS, after derivatising the bile alcohols and bile acids as trimethylsilyl ether and trimethylsilyl-methyl ester, respectively. Cholic acid (1) and chenodeoxycholic acid (2) were found as major bile acids in all three species. Major bile alcohol in these fish was cholesterol (4), which was not detected in freshwater specie (L. rohita). M. bagio was also found to contain 3αα,7α,12α-trihydroxy-23-cholesten-26-oic acid (3). Other bile acids and bile alcohols identified in L. rohita were allo deoxycholic acid (5), 12-oxo-3α-hydroxycholanic acid (6), 3α,7α,12α-trihydroxy-24-cholesten-26-oic acid (7), 5α- and 5β-anhydrocyprinol (8 and 9, respectively) and 5β-homocholane-3α,7α,12α-25-tetrol (10). Besides acting as emulsifying agent in the digestion process, in non-mammalian vertebrates, e.g., fish, reptiles, etc. the analytical and elucidative studies on the bile contents disclose the diversity in metabolic pathways of cholesterol and indicate the existence of molecular evolution in the basic C₂₇ skeleton of cholesterol.

Synergistic anticonvulsant effects of pregabalin and amlodipine on acute seizure model of epilepsy in mice

Status epilepticus is a life threatening neurological medical emergency. It may cause serious damage to the brain and even death in many cases if not treated properly. There is limited choice of drugs for the short term and long term management of status epilepticus and the dugs recommended for status epilepticus possess various side effects. The present study was designed to investigate synergistic anticonvulsant effects of pregabalin with amlodipine on acute seizure model of epilepsy in mice. Pentylenetetrazole was used to induce acute seizures which mimic status epilepticus. Pregabalin and amlodipine were used in combination to evaluate synergistic anti-seizure effects on acute seizure model of epilepsy in mice. Diazepam and valproate were used as reference dugs. The acute anti-convulsive activity of pregabalin with amlodipine was evaluated in vivo by the chemical induced seizures and their anti-seizure effects were compared with pentylenetetrazole, reference drugs and to their individual effects. The anti-seizure effects of tested drugs were recorded in seconds on seizure characteristics such as latency of onset of threshold seizures, rearing and fallings and Hind limbs tonic extensions. The seizure protection and mortality to the animals exhibited by the drugs were recorded in percentage. Combination regimen of pregabalin with amlodipine exhibited dose dependent significant synergistic anticonvulsant effects on acute seizures which were superior to their individual effects and equivalent to reference drugs.

Physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling for predicting irinotecan exposure in human body

Colorectal cancer is the third leading cause of cancer-related deaths in the United States. Treatment of colorectal cancer remains a challenge to clinicians as well as drug developers. Irinotecan, a Camptothecin derivative, is successfully used for the treatment of this rapidly progressing malignancy and finds its place in the first line of therapeutic agents. Irinotecan is also effective in treating SCLC, malignant glioma and pancreatic adenocarcinoma. However, its adverse effects limit its clinical application. Mainly metabolized by hepatic route, and excreted through biliary tract, this dug has been found to possess high variation in patients in its pharmacokinetic (PK) profile. Physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models using compartmental approach have attained their position to foresee the possible PK behavior of different drugs before their administration to patients and such models have been proposed for several anticancer agents. In this work, we used WB-PBPK technology to develop a model in a population of tumor patients who used IV irinotecan therapy. This model depicted the concentration of drug and its pharmacologically active metabolite in human body over a specific period of time. Knowledge about pharmacokinetic parameters is extracted from this profile and the model is evaluated by the observed results of clinical study presented in literature. The predicted behavior of the drug by this approach is in good agreement with the observed results and can aid in further exploration of PK of irinotecan in cancer patients, especially in those concomitantly suffer from other morbidity.

Phytochemical screening, acute toxicity, anxiolytic and antidepressant activities of the Nelumbo nucifera fruit

Recently use of herbal therapies and diet rich in flavonoids and vitamin C have increased significantly to treat minor to modest anxiety disorders and various forms of depression. But further research and studies are necessary to evaluate the pharmacological & toxicological effects of plants. Hence present study was designed to conduct phytochemical screening, acute toxicity study, anxiolytic and antidepressant activities of the ethanol extract of Nelumbo nucifera fruit in order to ascertain its therapeutic potential. The qualitative phytochemical screening of the seed pods of the N. nucifera fruit extract exposed the existence of flavonoids, saponins, alkaloids, tannins and terpenoids in it. The acute toxicity of the N. nucifera fruit extract in mice revealed its LD₅₀ value to be greater than 5000 mg/kg. Antianxiety activity was determined by elevated plus maze and light and dark test using 35 male Wister rats weighing 200-220 g which were equally divided in to 5 groups. The animals used in EPM underwent testing in light and dark box just 30 min after EPM. The antidepressant effect was assessed by forced swimming test using 35 male albino mice weighing 20-25 g equally divided in to 5 groups. In elevated plus maze, N. nucifera fruit extract exhibited substantial rise in number of open arm entries and time spent in open arms at dose 50 mg/kg while highly noteworthy increase in both parameters were observed at extract doses 100 and 200 mg/kg as compared to control. In light dark test highly significant increase in the percentage of time spent in light compartment was observed as compared to control. In forced swimming test highly noteworthy decline in duration of immobility was recorded at doses 100 and 200 mg/kg on 15th day i-e after administration of 14 doses, as compared to control; whereas same doses demonstrated significant decrease as compared to control in duration of immobility after single dose administration i-e on 2nd day of experiment. Thus N. nucifera fruit have exhibited strong anxiolytic and antidepressant effects and proved to have a great potential for therapeutic applications such as anxiety and depression and thus encourage more preclinical and clinical trials in this field.

Evaluation of anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant potential of seed extracts of Vernonia anthelmintica

Seeds of Vernonia anthelmintica in the form of Ethanol seed extract of Vernonia anthelmintica (EEVA), Hexane extract of Vernonia anthelmintica (HEVA) and water decoction of Vernonia anthelmintica (WDVA) were evaluated for their in-vivo anti-Inflammatory potential in carrageenan induced rat paw model. The results were compared to anti-inflammatory activity of standard drug (ibuprofen) and untreated groups. In-vitro evaluation of antioxidant potential of EEVA and HEVA were also conducted by "DPPH scavenging assay". The results of present study depicts that HEVA and EEVA in higher dose possess a strong anti-inflammatory potential as compared to standard anti-inflammatory drugs, whereas WDVA showed milder anti-inflammatory potential. DPPH assay has revealed strong anti-oxidant potential of EEVC with the percentage Radical Scavenging activity (%RSA) of 89.709 at concentrations of 500 ul as compared to standard drugs gallic acid (23.436±0.43) and acetyl salicylic acid (111.44±0.7) at concentrations of 95.95 μM. The other extract HEVC has shown to have insignificant %RSA at the concentration of 500μl. Hence the present study revealed that selected extracts of Vernonia anthelmintica exhibited significant in-vitro antioxidant and in-vivo anti-inflammatory potential.

Effect of methanol extract of Trigonella foenum-graecum L. seeds on anxiety, sedation and motor coordination

Currently available anxiolytics cause numerous adverse effects and show craving and tolerance during long term treatment. Currently traditional medicines have been re-evaluated widely through work on various plant species. Numerous plants in traditional system show pharmacological activity with unlimited prospective for therapeutic use. Hence we planned to evaluate the effect of methanol extract of T. foenum-graecum L. seeds on anxiety, sedation and motor coordination in mice at different doses following 15 days of oral feeding. Effect on anxiety was assessed by Hole board test and Light and Dark transition models.Phenobarbitone induced sleeping time and Rota rod test were performed to assess effect on sedation and motor coordination. In Hole board test, T. foenum-graecum L. seeds decreased the number of head dips in mice at all the three doses. In Light and Dark transition model, T. foenum-graecum L. seeds increased the period spent in the light box and the number of moves among the two compartments at 100 and 200 mg/kg as compared to control animals. In phenobarbitone induced sleeping time, T. foenum-graecum L. seeds did not reveal any sedative effect. In Rota rod test, extract exhibited significant skeletal muscle relaxant effect at 200 mg/kg (at 90 min) as compared to the control animals. Results of our study shows significant antianxiety effects of T. foenum-graecum L. seeds and may also recommend improved adverse effect profile as compared to diazepam.

Behavioral effects of Citrus limon and Punica granatum combinations in rats

Dietary supplements are becoming more influential as viable treatment for common chronic diseases and to promote normal development and functions of all system including brain. Disorders like anxiety and depression may be managed through healthier variations is dietary pattern, since there are indications that diet rich in antioxidants and vitamins diminish anxiety and depression. Hence this investigation was planned to assess the behavioral effects of Citrus limon and Punica granatum in two combination doses i.e. 0.4 + 5 ml/kg and 0.2 + 8 ml/kg C. limon and P. granatum respectively in rats. Antidepressant and anxiolytic effects were explicitly judged twice during 15 days using forced swimming and open field tests and elevated plus maze. In open field test C. limon and P. granatum showed increase in distance travelled, number of central entries and number of rearing's at 0.4 + 5 ml/kg combination, in the elevated plus maze, number of open arm entries were found to be augmented and in forced swimming test, there was decline in duration of immobility and rise in duration of climbing at both combinations i.e. 0.4 + 5 ml/kg and 0.2 + 8 ml/kg C. limon and P. granatum. These results suggest that C. limon and P. granatum at 0.4 + 5 ml/kg combination have anxiolytic and antidepressant effect.

Prophylactic and therapeutic effect of Punica granatum in trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid induced inflammation in rats

Pomegranate (Punica granatum L., Punicaceae) contains varieties of antioxidants and phytochemicals; there are evidences that phytochemicals and antioxidants play a vital role in reducing inflammation. Hence this investigation was planned to assess the outcome of Punica granatum on trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid provoked colitis in rats at 2, 5 and 8ml/kg of the body weight. The effect of P. granatum was assessed in two group i.e. prophylaxis as pre-colitis and therapeutic as post-colitis. After completion of dosing in both the groups, macroscopic and histological examination of colon was carried out along with estimation of serum myeloperoxidase, glutathione, alkaline phosphate, fibrinogen and C-reactive protein. In prophylactic procedure P. granatum revealed significant (P<0.05) changes in biochemical markers of inflammation at 5 and 8ml/kg doses. However in therapeutic procedure significant change was observed only at 8ml/kg. Thus results of the present study suggest that P. granatum have a role in prevention as well as treatment of inflammation.

Phytochemistry, Brine shrimp lethality and mice acute oral toxicity studies on seed extracts of Vernonia anthelmintica

Despite the widespread use of Vernonia anthelmintica seeds in traditional medicine, the need to establish the safety of the Vernonia anthelmintica is required to ascertain the safe use of this herbal medicine. The aim of the present study is to establish the acute toxicity profile of different extracts of Vernonia anthelmintica. Hexane and ethanol extract of Vernonia Anthelmintica has been studied for its brine shrimp lethality potential. Water decoction (WDVA), Hexane (HEVA) and Ethanol (EEVA) extracts of Vernonia anthelmintica has also been evaluated for their in-vivo acute oral toxicity in mice by Lorke's method. Phytochemistry of all three extracts was also evaluated for the presence of their secondary metabolites. All three extracts showed the presence of flavonoids and terpenoids, while alkaloids, tannins and fixed oils were present in HEVA and EEVA. Furthermore EEVA also showed presence of carbohydrates and HEVA also showed the presence of cardiac glycosides. Ethanol and hexane extracts of Vernonia anthelmintica showed a positive cytotoxicity in brine shrimp lethality test at 24 hours with LC50 104.16 (224.0-48.05)μg/ml and 216.11μg/ml (378.2-128.7) respectively as compared to standard drug etoposide LC50 7.46μg/ml. The oral LD50 for EEVA, HEVA and WDVA in mice by Lorke's method was greater than 5000mg/kg. The result of brine shrimp lethality test clearly exhibited the presence of bioactive compounds with cytotoxic potential; however seems to be safe for oral use since LD50 was higher than 5000mg/kg and thus safety of acute dosing in vivo practices is justified.

Anti hyperlipidemic and hepatoprotective effects of native date fruit variety "Aseel" (Phoenix dactylifera)

Diet rich in saturated fats and sugars have been associated with obesity, insulin resistance, hyperlipidemia and fatty liver disease. Especially high serum lipid levels are directly connected to the progression of cardiovascular disorders, which are the leading cause of death all over the world. Date palm fruit (Phoenix dactylifera) is known for numerous health benefits however little information is available about in vivo clinical and preclinical benefits, hence antihyperlipidemic and hepatoprotective potential of native date variety Aseel has been assessed in hyperlipidemia induced albino rats. Forty adult male albino rats were divided into five groups with 8 animals in each group. One group was kept as normal control while remaining four groups were fed high fat high sugar diet for 8 weeks; from this one group was reserved as disease control while two groups as treated which received 300 and 600mg/kg of date fruit suspension. The fourth group served as positive control and received standard drug atorvastatin in the dose of 2.1mg/kg. After 14 days serum lipid profile, hepatic profile and fasting blood sugar were determined for all groups. Fasting blood sugar, cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL and VLDL along with cholesterol- HDL and LDL-HDL ratio were significantly decreased at 300 mg/kg without any increase in liver enzymes as observed in positive control group. Animals received 600 mg/kg also revealed significant decline in fasting blood sugar, triglyceride, VLDL and alkaline phosphatase. Hence present results demonstrate ameliorative role of date fruit in hyperlipidemia and fatty liver however more studies are required to gain insight into the possible mechanism of action and confirmation of these effects on human subjects.

Antihyperlipidemic effects of Citrus sinensis, Citrus paradisi, and their combinations

Objective:

Hyperlipidemia, extensively contributes in the progression of coronary heart diseases and atherosclerosis, but may be managed through alterations in the nutritional pattern. Several studies show that diet rich in polyphenols and antioxidants have antiatherogenic effects. Citrus sinensis and Citrus paradisi are widely known for health benefits and have found to produce antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and hypolipidemic effects, hence current research was planned to determine the hypolipidemic effects of C. sinensis and C. paradisi in rats receiving diet rich in cholesterol.

Materials and Methods:

All rats were divided into 11 groups each comprising 10 animals: Normal control group and hyperlipidemic control. C. sinensis treated three groups, C. paradisi treated three groups, C. sinensis and C. paradisi combination treated two groups, and group treated atorvastatin. All rats in the respective groups were treated orally with sterile water, juices, and standard drug for 8 weeks and lipid profile was estimated at the end of dosing.

Results:

Cholesterol, triglycerides (TGs), and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) were decreased at all the three doses of C. sinensis and C. paradisi but rise in high-density lipoprotein (HDL) was only significant at 8 ml/kg, and 0.3 ml/kg, respectively. Animals received the combination doses of C. sinensis and C. paradisi also showed a highly significant fall in cholesterol, LDL, and TGs, however HDL level was significantly elevated by SPJ-2 combination.

Conclusion:

Results suggest that C. sinensis and C. paradisi possess antihyperlipidemic activity due to phytochemicals and other essential nutrients, hence may serve as cardioprotective by preventing thrombosis.

Anti-inflammatory effects of Citrus sinensis L., Citrus paradisi L. and their combinations

Citrus bioflavonoids embrace a wide group of phenolic compounds effecting the production and scavenging of reactive oxygen species and the processes relating free radical-mediated injury. Keeping in view of the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of Citrus sinensis and Citrus paradisi, present study was undertaken to explore the effects of C. sinensis (orange juice) and C. paradisi (grapefruit juice) at three different doses alone and their two combinations with the objective to examine the effects of these compounds in an experimental model of rat colitis induced by trinitrobenzenesulphonic acid (TNBS). Hence biochemical parameters e.g. myeloperoxidase, alkaline phosphatase, C-reactive protein (CRP) and glutathione were assessed. Data entry and analysis was accomplished by Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 17 and was presented as mean ± S.E.M with 95% confidence interval. Present result shows that these juices, mainly C. paradisi, may be efficacious for the management of inflammatory bowel disease. In acute colitis model, C. paradise encouraged a decrease in the extension of the lesion escorted by a decrease in the occurrence of diarrhea and reinstatement of the glutathione content. Related effects were produced by the administration of C. sinensis, which also prevented the myeloperoxidase and alkaline phosphatase actions in acute intestinal inflammatory process. The effect of the citrus juices on the inflammatory process may be associated to their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, as revealed in present investigation. The favorable effects exerted were demonstrated both by histological and biochemical changes and were related with a progress in the colonic oxidative status.

Behavioral effects of Citrus paradisi in rats

Anxiety and depression adversely affect behavior though these conditions may be handled through environmental and dietary changes. Diet rich in flavonoids and vitamins may support reducing anxiety and depression. Depression is most common but serious illness making life miserable; however the usage of dietary and herbal complements to treat anxiety and depression had been grown by the time. The purpose of this investigation was to characterize the behavioral properties of Citrus paradisi in rats at diverse doses i.e. 0.1, 0.3 and 0.5 ml/kg. Anxiolytic and antidepressant actions were particularly measured twice in 15 days through elevated plus maze, open field and forced swimming tests. C. paradisi, revealed increase in the locomotor activity and the exploratory skills of the animals, as assessed in the open-field. Indeed C. paradisi had a strong anxiolytic effect in elevated plus-maze, as assessed by an augmented number of entries and the proportion of time spent in the open arms. Moreover there was decline in duration of immobility and rise in duration of climbing during forced swimming test. At the tested doses these results suggest that C. paradisi have the potential to exert a range of CNS-mediated biological activities and thus encourage more investigations in this field.

Medium optimization for the production of amylase by Bacillus subtilis RM16 in Shake-flask fermentation

This study was carried out in shaking incubator and covers the optimization of culture conditions of Bacillus subtilis for the maximum production of amylase. Optimal activity was found to be 350 U ml(-1) when soluble starch was used as a substrate. Parameters taken into consideration to observe their effect on the optimum production of amylase include incubation time, incubation temperature, pH, inoculum size, carbon source, nitrogen source and metallic ions. All parameters were monitored in order to obtain high level of the enzyme units in cell-free broth. The established optimized conditions for Bacillus subtiliss train RM16 were found to be: incubation time 24 hours, temperature 40°C and pH 8.0. Inoculum size was 5%, starch (1%) as a carbon source while yeast extract (1.5%) as a nitrogen source. Magnesium ions (0.1%) exerted maximum stimulating effect for the production of amylase which can be further used at large scale applications.

Assessment of sub-chronic, hematological and histopathological toxicities of a herbal combination

The herbal combination under study consists of Withania somnifera, Tribulus terrestris, Mucuna pruriens and Argyria speciosa. Present study is mainly designed to investigate the gross physical, sub-chronic, hematological and histopathological effects of the combination widely used for its stimulating, revitalizing and fertility boosting effects in Pakistan. Sub-chronic, hematological and histopathological outcomes of herbal combination were assessed on 27 albino rabbits weighing from 1000 gm-1500 gm after giving herbal combination for 60 days in two doses 27 and 81 mg/kg against control. No significant toxicity was revealed during the entire period of study, however some biochemical changes were observed in kidney and liver but these changes did not coincide with histopathological findings. There was no mortality and evidence of systemic toxicity including hematological toxicity following 60 days administration of herbal combination. Results of present study suggest that further studies are required on large number of animals before reaching to a definite conclusion, more over clinical studies should also be conducted to confirm the possible toxic effects of the herbal combination.

Hijama improves overall quality of life in chronic renal failure patients: A pilot study

Present study assesses the therapeutic effectiveness of Hijama (blood letting) inpatients of chronic renal failure undergoing hemodialysis for past several years with almost no urinary output.24 patients from Sindh Government Qatar Hospital Karachi were selected randomly under going dialysis 2-3 times/week for an average of 3 years under supervision of Dr. Khurram Danial, in-charge nephrologist at dialysis Centre Sindh Government Qatar Hospital Karachi after the written consent from patients. Each patient was subjected to Hijama session once a week after dialysis for a period of one year in a nearby hospital Aligarh Shifa with the consent of the ethical committee of the hospital. Serum urea, creatinine, complete blood count and electrolytes were determined prior to Hijama as baseline values and were again recorded on monthly basis for twelve months of Hijama sessions. The patient's feedback regarding quality of life after each Hijama session shows that almost all the patients reported a significant recovery from severe fatigue which they used to face during the interval between the dialysis sessions. There was significant recovery in all patients from anorexia and insomnia with the improvement in quality of life as compared to patients not undergoing Hijama. Both systolic and diastolic blood pressures were shifted towards normal in almost all patients after Hijama. Serum Creatinine level was declined significantly, while electrolyte and hematological parameters were also improved significantly. The hemoglobin of all patients undergoing Hijama was maintained near normal without any blood transfusion, which was frequently needed in patients not undergoing Hijama sessions. There was insignificant improvement in Urinary output in 2 out of 24 patients. Results of the present study suggest that Hijama may be performed safely in patients of chronic renal failure on dialysis with overall improvement in quality of life, since there was reduction in fatigue, improvement in appetite, quality of sleep and platelet count.

Appropriate Antibiotic Administration in Critically Ill Patients with Pneumonia

Inappropriate initial antibiotics for pneumonia infection are usually linked to extended intensive care unit stay and are associated with an increased risk of mortality. This study evaluates the impact of inappropriate initial antibiotics on the length of intensive care unit stay, risk of mortality and the co-predictors that influences these outcomes. This retrospective study was conducted in an intensive care unit of a teaching hospital. The types of pneumonia investigated were hospital-acquired pneumonia and ventilator-associated pneumonia. Three different time points were defined as the initiation of appropriate antibiotics at 24 h, between 24 to 48 h and at more than 48 h after obtaining a culture. Patients had either hospital-acquired pneumonia (59.1%) or ventilator-associated pneumonia (40.9%). The length of intensive care unit stay ranged from 1 to 52 days (mean; 9.78±10.02 days). Patients who received appropriate antibiotic agent at 24 h had a significantly shorter length of intensive care unit stay (5.62 d, P<0.001). The co-predictors that contributed to an extended intensive care unit stay were the time of availability of susceptibility results and concomitant diseases, namely cancer and sepsis. The only predictor of intensive care unit death was cancer. The results support the need for early appropriate initial antibiotic therapy in hospital-acquired pneumonia and ventilator-associated pneumonia infections.

Analyses of bile from gallbladders of Arius platystomus, Arius tenuispinis, Pomadasys commersonni and Kishinoella tonggol

Bile from gallbladders of Arius platystomus (Singhara), Arius tenuispinis (Khagga), Pomadasys commersonni (Holoola) and Kishinoella tonggol (Dawan) were derivatised and analysed by GC-MS for identification of bile acids and bile alcohols. Cholic acid and Chenodeoxycholic acid were found as major bile acids in Arius platystomus, Arius tenuispinis and Pomadasys commersonni. Other bile acids identified in Arius platystomus were allochenodeoxycholic acid, allodeoxycholic acid, 3α,7α,12α-trihydroxy-24-methyl-5β-cholestane-26-oic acid, and 3α,7α,12α, 24-tetrahydroxy-5α-cholestane-26-oic acid. Cholesterol was found as major bile alcohol in Arius platystomus, Arius tenuispinis and Pomadasys commersonni. Cholic acid was the major bile acid identified in the bile of Kishinoella tonggol while other bile acids included 3α,7α,12α-tridydroxy-5α-cholestanoic acid and 3α,7α,12α-tridydroxy-5β-cholestanoic acid. Bile alcohol 5β-cyprinol was present in significant amounts with 5β-cholestane-3α,7α,12α,24-tetrol being the other contributors in the bile of Kishinoella tonggol.

Short communication-Evaluation of antianxiety and antidepressant properties of Carthamus tinctorius L. (Safflower) petal extract

Nowadays anxiety and depression are most commonly encountered diseases. They are not only difficult to diagnose but even difficult to treat since both are sometimes seen together or one predisposes the other. Apart from this side effect profile of these drugs is also high; hence there is immense scope for the herbal drugs to treat these disorders. Present study was therefore performed to evaluate the antianxiety and antidepressant effect of Carthamus tinctorius petal extract. 28 white albino rats bred in the animal house of Department of Pharmacology, University of Karachi weighing 180-220gm were randomly divided into four groups (n=7/group) to assess behavioral effects. The anxiolytic and antidepressant effects of Carthamus tinctorius petal extract were evaluated using elevated plus maize and forced swim test respectively at100 and 200mg/kg. These effects were compared with standard drugs Diazepam (anxiolytic) 2mg/kg and Nortriptyline (antidepressant) 12.5mg/kg. Results show that CT produced highly significant anxiolytic and anti-depressant effects at both doses as compared to control, similar to standard anxiolytic and antidepressant drugs diazepam and nortriptyline. It increased the latency of first entry to closed arms and the time spent in open arms very significantly at both doses while entries to open arm were increased significantly at 100mg/kg and very significantly at 200mg/kg in EPM test and increased the immobility time very significantly in FST. Hence it can be concluded that CT may be used as an alternative therapeutic agent while treating patients with anxiety and depressive disorders.

Behavioral effects of Citrus limon in rats

Anxiety and depression are increasing worldwide, however these disorders may be managed by making healthier changes is dietary pattern, since there are evidences that diet rich in antioxidants and vitamins help reduce anxiety and depression. Hence present study was designed to evaluate the behavioral effects of Citrus limon in rats at three different doses i.e. 0.2, 0.4 and 0.6 ml/kg considered as low, moderate and high doses. Anxiolytic and antidepressant activities were specifically assessed twice during 15 days using open field test, elevated plus maze and forced swimming test. In open field test C. limon, revealed increase in distance travelled, number of central entries and number of rearing's at moderate dose, while in the elevated plus maze, number of open arm entries were found to be increased. Whereas in forced swimming test, there was decrease in duration of immobility and increase in duration of climbing. Thus results of present study suggest that C. limon at moderate dose have anxiolytic effect.